1. Express each of the following as a single vector.

(a)
(b)

(a)

(b)

2. Express each of the following as a single vector.

(a)
(b)

(a)

(b)

3. In the figure, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Its diagonals AD, BE and CF intersect at G.

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 A F

B E
G

C D

Express each of the following as a single vector.

(a)
(b)

(a)

(b)

4. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. E and F are the mid-points of AB and BC respectively.
A D

B F C

Express each of the following as a single vector.

(a)

(b)

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 (a)

(b)

5. In the figure, square ADPM is composed of nine identical small squares.

A B C D

F G
E H

J K L
I
v

M u N O P

Express each of the following vectors in terms of u and v.

(a)
(b)
(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

6. In the figure, ABCD is a square. AC and BD intersect at E.

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 A B

D C

Let and . Express each of the following vectors in terms of a and b.

(a)
(b)

(a)

(b)

7. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. AC and BD intersect at E.

A B

D C

Let and . Express each of the following vectors in terms of a and b.

(a)
(b)

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 (a)

(b)

8. In the figure, ABC, DEF and GHI are triangles. D, E, F, G, H and I are the mid-points of AB,
BC, CA, DE, EF and FD respectively.
A

F I D

H G

C E B

Let and . Express each of the following vectors in terms of a and b.

(a)
(b)

(a)

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 (b)

9. In ABC, P and Q are points on AB and AC respectively. It is given that

and , prove that and by using vectors.

P Q

B C


i.e.


 The directions of and are the same.

i.e.

Also,

10. In ABC, D and E are points on AB and AC respectively such that and .
Let and .

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 A

D E

B C

(a) Express and in terms of p and q.

(b) Prove that .

(a)

(b)

11. In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. P is a point on BD such that . Let and
. Express in terms of u and v.
A B

D C

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12. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. P and Q are the mid-points of AB and DC respectively.
Prove that PBQD is a parallelogram by using vectors.
D Q C

A P B

ABCD is a parallelogram.

Q is the mid-point of DC.

P is the mid-point of AB.

 and
 PBQD is a parallelogram.

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13. Let a and b be two non-zero vectors and they are not parallel to each other.
(a) If , where and , find the values of k and n.
(b) If , where and , find the values of k and n.

(a) 
i.e.




(b) 

i.e.




14. Let a and b be two non-zero vectors and they are not parallel to each other.
(a) If , where and , find the values of k and n.
(b) If , where , and , find the values of k and n.

(a) 
i.e.




(b) 

i.e.




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15. Let a and b be two non-zero vectors and they are not parallel to each other. If , where
and , find the values of k and n.

i.e.




16. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. BE and
CD intersect at F. Let and .
A

E D

C B

(a) Express and in terms of p and q.

(b) Express p and q in terms of and .

(a)

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 (b)

(1)  2:

(2)  (3):

Substitute into (1),

17. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. P is a point on AB. PQD and AQC are straight lines. It
is given that , , and .
B C

P Q

A D

(a) Express , and in terms of a and b.

(b) If , find the value of r.

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 (a)

(b)

18. In the figure, P is a point on AB such that . M and N are the mid-points of OA and
OP respectively. Let and .
A

M
P

O C B

(a) Express , and in terms of a and b.

(b) MN produced meets OB at C. If , find the value of k.

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 (a)

(b)

Let , where .


From (1),
Substitute into (2),

19. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. E and F are points on AD and AC respectively such
that and . Let and .

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 D C

E
F
A B

(a) Express and in terms of a and b.

(b) Hence prove that E, F and B are collinear, and find .

(a)

(b)

 E, F and B are collinear.

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 


20. In the figure, OABC is a square. M and L are the mid-points of BC and AB respectively. OL and
AM intersect at P, and . Let and .
C M B

L
P

O A

(a) Express in terms of h, a and b.

(b) (i) Express in terms of k, a and b.
(ii) Express in terms of k, a and b.
(c) Hence find .

(a)

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 (b) (i)

(ii)

(c) From (a) and (b)(ii),

Substitute (1) into (2),

Substitute into (1),

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21. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. , and . If and , find
.
A
4

C 60
2
B

22. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. , and . If

and , find .
A D

120
B 4 C

23. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. , and . If and

, find . (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

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 A

55 

50 
C 5 B

(corr. to 3 sig. fig.)


24. In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. , and the area of ABCD is 10.
If and , find .
A D

150

B 5 C

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25. In the figure, OABC is a parallelogram. D and E are the mid-points of OC and BC respectively.
OB intersects AD and AE at F and G respectively, where and . Let
and .
C E B

G
D

O A

(a) Express in terms of r, a and b.

(b) Express in terms of s, a and b.
(c) It is given that F and G are the trisection points of OB. Find the values of r and s.

(a)

(b)

(c)  F and G are the trisection points of OB.



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 

Substitute (2) into (1),

Substitute into (2),

26. Find the modulus and direction of each of the following vectors . (Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place if necessary.)
(a)
(b)

(a) Modulus

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

,

  is in quadrant I.

 The angle between and the x-axis is 45.

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 (b) Modulus

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

,

  is in quadrant IV.
 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
 The angle between and the x-axis is 321.3.

27. Find the modulus and direction of each of the following vectors . (Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place if necessary.)
(a)
(b)

(a) Modulus

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

,

  is in quadrant II.
 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
 The angle between and the x-axis is 123.7.

(b) Modulus

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

,


 The angle between and the x-axis is 270.

28. For each of the following, find , and the direction of . (Give your answers correct
to 1 decimal place if necessary.)
(a) A(5, 2), B(3, 3)
(b) A(2, 1), B(1, 3)

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 (a)

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

  is in quadrant III.
 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
 The angle between and the x-axis is 206.6.

(b)

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

  is in quadrant I.
 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
 The angle between and the x-axis is 33.7.

29. For each of the following, find , and the direction of . (Give your answers correct
to 1 decimal place if necessary.)
(a) A(2, 6), B(1, 8)
(b) A(0, 6), B(6, 0)

(a)

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

  is in quadrant II.

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  (corr. to 1 d.p.)
 The angle between and the x-axis is 116.6.

(b)

Let  be the positive angle between and the x-axis.

  is in quadrant IV.

 The angle between and the x-axis is 315.

30. In each of the following, and the coordinates of one of its end-points are given. Find the
coordinates of the other end-point.
(a) ; A(2, 1)
(b) ; B(2, 4)

(a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of B, then

It is given that .
 and
and
 The coordinates of B are (8, 4).

(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of A, then

It is given that .
 and
and
 The coordinates of A are (5, 3).
31. In each of the following, and the coordinates of one of its end-points are given. Find the

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 coordinates of the other end-point.
(a) ; A(3, 7)
(b) ; B(2, 3)

(a) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of B, then

It is given that .
 and
and
 The coordinates of B are (2, 3).

(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of A, then

It is given that .
 and
and
 The coordinates of A are (4, 6).

32. For each of the following, express a in terms of i and j.

(a) , and the direction of a is the same as turning j 30 in a clockwise direction.
(b) , and the direction of a is the same as turning i 45 in an anti-clockwise direction.

(a) y
a

30

j
x
O i

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 (b) y

i
x
45 O
j

33. Find a unit vector which has the same direction as each of the following vectors .
(a)
(b)

(a) Required unit vector

(b) Required unit vector

34. Find a unit vector which has the same direction as each of the following vectors .
(a)
(b)

(a) Required unit vector

(b) Required unit vector

35. If and , express in terms of u and v.

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 Let .


From (2),

Substitute (3) into (1),

Substitute into (3),

36. If and , express in terms of u and v.

Let .


From (1),

Substitute (3) into (2),

Substitute into (3),

37. In the figure, OABC is a rhombus. The coordinates of A are (2, 0) and .

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 y

C B

60
x
O A (2, 0)

(a) Express in terms of i and j.

(b) Express and in terms of i and j.

(a)

(b)

38. In the figure, OABC is a rhombus. The coordinates of C are (4, 0) and .
y

B A

60
x
C ( 4, 0) O

(a) Express in terms of i and j.

(b) Express and in terms of i and j.

(a)

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 (b)

39. (a) The positive angle between and the x-axis is , and the modulus of is r. Prove that
.
(b) Express the following vectors in the form of , where and
.
(i)
(ii)

(a) x-component
y-component

(b) (i)


(  sin   0 and cos   0)


(ii)


(  sin   0 and cos   0)


40. It is given that and .
(a) Express i and j in terms of u and v.
(b) If , find the values of a and b.

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 (a)
(1)  (2):

Substitute into (1),

(b)

41. It is given that and .

(a) Express i and j in terms of u and v.
(b) If , find the values of a and b.

(a)
(1)  2:

(2)  (3):

Substitute into (2),

(b)

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42. In the figure, OABC is a square. P and Q are the mid-points of AB and BC respectively. Let
, , and .
C Q B

6j q P
p

O 6i A

(a) Express p and q in terms of i and j.

(b) Express and in terms of p and q.

(a)

(b)
Let .


From (1),
Substitute (3) into (2),

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 Substitute into (3),

Let .


From (5),
Substitute (6) into (4),

Substitute into (6),


43. P(2, 5) and Q(6, 2) are two given points.
(a) (i) Express in terms of i and j.
(ii) Find .
(b) If A is a point on PQ such that , express in terms of i and j.

(a) (i)

(ii)

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 (b)

44. P(1, 2) and Q(2, 3) are two given points.

(a) (i) Express in terms of i and j.
(ii) Find .
(b) If A is a point on PQ such that , express in terms of i and j.

(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)

45. A(2, 1), B(1, 2) and are three given points, where k is a constant.

(a) (i) Express in terms of i and j.

(ii) Express in terms of i, j and k.

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 (b) If A, B and C are collinear, find the value of k.

(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)  A, B and C are collinear.

 , where

46. A(3, 2), B(3, 0) and are three given points, where k is a constant.
(a) (i) Express in terms of i and j.
(ii) Express in terms of i, j and k.
(b) If A, B and C are collinear, find the coordinates of C.

(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)  A, B and C are collinear.

 , where

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  The coordinates of C are (6, 1).

47. In the figure, . u and v are two unit vectors. The angles u and v make with are 30
and 20 respectively. Express in terms of u and v. (Give your answer correct to 1 decimal
place.)
C

v 20 

30 
u
A

20

v 20 
v
30  130
A u B

(corr. to 1 d.p.)

(corr. to 1 d.p.)

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 

48. In the figure, . u and v are two unit vectors. The angles u and v make with are 20
and 35 respectively. Express in terms of u and v. (Give your answer correct to 1 decimal
place.)
C

7
v
35
20
A u

35
7
v
v
35 125
20
A u B

(corr. to 1 d.p.)

(corr. to 1 d.p.)


49. In OAB, .

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 y

60  3 A
x
O 10

(a) Express and in terms of i and j. (Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.)
(b) Express in terms of i and j. (Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
(c) Hence prove that .

(a) (corr. to 1 d.p.)

(corr. to 1 d.p.)

(b)

(corr. to 1 d.p.)

(c)

50. In OAB, .
y

5
B
60
5
x
20 O

(a) Express in terms of i and j. (Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
(b) Hence find .

(a)

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (corr. to 1 d.p.)

(b)

51. Consider two points A(2, 0, 1) and B(1, 1, 2). Find and .

52. Consider two points A(2, 3, 6) and B(5, 2, 1). Find and .

53. Consider two points A(1, 3, 2) and B(2, 1, 4).
(a) Find and .
(b) Find the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (b) Required unit vector

54. Consider two points A(2, 1, 2) and B(1, 1, 3).
(a) Find and .
(b) Find the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

(b) Required unit vector

55. Consider two points A(3, 1, 4) and B(9, 2, 2). Find the unit vector which has the same direction
as .

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Required unit vector


56. Consider two points A(2, 1, 3) and B(1, 2, 4). Find the unit vector which has the same direction
as .

Required unit vector



57. It is given that the coordinates of A and B are (2, , 5) and (, 4, 1) respectively. If ,
find the values of .

58. It is given that the coordinates of A and B are (1, 4, ) and (  1, 1, 8) respectively.
If , find the values of .

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 

59. It is given that A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 0, 3) and C are collinear, where .
(a) Find .
(b) Find .

(a)

(b)

60. It is given that A(2, 2, 4), B(1, 2, 1) and C are collinear, where .
(a) Find .
(b) Find .

(a)

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 (b)

61. It is given that the coordinates of A and C are (2, 5, 3) and (4, 1, 1) respectively.
If , express in terms of i, j and k.

62. It is given that the coordinates of A and C are (1, 4, 2) and (2, 1, 7) respectively. If
, express in terms of i, j and k.

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
63. It is given that and A(2, 1, 3). Find the coordinates of B.

Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of B, then

It is given that .
 and and
and and
 The coordinates of B are (3, 8, 7).

64. It is given that and A(1, 1, 3). Find the coordinates of B.

Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of B, then

It is given that .
 and and
and and
 The coordinates of B are (1, 2, 8).

65. It is given that and B(1, 2, 4). Find the coordinates of A.

Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of A, then

It is given that .
 and and
and and
 The coordinates of A are (3, 5, 4).
66. It is given that and B(2, 2, 1). Find the coordinates of A.

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of A, then

It is given that .
 and and
and and
 The coordinates of A are (5, 2, 4).

67. It is given that the coordinates of A, B, C and D are (1, 2, 1), (2, 0, 1), (3, , 5) and (5, 2, 1)
respectively. If , find the value of .


 , where

68. It is given that the coordinates of A, B, C and D are (2, 1, 2), (0, 2, 6), (1, 2  1,   2) and
(7,   1, ) respectively. If , find the values of  and .


 , where

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 From (1),

Substitute into (2),

Substitute into (3),

69. ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A, B and C are (2, 1, 2), (1, 2, 2) and
(3, 1, 1) respectively. Find the coordinates of D.

Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of D, then

 ABCD is a parallelogram.



 The coordinates of D are (4, 2, 1).

70. ABCD is a parallelogram, where the coordinates of A, B and C are (1, k, 2), (3, k  1, 1) and
(2, 2, 1) respectively, and k is a constant. Find the coordinates of D.

Let (x, y, z) be the coordinates of D, then

 ABCD is a parallelogram.


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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 
 The coordinates of D are (2, 3, 2).

71. Given four points A(1, 3, 1), B(4, 1, 2), C(6, 4, 1) and D(3, 6, 0), prove that ABCD is a rhombus.

 , and
Since the lengths of the four sides of ABCD are equal and the two pairs of opposite sides are
parallel, this ensures that the four points lie on the same plane in a three-dimensional space,
and thus ABCD is a rhombus.
72. Given three points A(1, 2, 4), B(2, 1, 2) and C(4s, r, s),
(a) express in terms of i, j and k.
(b) express in terms of i, j, k, r and s.
(c) If A, B and C are collinear, find the values of r and s.

(a)

(b)

(c)  A, B and C are collinear.

 , where

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 

Substitute into (3),

Substitute into (2),

73. Given three points A(1, 1, 2), B(0, 2, 5) and C(r, s, r  1),
(a) express in terms of i, j and k.
(b) express in terms of i, j, k, r and s.
(c) If A, B and C are collinear, find the coordinates of C.

(a)

(b)

(c)  A, B and C are collinear.

 , where

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Substitute into (1),

Substitute into (2),

 The coordinates of C are (3, 1, 4).

74. Let a and b be the unit vectors of u and v respectively, where

and . It is given that , find the values of ,  and .

It is given that .

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 2 (1) (3):
 

Substitute into (3),

Substitute and into (2),

75. Let a and b be the unit vectors of u and v respectively, where and
. It is given that , find the values of ,  and .

It is given that .

i.e.

The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is .

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 

76. For each of the following, find and .

(a)
(b)

(a)

(b)

77. For each of the following, find and .

(a)
(b)

(a)

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 (b)

78. Given two points A(1, 2) and B(7, 6), find
(a) the position vectors of A and B.
(b) the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

(b)

 Required unit vector

79. Given two points A(1, 1) and B(2, 3), find

(a) the position vectors of A and B.
(b) the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

(b)

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  Required unit vector

80. Given two points A(2, 1, 1) and B(1, 3, 1), find
(a) the position vectors of A and B.
(b) the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

(b)

 Required unit vector

81. Given two points A(1, 1, 2) and B(2, 2, 1), find

(a) the position vectors of A and B.
(b) the unit vector which has the same direction as .

(a)

(b)

 Required unit vector

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82. It is given that p, q and r are the position vectors of P, Q and R with respect to O respectively.
If , prove that .

83. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of A(7, 2, 3) and B(2, 1, 5).

Let M be the mid-point of A and B.

 The coordinates of the mid-point of A and B are .

84. P is a point on AB such that . If the coordinates of A and B are (1, 3, 2) and (1, 0, 2)
respectively, find the coordinates of P.

 The coordinates of P are (1, 1, 2).

85. P is a point on AB such that . If the coordinates of A and B are (2, 1, 2) and

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 (2, 7, 14) respectively, find the coordinates of P.

 The coordinates of P are (2, 1, 2).

86. P is a point on AB such that . If the coordinates of A and B are (2, 1, 2) and
(1, 2, 3) respectively, find the coordinates of P.

 The coordinates of P are .

87. A(2, 1, 7) and P(2, 2, 2) are given. If P is a point on AB such that , find the
coordinates of B.

Let p, a and b be the position vectors of P, A and B with respect to O respectively.

 The coordinates of B are (2, 3, 5).

88. A(1, 2, 3) and P(4, 5, 6) are given. If P is a point on AB such that , find the

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 coordinates of B.

Let p, a and b be the position vectors of P, A and B with respect to O respectively.

 The coordinates of B are .

89. The coordinates of A and B are (2, 2, 6) and (2, 6, 10) respectively. For each of the following
cases, find the coordinates of C.
(a) C is the mid-point of AB.
(b) C is a point on AB such that .

Let a, b and c be the position vectors of A, B and C with respect to O respectively.

(a)

 The coordinates of C are (2, 4, 2).

(b)

 The coordinates of C are (2, 3, 2).

90. The position vectors of the vertices of ABC are , and .

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 If D is the mid-point of BC, find .

Let d be the position vector of D.

91. The position vectors of the vertices of ABC are ,

and . If D is the mid-point of BC, find .

Let d be the position vector of D.

92. The coordinates of A, B and M are (2y, z, 2x), (2z, 5z, y  1) and (2x, y, z) respectively. If
M is the mid-point of AB, find the coordinates of M.

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 Let a, b and m be the position vectors of A, B and M with respect to O respectively.

It is given that .

i.e.
(3)  (1):

Substitute into (2),

Substitute and into (1),

 The coordinates of M are (4, 3, 1).

93. It is given that the position vectors of A, P and B are , and respectively.
Prove that A, P and B are collinear, and find .

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  A, P and B are collinear.

94. In ABC, P is the mid-point of BC, Q is a point on AC such that , R is a point on

BQ such that . Let and .
A

B P C

(a) Express in terms of u and v.

(b) Express in terms of u and v.
(c) Hence prove that A, R and P are collinear.

(a)

(b)

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 (c)

 A, R and P are collinear.

95. In the figure, AD and BC intersect at E. . Let , .

D

B
A E

(a) Express in terms of a and b.

(b) Express in terms of a and b. Hence prove that .

(a)

(b)


96. In the figure, AD and BC intersect at E. . Let , .

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 D

A E

(a) Express in terms of a and b.

(b) Express in terms of a and b. Hence prove that .

(a)

(b)

97. In the figure, A and B lie on the x-axis and the y-axis respectively. M and N are points on AB
such that . Prove that .

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 y

B
N

x
O A

Let ai and bj be the position vectors of A and B respectively, where a and b are constants.

98. The figure shows a parallelogram OABC. P is the mid-point of OA. PC and OB intersect at Q.
Find .

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 C B

O P A

Let a and c be the position vectors of A and C with respect to O respectively, .

Let .

Substitute into (1),

i.e.
99. The figure shows a quadrilateral ABCD. Diagonals AC and BD intersect at E. .
Let and .

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 D

B C

(a) Let . Express in terms of u, v and k.

(b) Let . Express in terms of u, v and r.
(c) Hence find the values of k and r.
(d) Express in terms of u and v.

(a)

(b)

(c) From (a) and (b),

Substitute into (1),

(d)

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100. The figure shows PST. Q and R are points on PS and PT respectively such that and
. QT and SR intersect at M. Let and .
T

R
M
P Q S

(a) Express , and in terms of a and b.

(b) Let . Express in terms of a, b and s.
(c) Let . Express in terms of a, b and t.
(d) Hence find the values of s and t.
(e) Express and in terms of a and b.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) From (b) and (c),

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 

Substitute into (1),

(e)

101. Let , and . If C is a point on AB such that , find .

(Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
y

B
C


x
O A

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 (corr. to 1 d.p.)

102. In ABC, D, E and F are the mid-points of BC, CA and AB respectively. G is the centroid of
ABC. O is the origin. Prove the followings.

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
(e) G and the centroid of DEF are the same point.
[ Hint: The centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2 : 1. ]

(a)

(b)

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 (c) C

E D
G

A F B

Substitute (2) into (1),

(d)

(e) Let be the centroid of DEF.

[ From (c)]

[ From (b)]

 G and the centroid of DEF are the same point.

103. It is given that the coordinates of A and B are (1, 2, 8) and (1, 2, 4) respectively. AB cuts the

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 xy-plane at P.
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Find .

(a) Let (x, y, 0) be the coordinates of P.

Let , where t is a constant.



 The coordinates of P are (1, 2, 0).

(b) From (a),

i.e.

104. The coordinates of A, B and P are ,

and respectively. If A, B and P are collinear such that , find
the coordinates of A, B and P.

Let a, b and p be the position vectors of A, B and P with respect to O respectively.

It is given that .

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 i.e.

The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is .


 The coordinates of A are (1, 11, 6), the coordinates of B are (1, 4, 4),
the coordinates of P are (1, 5, 2).

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 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.