Section 2.

2 The Inverse of a Matrix ①

Get An nxn matrix A is said to be invertible

-
-

if there is an nxn matrix C such that

CA = I and AC =I where I is the

,

fol ? )
men identity matrix : I -
-
In =

so
only square matrices ( nxu )
,
can be invertible

Then C is called the inverse of A and

'
is demoted A- .

)
'

unique (
The inverse Ai is when A is invertible
' "
I
and has
properties A- A =

AB I
AA =

then
B=BI=
BLA
if
'

FA
=
i' verses B. C BA
-
-

Indeed has 2 : -_ -

,
[ A =AC-_ I
'
=
@A)C=C
If not invertible called
A is
,
it is
singular
Invertible matrices are also called musingly
Ext If A
=L ; Iz ) and G- I -37 I ]
-

:
,

then AC -

III. ft -21=1393 and

473113.73--1893
"

CA -

-
so c- A .

The inverse of 2×2 matrix "

THX
( Idb ]
hi:
let A- = If ad - be to
,
then A
.

:c :::÷÷ :÷÷÷÷÷ :3
.
 called ②
this
quantity ad - be is the

determinant of A denoted det A :

,

det A- = ad - be

So a matrix is invertible Teta # o

.

of
EI :
(a) let's find the inverse
matrixttfvors

€
it yarsdf
=L ? If ]
Do :

previous example : A- ,

( ] [3-9
)
u -9

Let A- = 2. C- 7) -
C -37.5=-14+15--1 26 , 05

'

A- il :3 :3 -
'
= .
-
c .

(b) Find the inverse of A- ( If ] .

( ] f¥
'
'

÷z Es j
-

detA= 3.6 -
I -4 =
z A' = .
-
-

f 's's -2%3.1%3=-1%91%-75131--69
-

, .
'
check : A- A -
-

Them 5 : If A is an invertible nxn matrix then

,

b- 5
equation
"

for each IR
in the AE -
-
has

B
, '

the solution F= A-
unique .

Indeed if Atb place

plug
we we in
,

of AF= b-
F in the
equation ,
we
get :

B) CAA ) -5=5 InI=I

'
5
'

(
'

A - A- =

5=5 ✓
txy : Use the inverse of the matrix A

to solve system
'

the 3×1+4×2=3
5×11-6×2=7
Solution : This
system is
equivalent to AE -
-
I ③

-1711,5=17 )
with '
5
A ,
so F= A' .

det A- = 3-6-4.5=-2

Es :3 III
'
a- =÷ .
-
-
-

5=47.7%3-111--1.51
'

A- A'

"
Thumb : Ca ) If A is an invertible matrix then A
,

is invertible and

CA 'T
'
= A

(b) It A and B are invertible of same size

nxn then so is AB and

,

B- 1A
' '
CAB )
-

(c) If A is an invertible matrix

,
then so is
AI
and

CA 1) T
I
CAT )
-
-

' "

CA ) ? It
'

let 's check Ca) : what is is such

a matrix C that CA )c=I= CAT

"
.
But c=A

!
'

satisfies that :
'
A- A = I = A A
-

Hence A is inverse

to A !
-

Check Cb ) which matrix C has

property that
:

' '
AB AB
'

C I C ? Let's c- B- A
try
.
= = .
:
CAB) (B- .
' '

A
'

) =
A- ( B B
"

) A
"
= AIA
'
'
= AA
'
'
=I ④

I.
by associative law
applied( twice ;
"

)
'
)
'

'
) ( B- A ) ) A
"
A
' '

CAB) ( B-. A = A- B =
BB

CB )
' " ' ' ' '

Similarly AB) B- ( A- A ) B- B-
-

,
A .

( = .

B =
IB =
B -
I

'
hence '
of AB
'

B- A is the inverse .

For a) : we recall that CAB )T= BTAT

.
So

we need to find a matrix C such that :

CA JT
'
ATC I Let's
try C-
-

= :
.

At ( A- JT Af IT
'
' T
. = .
A) = =I ( as I is

symmetric ) .

-
Elementary Matrices

matrix
An
elementary is one that is obtained
by performing
a
single elementary vow
operation on an
identity
Effigies :
er .

9,8 ) ,
Eel :{ & ] .ee/!IE )
A-
( Ig !e¥) ,
let 's
compute ECA ,
Ez A
,
5A and

see the effect on rows of A :

fo 9) lag ! !) ( g! ! Ead
so
multiplying
A-
by '
-

# on

" left is
equivalent
l -4 )
to
multiplying 1st row
by and adding to the 3rd
 Notice that -4 is in Cs
,
i ) - th
position ⑤

.la:1#I. ldgI!I :Iu: :n:.e.n-=l: ooo:tla:IiI=lEg:I

logo: :p
""

.I← .
.

Observation If an
elementary
row
operation is performed
on an mxn
matrix A
,
the
resulting matrix can

be written as EA where the mxm matrix E

,

is created
by performing
the same raw
operation on

the
identity matrix In

Observation ② : Each
elementary matrix Eis invertible .

of
The inverse of E
that
is the
elementary
transforms
matrix
back to I
type
the same
E .

Ext :
find the inverse of EF ( If I § ]
Solution : to transform E, into I we need to
,

add 4 x Crowl) to Crowd .

The
elementary matrix

[ ÷ Yo ! )
which does that is =
Ei !
,

matrix if
Thief : An nxn A is invertible and
only

%ef.agguezqotaehfftaytranram.FI?'
if A is row
equivalent to Iu .
In this case
,

9. II
'
 ⑥
' '

for
finding A :
An algorithm
Row reduce the
augmented matrix [A / I ] .

I
If A is row
equivalent to
,
then

equivalent
"

[A II ] is row to [ IIA ] .

Otherwise A does not have an inverse .

Ex 7
- : Find the inverse of the matrix

A.
Logo:3 ) ,
,
if it exists -

:L ! 1%97%131%911
*,

solution : HII
,

i'%:L :÷i¥% :* :* :L .it: :* :÷.tt

'

O -3

x-CDxc-I.li:1?t:iiiiiit.nsa-i=EI
: I
L ! ! !) I :{ I -717k¥:)
cheek it : Ani -
-

A=f!z ¥]
"
Do it yourself : Find A for

if it exists .