2 A student hangs various masses from the end of a spring and determines the extension produced.

Fig. 2.1 shows the spring hanging vertically on its own and with an unknown mass X at one end.

spring
10 cm

spring
30 cm

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

(a) The student plots a graph of the extension of the spring against the mass hanging on the spring.
Fig. 2.2 shows the student’s graph.
40

extension / cm

30

20

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
mass / g

Fig. 2.2

(i) At point P on the graph, the line begins to curve.

State the name of point P.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, determine the mass X.
 2

mass = .......................................................... [1]

(iii) The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

Calculate the weight of X.

weight = .......................................................... [1]

(b) An identical spring is used with the original spring, as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Together they support the mass X.

Fig. 2.3 (not to scale)

State and explain how the extension in Fig. 2.3 compares with the extension in Fig. 2.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a thin sheet of plastic. A student tries to measure the thickness of the sheet
with a ruler, but the sheet is too thin to measure accurately.

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

© UCLES 2016 5054/21/M/J/16

The student measures the mass of the sheet and obtains the value 0.12 g.

(a) (i) State what is meant by mass.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The student is told that the density of the plastic is 0.91 g / cm3.

Calculate the volume of the plastic sheet.

volume = ...........................................................[2]

(iii) The student measures the length and width of the sheet. The readings obtained
are:

length of sheet = 3.0 cm

Calculate the thickness of the sheet. thickness = .......................................................... [2]

(b) State a measuring instrument that can be used to measure the thickness of the sheet
accurately.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2016 5054/21/M/J/16 [Turn over

5 Light is a transverse wave. The direction of vibration is perpendicular to the direction of transfer of
the energy.

Complete the table of Fig. 5.1 to show the direction of vibration and the type of wave associated with
a sound wave and with a wave on the surface of water in a ripple tank.
wave direction of vibration type of wave
light perpendicular to the direction of transverse
transfer of the energy
sound

water

[2]
Fig. 5.1

(b) A wave travels along a rope. Fig. 5.2 shows how the height of one point on the rope varies with
time as the wave passes.
1.30

1.20
height / m
1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
time / s

Fig. 5.2

(i) Determine the amplitude of the vibration at time = 0.25 s.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe how the graph shows that the frequency of the wave is constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

6 Explain what is meant by critical angle.

...................................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2016 5054/21/M/J/16

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Diamonds are attractive because of their ability to reflect light. The critical angle for diamond in air
is 24°.

(i) Calculate the refractive index of diamond. refractive index

= ...........................................................[2]

(ii) Fig. 6.1 shows two diamonds of different shapes. A ray of light enters each diamond, as shown.

70° 45°

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1 continue the path of each ray of light until it emerges into the air. [3]

© UCLES 2016 5054/21/M/J/16 [Turn over