FOCUS ON THIS CHAPTER

TMF1814 Discrete Mathematics AS WELL

FOR FINAL EXAM

Tutorial Chapter 7

1 Determine whether the relation R on the set of all people is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric
, and/or transitive, where (a, b) 2 R if and only if

(a) a is taller than b

(b) a and b were born on the same day
(c) a has the same first name as b
(d) a and b have a common grandparent.

2 For each of these relations on the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, decide whether it is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric and/or transitive.

(a) {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)} (d) {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
(b) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
(c) {(2, 4), (4, 2)} (e) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}

3 Let R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} and R2 = {(1, 1), (1, X3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),t
t2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, (3, 4)}
be relations from {1, 2, 3} to {1, 2, 3, 4}. Find
-

(a) R1 [ R2 . (b) R1 \ R2 . (c) R1 R2 . =

0 (d) R2 R1 .
does not have relation
& (3 , 1)
4 Let R be the relation {(1, 0000
2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1)}, and let S be the relation
0000
{(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 2)}. Find S R.

5 Consider the following relations on the set of real numbers.

R1 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a > b}
R2 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a b}
R3 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a < b}
R4 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a  b}
R5 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a = b}
R6 = {(a, b) 2 R2 |a 6= b}

Find

(a) R1 R1 (c) R1 R3 (e) R1 R5 (g) R2 R3

(b) R1 R2 (d) R1 R4 (f) R1 R6 (h) R3 R3

6 List the ordered pairs in the relations on 1, 2, 3 corresponding to these matrices (where the
rows and columns correspond to the integers listed in increasing order). Next, determine
whether the relations are reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive.

2022 Page 1 of 2
 TMF1814 Discrete Mathematics

2 3 23 3 2
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
(a) 4 0 1 0 5 (b) 4 0 1 0 5 (c) 4 1 0 1 5
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

7 Draw the directed graph representing each of the relations from Question 6.

8 Let R1 and R2 be relations on a set A represented by the matrices

2 3 2 3
0 1 0 0 1 0
MR1 = 1 4 1 1 5 and MR 2 = 4 0 1 1 5
1 0 0 1 1 1

Find the matrices that represent

(a) R1 [ R2 (b) R1 \ R2 (c) R2 R1 (d) R1 R1

9 Which of these relations on {0, 1, 2, 3} are equivalence relations? Determine the properties
of an equivalence relation that the others lack. Next, find the equivalence classes of the
equivalence relations.
[0] =
203 F2] =
223
it is transitive and symmetric
reflexive there is no

(a) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}: its own when
[1] [i]
333
to
(2 , 1) 235
=
symmetric =
trasitive missing number such as

Wansitive to its own

·

it is retexive because
(1 , 1)
(b) {(0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)} is
missing
·

herefore not equivalence relations

. No equivalence classes.
~ ~
- (1 , 1) ~
relations
· reflexive i t is
·
equivalence

(c) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} M
·

·
transitive
symmetric
[0] 503
=
[ 13 = 5 1
, 23
2 to
[2] =
5 1

1 to 2
, 23
2 +o 2
[37 2233
102
symmetric , ,

not equivalence
(d) {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
·

relation >
- find the reason .

(e) {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 2), (3, 3)}

10 Which of these collections of subsets are partitions of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}?

(a) {1, do O 5, 6} elements

2}, {2, 3, 4}, {4, o it is not legit partitions
because there are common
in each set (c) {2, 4, 6}, {1, 3, 5}
Al Al As A4
(b) {1}, {2, 3, 6}, {4}, {5} (d) {1, 4, 5}, {2, 6}
legit partitions

union of
the sets
313 0 32 .
,
3, 6305430353 = S

A , F &
A
,
n Az =
$
An Az =
Q
Az An
0
=

2022 Page 2 of 2
 Q

1 .
R, U R2 COR)

Mrirz :
[I
↑
I
O I O

&
I

I
I I

I
I

2 .
R , nRz (AMD)

[I
Mr , Rz -
IXI OXG

(x | OX I Ox)

-I
g I O

I O
I

·
'
J
.
3 End 1st =
Mr ,
o Mr

[ 00
7 [ ]
I 0 1

111

I o O 11/

[
Conced v (11) (213-2011)

InB(on1)]
T
(10) -

(10) V(InG) VLInD DnDVCInSUCIND) GnosvCinV(Ins)

(In 0 v (on o) v(on1) (Ink VCO1KVCOND (IOVCONKUCON1)

Lovor ,er
&
=
O VIVO ov Iv o

OV IV I

0V Ov O Ivovo ovovo

1: o]
I
O I I

I I

&
Q6

3
[ii I
(2 , 3)
I R= 21 17 (1 3) 13 1)
333
!
· , ,
, , , , (3 ,
,

2
reflexive ? Yes

10 I
3
symmetric ? Yes
123
Antisymmetric ? No

fransitive ? Ye

R =
9 (1 ,
23
,
12 , 2) ,
13 ,
2)]
[ I
O
I
2 01

018 2
① reflexive ? No

o 1 8 3

i 2 3 ② symmetric ? No

③ antisymmetic ? Yes

④ transitive ? Yes
Q7 9
-M

·
3

b) I
7

·
3
Q5

a) R, ORz ,
R, =
& (n , b) +R 193b]

S I be the sets of elements in relatio to R

,
,

9 , b) ES (b c) eT
,

MOR , =
3(a ,
1 ER"/(a ,
DER , and (b , c) - R , 3

=
>(a ,
b) ER/dlb and bicy

((a ,
=
ER")as3
3(a (a) b)]
=
=
,
b) = R

=
Ri

b) R , ORz =
G( ,
c) ER"/ (a , b) ERz and (D , c) E
Ri]
=

3(a ,
2) +R2/alb and by
3
=
Gla , =R2(a) <3 =
Gla ,
b =R21ayb]
=
R,

& R, ORz
=

G(a , c) eR2/(a ,
b) +
Ry and (b c) =R ,
, 7

<(a
=
, c) +R /acb and b>
<3

3
2

G(a
-
= , x + m /R

=
R"(belongs to the real numbers Since b is
larger than both

a and c)
Q
4