ICS 253 – Discrete Structure I (231)

Assignment 2: Logic and Proofs (II)

Page 1 of 2
Nested Quantifiers
1) (18 points) Let T (x, y) mean that student x likes cuisine y, where the domain for x consists of all
students at your school and the domain for y consists of all cuisines. Express each of these statements
by a simple English sentence.

a) ￢T (Abdallah Hussein, Japanese)

b) ∃xT (x, Korean) ∧ ∀xT (x, Mexican)
c) ∃y(T (Monique Arsenault, y) ∨ T (Jay Johnson, y))

d) ∀x∀z∃y((x  z)→￢(T (x, y) ∧ T (z, y)))

e) ∃x∃z∀y(T (x, y) ↔ T (z,y))
f ) ∀x∀z∃y(T (x, y) ↔ T (z,y))
2) (12 points) Suppose the domain of the propositional function P(x, y) consists of pairs x and y, where x
is 1, 2, or 3 and y is 1 or 2. Write out these propositions using disjunctions and conjunctions.
a) ∀x∀yP(x, y)
b) ∃x∃yP(x, y)
c) ∃x∀yP(x, y)
d) ∀y∃xP(x, y)
3) (10 points) Rewrite each of these statements so that negations appear only within predicates (that is,
so that no negation is outside a quantifier or an expression involving logical connectives).
a) ￢∃y∃xP(x, y)
b) ￢∀x∃yP(x, y)
c) ￢∃y(Q(y) ∧ ∀x￢R(x, y))
d) ￢∃y(∃xR(x, y) ∨ ∀xS(x, y))

e) ￢∃y(∀x∃zT (x, y, z) ∨ ∃x∀zU(x, y, z))

Rules of Inference
1) (10 points) What rule of inference is used in each of these arguments?
a) Salem is a mathematics major. Therefore, Salem is either a mathematics major or a computer
science major.
b) Ahmad is a mathematics major and a computer science major. Therefore, Ahmad is a
mathematics major.
c) If it is rainy, then the pool will be closed. It is rainy. Therefore, the pool is closed.
d) If it snows today, the university will close. The university is not closed today. Therefore, it did not
snow today.
e) If I go swimming, then I will stay in the sun too long. If I stay in the sun too long, then I will
sunburn. Therefore, if I go swimming, then I will sunburn.
 ICS 253 – Discrete Structure I (231)
Assignment 2: Logic and Proofs (II)
Page 2 of 2
2) (12 points) For each of these arguments, explain which rules of inference are used for each step.
a) “Hani, a student in this class, owns a red convertible. Everyone who owns a red convertible has
gotten at least one speeding ticket. Therefore, someone in this class has gotten a speeding
ticket.”
b) “Each of five roommates, Ali, Ahmad, Sami, Mazen, and Jamal, has taken a course in discrete
mathematics. Every student who has taken a course in discrete mathematics can take a course in
algorithms. Therefore, all five roommates can take a course in algorithms next year.”
c) “All books written by Abdullah Abdulrahman are wonderful. Abdullah Abdulrahman wrote a
book about Local Sports. Therefore, there is a wonderful book about Local Sports.”
d) “There is someone in this class who has been to France. Everyone who goes to France visits the
Louvre. Therefore, someone in this class has visited the Louvre.”
3) (10 points) Identify the error or errors in this argument that supposedly shows that if
∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) ∨ 𝑄(𝑥) true then ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) ∨ ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) is true.
1. ∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) ∨ 𝑄(𝑥) Premise
2. 𝑃(𝑐) ∨ 𝑄(𝑐) Universal instantiation from (1)
3. P(c) Simplification from (2)
4. ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) Universal generalization from (3)
5. Q(c) Simplification from (2)
6. ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) Universal generalization from (5)
7. ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) ∨ ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) Conjunction from (4) and (6)

Introduction to Proofs
1) (8 points) Use a direct proof to show that every odd integer is the difference of two squares.

2) (10 points) Prove that if n is a positive integer, then n is odd if and only if 5n + 6 is odd.

3) (10 points) Prove that m2 = n2 if and only if m = n or m = −n.

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CIS NCH
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them dont like

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6 Chari At Chani conjunction 125

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Y d person
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acperon
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C
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Given

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conclude

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stops
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D
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f
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stops
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3 f y Simplifiation 2

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6 fay key universal instantiation 57

7 I X modus Powans 3,6

g Ceb A leg Coniactoon x 61

g FX Cal AL X Existutin Gonralization p

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Since simplification rule is for conjecture
not disjunctions
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