Score: 77/100 Points 77 %

Processing math: 45%

 1. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A constant-velocity horizontal water jet from a stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that rides on a nearly frictionless track.
As the water jet hits the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. As a result, the acceleration will __________.

 remain constant

 increase

 decrease

The acceleration does not remain constant since the force is not constant. The impulse force exerted by the water on the plate is

( )
F = ṁV = ρAV V = ρAV 2

F
where V is the relative velocity between the water and the plate, which is moving. The magnitude of the plate acceleration is thus a = . But as
m
the plate begins to move, V decreases, so the acceleration must also decrease.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 2. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Which of the following statements describes the conservation of momentum principle?

✓  The momentum of a system remains constant when the net force acting on it is zero, and thus the momentum of such systems is
conserved.

 The momentum of a system increases from zero when the net force acting on it is zero, and thus the momentum of such systems is
conserved.

 The momentum of a system decreases when the net force acting on it is zero, and thus the momentum of such systems is conserved.

 The momentum of a system increases linearly when the net force acting on it is zero, and thus the momentum of such systems is
conserved.

The conservation of momentum principle is expressed as follows: “the momentum of a system remains constant when the net force acting on it
is zero, and thus the momentum of such systems is conserved.” When the net force is equal to zero, velocity does not change. Since mass is also
constant, the momentum of the system remains the same.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 3. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The angular momentum equation is obtained by replacing B in the Reynolds transport theorem by the total angular momentum and b by the
angular momentum per unit __________.

 time

 speed

 volume

✓  mass

The angular momentum equation is obtained by replacing B in the Reynolds transport theorem by the total angular momentum and b by the
angular momentum per unit mass.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 4. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

The surface forces in momentum analysis arise as a result of __________. (Check all that apply.)

 the control volume being isolated from its surroundings for analysis

✓  the effect of any detached object being accounted for by a force at that particular location

 a change in the volume of the fluid

✓  a change in the temperature in the control volume.

All surface forces arise as the control volume is isolated from its surroundings for analysis, and the effect of any detached object is accounted for
by a force at that location.

References

Check All That Apply Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 5. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Consider a steady developing laminar flow of water in a constant-diameter horizontal discharge pipe attached to a tank. The fluid enters the pipe
with nearly uniform speed V and pressure P 1. The velocity profile becomes parabolic after a certain distance with a momentum correction factor
of 2 while the pressure drops to P 2. Identify the correct relation for the horizontal force acting on the bolts that hold the pipe attached to the
tank.

 πD 2
FR = [(P 1 − P 2) − V 2]
4

 πD 2
FR = [(P 2 − P 1) − ρV 2]
4

✓  πD 2
FR = [(P 1 − P 2) − ρV 2]
4

 πD 2
FR = 4
[(P 1 − P 2) − ρV]

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady, laminar, and incompressible.
2. The flow is fully developed at the end of the pipe section considered.
3. The velocity profile at the pipe inlet is uniform, and thus, the momentum-flux correction factor is β 1 = 1.
4. The momentum-flux correction factor is β 2 = 2 at the outlet.
We take the developing flow section of the pipe (including the water inside) as the control volume. We assume the reaction force to act in the
45% direction. Noting that the flow is incompressible and thus the average speed is constant, V 1 = V 2 = V, the momentum equation for
positive
Processing math:
steady flow in the z (flow) direction in this case reduces to
 → → →
∑ F = ∑ outβṁ V - ∑ inβṁ V

− F R + P 1A c − P 2A c = ṁβ 2V − ṁβ 1V

( ) (
F R = P 1 − P 2 A c + ṁV β 1 − β 2 )
( )
F R = P 1 − P 2 A c + ṁV 1 − 2 ( )
( P 1 − P 2 ) πD 2
FR =
4 − ṁV

or, using the definition of the mass flow rate,

( P 1 − P 2 ) πD 2
FR =
ρπD 2
4− [ ] V2
4

πD 2
FR = [(P 1 − P 2) − ρV 2]
4

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Medium

Processing math: 45%

 6. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

Match Newton's laws of motion to their corresponding statements.

1. Newton's second law

2. Newton's third law

3. Newton's first law

  1 A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path
when the net force acting on it is zero.
Correct: 3

  2 The acceleration of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

Correct: 1

  3 When a body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

Correct: 2

Newton’s first law states that “a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when
the net force acting on it is zero.” Therefore, a body tends to preserve its state or inertia. Newton’s second law states that “the acceleration of a
body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.” Newton’s third law states that “when a body exerts a
force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.”

References

Matching Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 7. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Identify the correct relation to express the momentum flux in terms of the mass flow rate and mean flow velocity.

 ˙→
m V avg
(
→ → →
)
∫ A ρ V V ⋅ n dA c =
c β

✓  → →
(
∫A ρ V V ⋅ → ) →
n dA c = βṁ V avg
c

 ˙→
m V avg 2
(
→ → →
)
∫ A ρ V V ⋅ n dA c =
c β

 → →
(
∫A ρ V V ⋅ → )
n dA c = √βṁ→V avg
c

The momentum-flux correction factor β enables us to express the momentum flux in terms of the mass flow rate and mean flow velocity as

→ →
(
∫A ρ V V ⋅ →
c ) →
n dA c = βṁ V avg

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Medium

Processing math: 45%

 8. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

In the application of the momentum equation, we can disregard the atmospheric pressure and work with gage pressures only since the
atmospheric pressure __________.

 is constant

 does not have an effect on the fluid

 is included in the value of the gage pressure

✓  acts in all directions and its effects cancel out

In the application of the momentum equation, we can disregard the atmospheric pressure and work with gage pressures only since the
atmospheric pressure acts in all directions, and its effect cancels out in every direction.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 9. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A sluice gate, which controls flow rate in a channel by simply raising or lowering a vertical plate, is commonly used in irrigation systems. A force
is exerted on the gate due to the difference between the water heights y 1 and y 2 and the flow velocities V 1 and V 2 upstream and downstream
from the gate, respectively. Take the width of the sluice gate (into the page) to be w. Wall shear stresses along the channel walls may be ignored,
and for simplicity we assume steady, uniform flow at locations 1 and 2. Which of the following represents a relationship for the force F R acting on
the sluice gate as a function of depths y 1 and y 2, the mass flow rate, the gravitational constant g, the gate width w, and the water density ρ?

 ˙

( )
√
m y2 (
2g y 1 - y 2 ) w
F Rx =
4 y1
- 1
y22
+
4 (
ρg y 1 2 - y 2 2 )
1 -
y12

√

( ) ( )
y2 2g y 1 - y 2 ṁ
F Rx = w
y1
- 1
1 - y22
+
2 (
ρg y 1 2 - y 2 2 )
y12

Processing math: 45%

 
( )
√
y2 (
2g y 1 - y 2 ) w
F Rx = ṁ y - 1
1 y22
+
2 ( )
ρg y 1 - y 2 2
1 -
y12


( )
√
y1 (
2g y 2 - y 1 ) w
F Rx = ṁ
y2
- 1
1 - y12
+
2 ( )
ρg y 2 - y 1 2

y22

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady, incompressible, frictionless, and uniform (and thus, the Bernoulli equation is applicable).
2. Wall shear forces at channel walls are negligible.
3. The channel is exposed to the atmosphere, and thus the pressure at free surfaces is atmospheric pressure.
4. The flow is horizontal.
5. The water flow is nearly uniform, and thus the momentum-flux correction factor can be taken to be unity, that is, β ≅ 1.

We take point 1 at the free surface of the upstream flow before the gate and point 2 at the free surface of the downstream flow after the gate. We
also take the bottom surface of the channel as the reference level so that the elevations of points 1 and 2 are y 1 and y 2, respectively. The
application of the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 gives the following equation:

P1 V12 P2 V22
ρg
+
2g
+ y1 =
ρg
+
2g
+ y 2 → V 2 2 - V 1 2 = 2g y 1 - y 2 (1) ( )
The flow is assumed to be incompressible, and thus the density is constant. Then, the conservation of mass relation for this single-stream
steady-flow device can be expressed as

Processing math: 45%

 V˙ V˙ V˙ V˙
V̇ 1 = V̇ 2 = V̇ → A 1V 1 = A 2V 2 = V̇ → V 1 = = and V 2 = = (2)
A1 wy 1 A2 wy 2

Substituting in Eq. (1),

( ) ( ) √ √
V˙ 2 V˙ 2 (
2g y 1 - y 2 ) (
2g y 1 - y 2 )
wy 2
-
wy 1 (
= 2g y 1 - y 2 ) → V̇ = w
1
-
1
→ V̇ = wy 2
1 - y22
(3)

y22 y12 y12

Substituting Eq. (3) in Eq. (2) gives the following relations for velocities:

√ √
y2 (
2g y 1 - y 2 ) (
2g y 1 - y 2 )
V1 = and V 2 = (4)
y1 y22 y22
1 - 1 -
y12 y12

We choose the control volume as the water body surrounded by the vertical cross sections of the upstream and downstream flows, the free
surfaces of water, the inner surface of the sluice gate, and the bottom surface of the channel. The momentum equation for steady flow is

⇀ ⇀ ⇀
∑ F = ∑ outβṁ V - ∑ inβṁ V

The force acting on the sluice gate F Rx is horizontal since the wall shear at the surfaces is negligible, and it is equal and opposite to the force
applied on water by the sluice gate. Noting that the pressure force acting on a vertical surface is equal to the product of the pressure at the
centroid of the surface and the surface area, the momentum equation along the x-direction gives

w
(
- F Rx + P 1A 1 - P 2A 2 = ṁV 2 - ṁV 1 → - F Rx + ρg 2 y 1 - y 2 2 = ṁ V 2 - V 1 ( )) ( )
Rearranging, the force acting on the sluice gate is determined to be

w
( )
F Rx = ṁ V 1 - V 2 + ρg y 1 2 - y 2 2
2 ( )
Processing math: 45%
where V 1 and V 2 are given in Eq. (4). Thus,
 F Rx = ṁ

(√y2
y1
(
2g y 1 - y 2

1 -
y22

y12
)
-

√
(
2g y 1 - y 2

1 -
y22

y12
)
) +
w
2 ( )
ρg y 1 - y 2 2

After simplification, we obtain the following relation:

( )
√
y2 (
2g y 1 - y 2 ) w
F Rx = ṁ
y1
- 1
y22
+
2 (
ρg y 1 2 - y 2 2 )
1 -
y12

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 10. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A horizontal water jet of constant speed V from a stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that rides on a nearly frictionless
track. As the water jet hits the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. The highest speed that the plate can attain is the speed of the
water jet.

✓  True

 False

The maximum possible speed for the plate is the speed of the water jet. As long as the plate is moving slower than the jet, the water exerts a
force on the plate, which causes it to accelerate, until terminal jet speed is reached.

References

True / False Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 11. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

How is the net force on a control volume determined?

 The net force acting on a control volume is the resultant of all the forces acting on the surface.

 The net force acting on a control volume is the sum of all surface forces.

✓  The net force acting on a control volume is the sum of all body and surface forces.

 The net force acting on a control volume is the sum of all body forces.

The net force acting on a control volume is the sum of all body and surface forces.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 12. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Consider two rigid bodies having the same mass and angular speed. Do you think these two bodies must have the same angular momentum?

 Yes

✓  No

No. The two bodies do not necessarily have the same angular momentum. Two rigid bodies having the same mass and angular speed may have
different angular momentums unless they also have the same moment of inertia I.

References

Yes / No Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 13. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The momentum of a body __________ if the net force acting on it is zero.

 increases

 decreases

 becomes zero

✓  remains constant

The momentum of a body remains constant if the net force acting on it is zero.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 14. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Fluid weight is a surface force.

 True

✓  False

Fluid weight is a body force.

References

True / False Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 15. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Identify the expression for the force F Rx in terms of speed V and mass flow rate m. Assume the jet stream is perpendicular to the incoming liquid
flow line.

✓  ṁ 2
F Rx = β ρA

 ṁ 2
F Rx = ρ
βA

 ṁ
F Rx = β
ρA

 ṁ 2
F Rx = βρ A

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. The nozzle is given to be stationary.
3. The nozzle involves a 90° turn and thus the incoming and outgoing flow streams are normal to each other.
4. The water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.

We take the nozzle as the control volume and the flow direction at the outlet as the x-axis. Note that the nozzle makes a 90° turn, and thus it
does not contribute to any pressure force or momentum flux term at the inlet in the x-direction. Noting that m = ρAV where A is the nozzle outlet
area
Processing math: and V is the average nozzle outlet speed, the momentum equation for steady flow in the x-direction reduces to
45%
 → → →
∑ F = ∑ outβṁ V − ∑ inβṁ V → F Rx = βṁ outV out = βṁV

where F Rx is the reaction force on the nozzle due to the liquid jet at the nozzle outlet. Then,

ṁ ṁ 2
ṁ = ρAV → F Rx = βṁV = βρAVV = βρAV 2 or F Rx = βṁV = βṁ ρA = β ρA

ṁ 2
F Rx = β ρA

This is the required expression.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Medium

Processing math: 45%

 16. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Which of the following best describes body forces and surface forces?

 The forces acting on the control volume consist of body forces that act parallel to the surfaces and surface forces that act
perpendicularly to the surfaces of the body.

 The forces acting on the control volume consist of body forces that act within the control volume and surface forces that are outside
the control volume.

 The forces acting on the control volume consist of body forces that act perpendicularly on the surfaces and surface forces that are
parallel to the surfaces of the body.

✓  The forces acting on the control volume consist of body forces that act throughout the entire body of the control volume and surface
forces that act on the control surface.

The forces acting on the control volume consist of body forces that act throughout the entire body of the control volume (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that act on the control surface (such as the pressure forces and reaction forces at points of
contact).

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 17. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Which of the following statements is true for Newton's second law of motion for rotating bodies?

 The rate of change of the angular momentum of a body is equal to the change in velocity.

 The rate of change of the angular momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on it.

 The rate of change of the linear momentum of a body is equal to the net torque acting on it.

✓  The rate of change of the angular momentum of a body is equal to the net torque acting on it.

Newton's second law for rotating bodies is, "the rate of change of the angular momentum of a body is equal to the net torque acting on it."

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 18. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

To achieve a specified performance, a helicopter will require more energy in winter than in summer.

 True

 False

In winter, the air is generally colder and thus denser. Therefore, less air must be driven by the blades to provide the same helicopter lift, requiring
less power. Less energy is required in the winter.

References

True / False Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 19. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Express the unsteady angular momentum equation in vector form for a control volume that has a constant moment of inertia I, no external
→
moments applied, one outgoing uniform flow stream of velocity V , and mass flow rate m.

 →
→
ṁ V
Iα = →
r

 I →
=→
r × ṁ V
→
α

 I
→
ṁ V
=
→ →
α r

✓  I→
α = −→
→
r × ṁ V

The angular momentum equation in this case is expressed as

→ →
Iα = − →
r × ṁ V

where α is the angular acceleration of the control volume, and r is the vector from the axis of rotation to any point on the line of action of F.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 20. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Which of the following is the correct momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow for the case of no external forces?

 → →2
∑ F = 0 = ∑ inβṁ V - ∑ outβṁ V
→2

 → →
∑ F = 0 = ∑ inβṁ V - ∑ outβṁ V
→

 → →2
∑ F = 0 = ∑ outβṁ V - ∑ inβṁ V
→2

✓  → → →
∑ F = 0 = ∑ outβṁ V - ∑ inβṁ V

The momentum equation for steady flow for the case of no external forces is

→ → →
∑ F = 0 = ∑ outβṁ V - ∑ inβṁ V

where the left-hand side is the net force acting on the control volume (which is zero here), the first term on the right-hand side is the incoming
momentum flux, and the second term on the right is the outgoing momentum flux by mass.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 21. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A water jet strikes a stationary horizontal plate vertically at a rate of 18 kg/s with a speed of 20 m/s. The mass of the plate is 15 kg. Assume the
water stream moves in the horizontal direction after the strike. The force needed to prevent the plate from moving vertically is __________.
Solve this problem using appropriate software.

 222.8 N

✓  212.8 N

 220.8 N

 197.8 N

m_dot=18 [kg/s]
V1=20 [m/s]
m_plate=15 [kg]
g=9.81 [m/s^2]
F_vertical-m_plate*g=m_dot*(0-V1)

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 22. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A 9-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water with a speed of 30 m/s relative to the ground strikes a flat plate that is moving in the same direction as
the jet at a speed of 20 m/s. The water splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate. Determine the force exerted by the water stream on
the plate. Take the momentum-flux correction factor as unity and the density of water as 1000 kg/m 3.

The force exerted by the water stream on the plate is 636 N.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

A 9-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water with a speed of 30 m/s relative to the ground strikes a flat plate that is moving in the same direction as
the jet at a speed of 20 m/s. The water splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate. Determine the force exerted by the water stream on
the plate. Take the momentum-flux correction factor as unity and the density of water as 1000 kg/m 3.

The force exerted by the water stream on the plate is 636 ± 1% N.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. The water splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate.
3. The water jet is exposed to the atmosphere, and thus the pressure of the water jet and the splattered water is atmospheric pressure, which
is disregarded since it acts on all surfaces.
4. The vertical forces and momentum fluxes are not considered since they have no effect on the horizontal force exerted on the plate.
5. The speed of the plate and the speed of the water jet relative to the plate are constant.
6. The jet flow is nearly uniform, and thus the momentum-flux correction factor can be taken to be unity, that is, β ≈ 1.
Processing math: 45%
 Take the density of water as 1000 kg/m 3.

The plate is taken as the control volume and the flow direction as the positive direction of the x-axis. The relative speed between the plate and
the jet is determined as follows:

V r = V jet − V plate = 30 m/s − 20 m/s = 10 m/s

Therefore, the plate can be viewed as being stationary and the jet to be moving with a speed of 30 m/s. The mass flow rate of water relative to
the plate (i.e., the flow rate at which water strikes the plate) is determined as follows:

ṁ r = ρV rA = ρV r
πD 2
4
=
( 1000 kg/m 3
)( )
10 m/s
π(0.09 m) 2
4
= 63.62 kg/s

The momentum equation for steady flow is

→ → →
Σ F = Σoutβṁ V − Σinβṁ V

The horizontal reaction force applied to the plate in the negative x-direction to counteract the impulse of the water jet is F Rx. Then, the
momentum equation along the x-direction gives

− F Rx = 0 − ṁV i → F Rx = ṁ rV r = (63.62 kg/s)(10 m/s)

( 1N
1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ) = 636 N

Processing math: 45%

 23. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 125° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow
discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm 2 at the inlet and 25 cm 2 at the exit. The elevation
difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring
force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m 3, and the flow rate of water is 30 kg/s. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place is 232.148 kN.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 125° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow
discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm 2 at the inlet and 25 cm 2 at the exit. The elevation
difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring
force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m 3, and the flow rate of water is 30 kg/s. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)

The anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place is 1.595 ± 1% kN.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. The frictional effects are negligible in the calculation of the pressure drop (so that the Bernoulli equation can be used).
Processing math:
3.45%
The weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered.
4. The water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.
 5. The momentum-flux correction factor for each inlet and outlet is given to be β = 1.03.

The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3.

The weight of the elbow and the water in it is determined as follows:

W = mg = (50 kg)(9.81m/s ) 2 = 0.4905 kN

The elbow is taken as the control volume, and the entrance is designated as 1 and the outlet is designated as 2. The horizontal coordinate is
designated as x (with the direction of flow being positive) and the vertical coordinate is designated as z. The continuity equation for this one-
inlet one-outlet steady-flow system is

˙ ˙ ˙
m 1 = m 2 = m = 30 kg/s

Noting that, ṁ = ρAV the inlet and outlet velocities of water are determined as follows:

ṁ 30 kg/s
V1 = = = 2 m/s
ρA 1
(1000 kg/m 3 )( 0.0150 m 2 )
ṁ 30 kg/s
V 2 = ρA = = 12 m/s
2 (1000 kg/m 3 ) ( 0.0025 m2 )

( )
Taking the center of the inlet cross section as the reference level z 1 = 0 and noting that P 2 = P atm, the Bernoulli equation for a streamline
Processing math: 45%
going through the center of the reducing elbow is expressed as
 P1
ρg
+
V12
2g
+ z1
P2
= ρg +
V22
2g
+ z 2 → P 1 − P 2 = ρg
( V22 − V12
2g
+ z2 − z1
) → P 1, gage = ρg
( V22 − V12
2g
+ z2
)
Substituting,

P 1, gage =
( 1000 kg/m 3
)( 9.81 m/s 2
)( (12 m/s) 2 − (2 m/s) 2

(
2 9.81 m/s 2 )
+ 0.4 m
)( 1 kN

1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ) = 73.9 kN/m 2 = 73.9 kPa

The momentum equation for steady flow is

→ → →
Σ F = Σoutβṁ V − Σinβṁ V

The x- and z-components of the anchoring force of the elbow are F Rx and F Rz, and we assume them to be in the positive directions. We also
use gage pressures to avoid dealing with the atmospheric pressure that acts on all surfaces. Then, the momentum equations along the x- and
z-axes become

F Rx + P 1, gageA 1 = βṁV 2cosθ − βṁV 1 and F Rz − W = βṁV 2sinθ

Solving for F Rx and F Rz and substituting the given values,

(
F Rx = βṁ V 2cosθ − V 1
) ( )(
− P 1, gageA 1 = 1. 03 30 kg/s [ 12 cos125° − 2 m/s]
) 1 kN

1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2
−
( 73.9 kN/m 2
)( 0. 0150 m 2
) = −1.383 kN

F Rz = βṁV 2sinθ + W = 1.03 30 kg/s

( )( 12 sin125° m/s
)( 1 kN

1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ) + 0.4905 kN = 0.794 kN

√FRx + FRz = √( − 1.383 kN)2 + (0.794 kN)2 = 1.595 kN

2 2
FR =

θ = tan − 1 F
Processing math: 45% ( )
Rx
F Rz
( 0.794 kN
= tan − 1 − 1.297 kN ) = -29.9°
Processing math: 45%
 24. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow
discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm 2 at the inlet and 25 cm 2 at the exit. The elevation
difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 54 kg. Determine the anchoring
force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m 3, and the flow rate of water is 30 kg/s.

The anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place is 0.228 kN. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)
The resultant direction of force is 45.0 ° ↺ .

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle θ = 45° from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow
discharges
Processing math: 45% water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm 2 at the inlet and 25 cm 2 at the exit. The elevation
difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 54 kg. Determine the anchoring
 force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. The density of
water is 1000 kg/m 3, and the flow rate of water is 30 kg/s.

The anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place is 1.205 ± 1% kN. (Round the final answer to three decimal places.)
The resultant direction of force is 138.9 ± 1% ° ↺ .

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. Frictional effects are negligible in the calculation of the pressure drop (so that the Bernoulli equation can be used).
3. The weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered.
4.45%
Processing math: The water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.
5. The momentum-flux correction factor for each inlet and outlet is given to be β = 1.03.
 The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3.

The weight of the elbow and the water in it is determined as follows:

W = mg = (54 kg)(9.81m/s ) 2 = 0.5297 kN

The elbow is taken as the control volume, and the entrance is designated as 1 and the outlet is designated 2. The horizontal coordinate is
designated x (with the direction of flow as the positive direction) and the vertical coordinate is designated z. The continuity equation for this
one-inlet one-outlet steady flow system is

˙ ˙ ˙
m 1 = m 2 = m = 30 kg/s

Noting that ṁ = ρAV, the inlet and outlet velocities of water are determined as follows:

ṁ 30 kg/s
V1 = = = 2.0 m/s
ρA 1
(1000 kg/m 3 )( 0.0150 m 2 )
ṁ 30 kg/s
V 2 = ρA = = 12 m/s
2 (1000 kg/m 3 ) ( 0.0025 m2 )

( )
Taking the center of the inlet cross section as the reference level z 1 = 0 and noting that P 2 = P atm, the Bernoulli equation for a streamline
going through the center of the reducing elbow is expressed as

P1
ρg
+
V12
2g
+ z1
P2
= ρg +
V22
2g
+ z2 → P 1 − P 2 = ρg
( V22 − V12
2g
+ z2 − z1
) → P 1, gage = ρg
( V22 − V12
2g
+ z2
)
Substituting,

P 1, gage =
( 1000 kg/m 3
)( 9.81 m/s 2
)( (12 m/s) 2 − (2 m/s) 2

(
2 9.81 m/s 2 )
+ 0.4
)( 1 kN
1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ) = 73.9 kN/m 2 = 73.9 kPa

Processing math: 45%

The momentum equation for steady flow is
 → → →
Σ F = Σoutβṁ V − Σinβṁ V

The x- and z-components of the anchoring force of the elbow are F Rx and F Rz, and we assume them to be in the positive directions. We also
use gage pressures to avoid dealing with the atmospheric pressure that acts on all surfaces. Then, the momentum equations along the x- and
z-axes become

F Rx + P 1, gageA 1 = βṁV 2cosθ − βṁV 1 and F Rz − W = βṁV 2sinθ

Solving for F Rx and F Rz and substituting the given values,

(
F Rx = βṁ V 2cosθ − V 1
) − P 1, gageA 1 =
(
1.03 30 kg/s)[(12 cos45° − 2)m/s]
1 kN
1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2
−
(
73.9 kN/m 2
)(
0.0150 m 2
) = − 0.908 kN

(
F Rz = βṁV 2sinθ + W = 1.03 30 kg/s)(12 sin45° m/s)
( 1 kN

1000 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ) + 0.5297 kN = 0.792 kN

√ ((− 0.908 kN) 2 + (0.792 kN) 2 )

FR =
√F2Rx + F 2 Rz = = 1.205 kN

θ = tan − 1
( )
F Rz
F Rx
= tan − 1 ( 0.792 kN
− 0.908 kN ) = -41.1°

θ = 180° + (-41.0938°) = 138.9°

Processing math: 45%

 25. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

Consider water flow through a horizontal, short garden hose at a rate of 81 kg/min. The speed at the inlet is 1.5 m/s and that at the outlet is 16.5
m/s. The pipe makes a 90° turn to a vertical direction before the water is discharged. Disregard the weight of the hose and water. Taking the
momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.04 at both the inlet and the outlet, the anchoring force required to hold the hose in place in the
horizontal direction is __________. Solve this problem using appropriate software.

 123.6 N

 130.0 N

 113.1 N

 132.9 N

m_dot=(81/60) [kg/s]
V1=1.5 [m/s]
V2=16.5 [m/s]
beta=1.04
theta_2=90 [degree]
rho=1000 [kg/m^3]
g=9.81 [m/s^2]
A1=m_dot/(rho*V1)
P_1_gage=rho*(V2^2−V1^2)/2
A1=pi*D^2/4
F_horizontal+P_1_gage*A1=m_dot*beta*(V2*Cos(theta_2)-V1)

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 26. Award: 1 out of 2.00 points

A 3-in-diameter horizontal jet of water, with speed 142 ft/s, strikes a bent plate, which deflects the water by 135° from its original direction. How
much force is required to hold the plate against the water stream and what is its direction? Disregard frictional and gravitational effects. Take
the density of water to be 62.4 lbm/ft 3.

The force required to hold the plate against the water stream is 3,544 lbf.
The line of action is 22.5 °.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Medium

A 3-in-diameter horizontal jet of water, with speed 142 ft/s, strikes a bent plate, which deflects the water by 135° from its original direction.
How much force is required to hold the plate against the water stream and what is its direction? Disregard frictional and gravitational effects.
Take the density of water to be 62.4 lbm/ft 3.

The force required to hold the plate against the water stream is 3,542 ± 1% lbf.
The line of action is 157.5 ± 1% °.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. The water jet is exposed to the atmosphere, and thus the pressure of the water jet and splattered water is the atmospheric pressure, which
is disregarded since it acts on all surfaces.
3. Frictional and gravitational effects are negligible.
4.45%
Processing math: There is no splattering of water or deformation of the jet, and the reversed jet leaves at the same speed and flow rate.
5. The jet flow is nearly uniform, and thus the momentum-flux correction factor is nearly unity, that is, β ≅ 1.
 We take the plate together with the curved water jet as the control volume and designate the jet inlet as 1 and the outlet as 2. We also
designate the horizontal coordinate as x (with the direction of incoming flow being positive) and the vertical coordinate as z. The equation of
conservation of mass for this one-inlet one-outlet steady flow system is

ṁ 1 = ṁ 2 = ṁ

where

( )( ) ( 3
ft ) 2

[ ]
π
πd 2 12
ṁ = ρVA = ρV 4
= 62.4 lbm/ft 3 142 ft/s 4
= 434.95 lbm/s

The momentum equation for steady flow is

⇀ ⇀ ⇀
Σ F = Σoutβṁ V − Σinβṁ V

We let the x- and z-components of the anchoring force of the plate be F Rx and F Rz and assume them to be in the positive directions. Then,
the momentum equations along the x- and y-axes become

( ) ( )=
F Rx = ṁ - V 2 cos45° - ṁ +V 1 (
− ṁV 1 + cos45 ∘ )
( )
F Rz = ṁ +V 2 sin45° = ṁVsin45 ∘

Substituting the values,

Processing math: 45%
 (
F Rx = - 434.95 lbm/s
)( )(
142 ft/s 1 + cos45°
)( 1 lbf
32.2 lbm·ft/s 2 ) = -3273.4 lbf

F Rz =
( 434.95 lbm/s
)( ) (
142 ft/s sin45°
1 lbf
32.2 lbm·ft/s 2 ) = 1352.6 lbf

Then, the net resultant force is determined using the formula

√FRx + FRz = √ (-3273.4 lbf) + (1352.6 lbf) = 3,542 lbf

2 2 2 2
FR =

The direction of the force is

F Rz 1352.6 lbf
θ = tan - 1 F = tan - 1 -3273.4 lbf = 157.5°
Rx

Processing math: 45%

 27. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A 2.5-cm-diameter horizontal water jet with a speed of V j = 40 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 60° stationary cone whose base
diameter D C is 0.260 m. The water speed along the cone varies linearly from zero at the cone surface to the incoming jet speed of 40 m/s at
the free surface. Disregarding the effect of gravity and the shear forces, determine the horizontal force F needed to hold the cone stationary.
Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m 3.

The horizontal force F needed to hold the cone stationary is 523 N.

References

Numeric Response Difficulty: Hard

A 2.5-cm-diameter horizontal water jet with a speed of V j = 40 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 60° stationary cone whose base
diameter D C is 0.260 m. The water speed along the cone varies linearly from zero at the cone surface to the incoming jet speed of 40 m/s at
Processing math: 45%
 the free surface. Disregarding the effect of gravity and the shear forces, determine the horizontal force F needed to hold the cone stationary.
Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m 3.

The horizontal force F needed to hold the cone stationary is 544 ± 1% N.

Explanation:

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The flow is steady and incompressible.
2. The water is discharged to the atmosphere, and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.

Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m 3.

Considering the front view of the cone, the conservation of mass is applied:

Processing math: 45% Vj

0 = − Q j + ∫ AV exit ⅆA ⇒ Q j ≈ πD ch
2
 π 40 m/s
(0.025 m) 2 × 40 m/s = π(0.26 m)h ⇒ h = 0.0012 m
4 2

The linear momentum equation in the x-direction gives

→ →
∫ Vρ V →
n dA = ΣF x

− V jρV jA 1 + ∫ h0 (Vcosθ)ρV(πD c) ⅆY = − F

Since speed is linear, it is in the form of V = a + bY. It is given that V = 0 when Y = 0 and V = V j when Y = h = 0.0012 m. Therefore,

V = 32000Y

( ( ( )( )
π 0.0012 m
− 1000 kg/m 3 × 40 m/s) 2 4 0.025 m) 2 + 1000 kg/m 3 × π 0.26 m × cos60 × 32000 2 ∫ Y 2dY = − F
0

F = −(-785 N + 241 N) = 544 N

Processing math: 45%

 28. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Consider an airplane cruising at 1,260 km/h to the right. If the velocity of exhaust gases is 700 km/h to the left relative to the ground, the speed
of the exhaust gases relative to the nozzle exit is __________. Solve this problem using appropriate software.

 1,660 km/h

 1,620 km/h

 1,940 km/h

✓  1,960 km/h

V_airplane=1260 [km/h]
V_exhaust=−700 [km/h]
V_r=V_airplane−V_exhaust

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 29. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

A 3-cm-diameter horizontal pipe attached to a surface makes a 90° turn to a vertical upward direction before the water is discharged at a speed
of 13 m/s. The horizontal section is 5 m long, and the vertical section is 4 m long. Neglecting the mass of the water contained in the pipe, the
bending moment acting on the base of the pipe on the wall is __________. Solve this problem using appropriate software.

 545.3 N⋅m

 633.3 N⋅m

 597.3 N⋅m

 620.3 N⋅m

D=0.03 [m]
V=13 [m/s]
L_horizontal=5 [m]
L_vertical=4 [m]
rho=1000 [kg/m^3]
A=pi*D^2/4
m_dot=rho*A*V
r=L_horizontal
M=r*m_dot*V

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 30. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The speed of wind at a wind turbine is measured to be 8 m/s. The blade span diameter is 12 m. The density of air is 1. 2 kg/m 3. If the horizontal
force exerted by the wind on the supporting mast of the wind turbine is 1,580 N, the efficiency of the wind turbine is __________. Solve this
problem using appropriate software.

 22.9%

✓  33.1%

 38.4%

 30.7%

V1=8 [m/s]
D=12 [m]
F=-1580 [N]
rho=1.2 [kg/m^3]
A=pi*D^2/4
m_dot=rho*A*V1
KE_1=m_dot*V1^2/2
F=m_dot*(V2-V1)
KE_2=m_dot*V2^2/2
eta_turbine=1-KE_2/KE_1

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 31. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Identify the primary dimensions of the universal gas constant R u.

 m·L

t2 · T

 N
m·t

 L2
t2 · T

✓  m · L2
t2 · N · T

 m2 · L
N

The primary dimensions of the universal gas constant R u are

m · L2

t2 · N · T

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 32. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

When a capillary tube of small diameter D is inserted into a container of liquid, as shown in the figure. t rise is a function of liquid density ρ, liquid
viscosity μ, tube diameter D, gravitational constant g, contact angle Φ, and the surface tension σ s of the liquid. Identify a functional relationship
for the time scale t rise needed for the liquid to climb up to its final height in the capillary tube.


( )
✓ σs

√
g
t rise D
=f , ϕ, Re
ρgD 2


√ ( )
g3 σs
t rise =f , ϕ, Ma
D ρgD 2

Processing math: 45%

 

√ ( )
g σs
t rise =f , ϕ, Ma
D3 ρgD 2


√ ( )
g σs
t rise =f , ϕ, Re
D ρg 2 D 2

The assumption made here is that t rise is a function of the same parameters listed in the previous problem, but there is another relevant
parameter.

Since this is an unsteady problem, the rise time will surely depend also on the fluid viscosity μ. The list of parameters now involves seven
parameters.

Step 1: There are seven parameters in this problem, n = 7.

List of relevant parameters: t rise = f ρ, g, σ s, D, Φ, μ ( ) n=7

Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed.

t rise ρ g σs D Φ μ

{t1} {m1L - 3} {L1t - 2} {m1t - 2} {L1} {1}

{m1L - 1t - 1}
Step 3: As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: j = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is k = n − j = 7 − 3 = 4.

Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. We cannot choose f since it is dimensionless. We choose a length (D) and a
density (ρ). We would rather have gravitational constant g than surface tension σ s in our Πs. So, we choose

Repeating parameters: ρ, g, and D

Step
Processing math: 5: The dependent Π is generated.
45%
 √
g
Π 1 = t rise
D

The first independent Π is generated by combining σ s with the repeating parameters:

Π 2 = σ sρ a 2 g b 2 D c 2

{Π2} ={(m1t - 2)(m1L - 3) a2(L1t - 2)b2(L1) c2}

Mass

{m } = {m ma }
0 1 2 0 = 1 + a2 a2 = - 1

Time

{t } = {t
0 - 2t - 2b 2
} 0 =- 2 - 2b 2 b2 = - 1

Length

{L } = { L
0 - 3a 2 b 2 c 2
L L } 0 =- 3a 2 + b 2 + c 2 c2 = - 2

c 2 = 3a 2 - b 2

which yields

σs
Π2 =
ρgD 2

The third Π (second independent Π) is simply the angle f itself since it is dimensionless:

Π3 = ϕ

Processing math: 45%

 Finally, the fourth Π is formed by combining μ with the repeating parameters. We expect some kind of Reynolds number. Specifically, a velocity
scale can be formed as √gD. Thus,

ρD√gD
Π 4 = Re = μ

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as follows:

√
t rise
g
D
=f
( σs

ρgD 2 )
, ϕ, Re

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 33. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Consider a liquid in a cylindrical container in which both the container and the liquid are rotating as a rigid body (solid-body rotation) as shown in
the figure. The elevation difference h between the center of the liquid surface and the rim of the liquid surface is a function of angular velocity ω,
fluid density ρ, gravitational acceleration g, and radius R. Use the method of repeating variables to identify a dimensionless relationship between
the parameters.

✓  h
= f(Fr)
R

 h
= f(Pr)
R

 h
= f(Ma)
R

Processing math: 45%

  h
= f(Re)
R

The assumption made here is that only the given parameters are relevant in the problem.

Step 1: There are five parameters in this problem, that is, n = 5.

List of relevant parameters: h = f (ω, ρ, g, R) n = 5 (1)

Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed:

h ω ρ g R

{L1} {t - 1} {m1L - 3} {L1t - 2} {L1}

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: j = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is k = n − j = 5 − 3 = 2.

Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, we elect not to pick the
viscosity. We choose

Repeating parameters: ω, ρ, and R

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

Π 1 = hω a 1ρ b 1R c 1

{Π1} ={(L1)(t - 1)a1(m1L - 3) b1(L1)c1}

Mass

{m } = {mb }
0
Processing math: 45%
1 0 = b1 b1 = 0
 Time

{t } = {t a }
0 - 1
0 =- a 1 a1 = 0

Length

{L } = { L L
0
}
1 - 3b 1 L c 1 0 = 1- 3b 1 + c 1 c1 = - 1

which yields

h
Π1 = R

The second Pi (the only independent Π in this problem) is generated:

Π 2 = gω a 2 ρ b 2 R c 2

{Π2} ={(L1t - 2)(t - 1) a2(m1L - 3)b2(L1) c2}

Mass

{m } = {mb }
0 2 0 = b2 b2 = 0

Time

{t } = {t
0 - 2t - a 2
} 0 =- 2 - a 2 a2 = - 2

Length

{L } = { L L
0 1 - 3b 2L c 2
} 0 = 1- 3b 2 + c 2 c2 = - 1

0 = 1 + c2
Processing math: 45%
 which yields

g
Π2 =
ω 2R

If we take Π 2 to the power −1/2 and recognize that ωR is the speed of the rim, we see that Π 2 can be modified into a Froude number:

ωR
Π 2 = Fr =
√gR

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as

h
R
= f(Fr)

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 34. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

If a moving ground belt is unavailable, is it possible to install a false wall — that is, a thin flat plate just above the boundary layer on the floor of
the wind tunnel?

✓  Yes

 No

If a moving ground belt is unavailable, we could instead install a false wall — that is, a thin flat plate just above the boundary layer on the floor of
the wind tunnel.

References

Yes / No Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 35. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Consider developing Couette flow—flow between two infinite parallel plates separated by distance h, with the top plate moving and the bottom
plate stationary as illustrated in the figure. The flow is not yet steady-state, but is developing in time t. The flow is incompressible and two-
dimensional in the xy-plane. Use the method of repeating variables to generate a dimensionless relationship for the x-component of fluid
velocity u as a function of fluid viscosity μ, top plate speed V, distance h, fluid density ρ, time t and distance y.

( )
 u y 2 tV
V
= f Re, 2 , 2
h h


V
u
(
= f Ma, ,
y tV
h h )
 u2
V2 (
= f Re, ,
y V
h th )

( )
✓ u y tV
= f Re, ,
V h h

The assumption made here is only the given parameters are relevant in the problem.

The problem can be analyzed using Buckingham's π theorem.

Processing math: 45%
Step 1: There are seven parameters in this problem, that is, n = 7.
 List of relevant parameters: u = f (V, y, t, μ, ρ, h) n = 7

Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed.

u V ρ μ h y t

{L1t - 1} {L1t - 1} {m1L - 3} {m1L - 1t - 1} {L1} {L1} {t1}

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: j = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is k = n − j = 7 − 3 = 4.

Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since j = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, we elect not to pick the
viscosity. We choose

Repeating parameters: V, ρ, and h

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

Π1 = 𝑢𝑉𝑎1 𝜌𝑏1 ℎ𝑐 1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
{Π1 } = L1 t−1 L1 t-1 m1 L-3 L1

Mass

{m0 } = {m𝑏1 } 0 = 𝑏1 𝑏1 = 0

Time

t0 = t-1 t-𝑎1 0 = - 1 - 𝑎1 𝑎1 = - 1

Length

L0 = L1 L𝑎1 L-3𝑏1 L𝑐 1 0 = 1 + 𝑎1 - 3𝑏1 + 𝑐1 𝑐1 = 0

0 = 1 - 1 + 𝑐1
Processing math: 45%
The dependent Π is as follows:
 𝑢
Π1 = 𝑉

The second Pi (the first independent Π in this problem) is generated as follows:

Π2 = 𝜇𝑉𝑎2 𝜌𝑏2 ℎ𝑐 2

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
{Π2 } = m1 L-1 t−1 L1 t-1 m1 L-3 L1

Mass

{m0 } = {m1 m𝑏2 } 0 = 1 + 𝑏2 𝑏2 = - 1

Time

t0 = t-1 t-𝑎2 0 = - 1 - 𝑎2 𝑎2 = - 1

Length

L0 = L-1 L𝑎2 L-3𝑏2 L𝑐 2 0 = - 1 + 𝑎2 - 3𝑏2 + 𝑐2 𝑐2 = - 1

0 = - 1 - 1 +3 + 𝑐2

which yields

𝜇
Π2 = 𝜌𝑉ℎ

We recognize this Π as the inverse of the Reynolds number. So, after inverting,

Π2 = 𝜌𝑉ℎ
𝜇 = Re

The third Pi (the second independent Π in this problem) is generated as follows:

Π3 = 𝑦𝑉𝑎3 𝜌𝑏3 ℎ𝑐 3

1 1 -1 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
{Π3 } = L L t m1 L-3 L1

Mass

Processing math: 045%

{m } = {m𝑏3 } 0 = 𝑏3 𝑏3 = 0
 Time

0 -𝑎
t =t 3 0 = -𝑎3 𝑎3 = 0

Length

L0 = L1 L𝑎3 L-3𝑏3 L𝑐 3 0 = 1 + 𝑎3 -3𝑏3 + 𝑐3 𝑐3 = - 1

0 = 1 + 𝑐3

which yields

Π3 = 𝑦ℎ

The fourth Pi (the third independent Π in this problem) is generated as follows:

Π4 = 𝑡𝑉𝑎4 𝜌𝑏4 ℎ𝑐 4

𝑎4 𝑏4 𝑐4
{Π4 } = t1 L1 t-1 m1 L-3 L1

Mass

0 𝑏
{m } = {m 4 } 0 = 𝑏4 𝑏4 = 0

Time

0 1 -𝑎
t =t t 4 0 = 1 - 𝑎4 𝑎4 = 1

Length

L0 = L𝑎4 L-3𝑏4 L𝑐 4 0 = 𝑎4 - 3𝑏4 + 𝑐4 𝑐4 = - 1

0 = 1 + 𝑐4

which yields

Π4 = 𝑡𝑉
ℎ

Step
Processing math: 6: We write the final functional relationship as follows:
45%
 𝑢 𝑦 𝑡𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑓Re, ℎ , ℎ

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 36. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The speed of sound c in an ideal gas is a function of the absolute temperature T, the universal ideal gas constant Ru , the molar mass (molecular
weight) M of the gas, and the ratio of specific heats k. Use dimensional analysis to find the functional relationship between these parameters.

 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑐𝑅𝑇𝑢 𝑀

✓  𝑓𝑘 = 𝑅𝑐𝑀𝑇
𝑢

2
 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑐𝑅 𝑀𝑇
𝑢

 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑐𝑇𝑀
𝑅 𝑢

The assumption made here is that only the given parameters are relevant in the problem.

The problem can be analyzed using Buckingham's π theorem.

Step 1: There are five parameters in this problem, that is, 𝑛 = 5.

List of relevant parameters: c = f (k, T, M, Ru ) 𝑛 = 5 (1)

Processing math:
Step45%
2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed; the ratio of specific heats k is dimensionless.
 c k T Ru M
L1 t-1 {1} T-1 m L t-2 T-1 N-1
1 2 m1 N-1

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set to 5, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, T, L, N and t).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 5

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 5 − 5 = 0

We cannot have zero Πs. We check that we have not missed a relevant parameter. Once we confirm we have included all the relevant
parameters, we reduce j by 1:

Reduction: 𝑗 = 5 − 1 = 4

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 5 − 4 = 1.

We need to choose four repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 4. We only have one choice in this problem, since there are only four
Step 4:
independent parameters on the right-hand side of Eq. 1. One of these is already dimensionless, so it is a Π all by itself. We choose

Reduction: 𝑗 = 4 − 1 = 3

Number of expected Πs: 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 5 − 3 = 2

Repeating parameters: T, M, and Ru

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

Π1 = 𝑐𝑇𝑎1 𝑀𝑏1 𝑅𝑢 𝑐 1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Π1 = L1 t-1 T1 m1 n-1 m1 L2 t-2 T-1 N-1

Time

0 -1 -2𝑐 1
t =t t 0 = - 1 - 2𝑐1 𝑐1 = - 21

Mass

m0 = m𝑏1 m𝑐 1 0 = 𝑏1 + 𝑐 1 𝑏1 = 21
Processing math: 45%
𝑏1 = - 𝑐 1
 Amount of matter

N0 = N-𝑏1 N-𝑐 1 0 = - 𝑏1 - 𝑐1 𝑏1 = 21

𝑏1 = - 𝑐 1

Temperature

T0 = T𝑎1 T-𝑐 1 0 = 𝑎1 - 𝑐1 𝑎1 = - 21

𝑎1 = 𝑐1

Length

L0 = L1 L2𝑐 1 0 = 1 + 2𝑐1 𝑐1 = - 21

Fortunately, the two results for exponent 𝑏1 agree, and the two results for exponent c1 agree. (If they did not agree, we would search for algebra
mistakes. Finding none, we would suspect that j is not correct or that we are missing a relevant parameter in the problem.)

The dependent Π is as follows:

Π1 = 𝑅𝑐𝑀𝑇
𝑢

The independent Π is already known:

Π2 = 𝑘

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as

𝑓𝑘 = 𝑅𝑐𝑀𝑇
𝑢

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 37. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Wind tunnel blockage is defined as the ratio of the model frontal area to the cross-sectional area of the test section.

✓  True

 False

Wind tunnel blockage is defined as the ratio of the model frontal area to the cross-sectional area of the test section.

References

True / False Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 38. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Match the variables in the left column with their fundamental dimensions in the right column.

1. Specific heat

2. Specific enthalpy

3. Specific weight

✓  1 L2 t-2 T-1

Correct: 1

✓  3 m1 L-2 t-2

Correct: 3

✓  2 L2 t-2

Correct: 2

Specific heat is energy per unit mass per unit temperature:

mL2
{𝑐𝑝 } = {mass ×energy t2 L2
temperature} = {m × T} = { 2 }
t T

The primary dimension of specific heat at constant pressure is L2 t-2 T-1 .

Specific weight is density times gravitational acceleration.

mass length} = { m }
{𝜌𝑔} = {volume 2 2 2
time L t

primary dimension of specific weight is m1 L-2 t-2 .

The45%
Processing math:
 Specific enthalpy has dimensions of energy per unit mass.

mL2
energy 2 2
{ℎ} = { mass } = { tm } = {L2 }
t

The primary dimension of specific enthalpy is L2 t-2 .

References

Matching Difficulty: Easy

39. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Identify the primary dimensions of kinematic viscosity.

m·L
 t
2

m
 L·t
2
✓  L
t

L
 m·t
2

The primary dimensions of kinematic viscosity are

L2
t

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 40. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

What is the purpose of pressurizing a wind tunnel?

A pressurized wind tunnel can achieve higher Reynolds numbers for the same scale model.

If the air pressure in the tunnel increases by a factor of 1.8, all else being equal (same wind speed, same model, etc.), by what factor will the
Reynolds number increase?

The Reynolds number will increase by a factor of 1.8 .

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

What is the purpose of pressurizing a wind tunnel?

A pressurized wind tunnel can achieve higher Reynolds numbers for the same scale model.

If the air pressure in the tunnel increases by a factor of 1.8, all else being equal (same wind speed, same model, etc.), by what factor will the
Reynolds number increase?

The Reynolds number will increase by a factor of 1.8 .

Explanation:

It is often difficult to achieve a high-enough wind tunnel speed to match the Reynolds number between a small model and a large prototype.
Even
Processing math: 45%if we were able to match the speed, the Mach number would often be too high. A pressurized wind tunnel has higher-density air. At the
same Reynolds number, the larger density leads to a lower air speed requirement.
 If the pressure were to be increased by a factor of 1.8, the air density would also increase by a factor of 1.8 (ideal gas law), assuming that the
air temperature remains constant.

Processing math: 45%

 41. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A boundary layer is a thin region (usually along a wall) in which viscous forces are significant and within which the flow is rotational. Consider a
boundary layer growing along a thin flat plate as shown in the figure. The flow is steady. The boundary layer thickness δ at any downstream
distance x is a function of x, free-stream speed V∞ , and fluid properties ρ (density) and μ (viscosity). Use the method of repeating variables to
generate a dimensionless relationship for δ as a function of the other parameters.

 𝛿2 = 𝑓Re
2 𝑥
𝑥

𝛿 = 𝑓Pr
 𝑥 𝑥

𝛿 = 𝑓Ma
 𝑥 𝑥

𝛿 = 𝑓Re
✓  𝑥 𝑥

The assumption made here is that the given parameters are the only relevant ones in the problem.

Step 1: There are five parameters in this problem, that is, 𝑛 = 5,

List of relevant parameters: 𝛿 = f (x, V, ρ, μ) 𝑛 = 5 (1)

Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed.

δ x V ρ μ
Processing math: 45% 1
L L1 L1 t-1 m1 L-3 m1 L-1 t-1
 Step 3: As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 5 − 3 = 2.

Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 3. We pick the length scale x, the density ρ, and the free-stream velocity V.

Repeating parameters: x, V, and ρ

Step 5:The Πs are generated. Note that for the first Π we can do the algebra mentally since the relationship is very simple. Namely, the
dimensions of d are identical to those of one of the repeating variables (x). In such a case, we know that all the exponents in the Π group are
zero except the one for x, which is –1. The dependent Π is thus

Π1 = 𝛿𝑥

The second Π is formed wih viscosity.

Π2 = 𝜇𝑥𝑎 𝜌𝑏 𝑉𝑐

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Π2 = m1 L-1 t-1 L1 m1 L-3 L1 t-1

Mass

m0 = m1 m𝑏 0=1+𝑏 𝑏= -1

Time

t0 = t-1 t-𝑐 0=-1 -𝑐 𝑐= -1

Length

L0 = L-1 L𝑎 L-3𝑏 L𝑐 0 = - 1 + 𝑎 - 3𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎= -1

0=-1+𝑎+3-1

which yields

𝜇
Π = 𝜌𝑉𝑥
Processing math:245%
 We recognize this Π as the inverse of the Reynolds number.

The modified Π2 is a Reynolds number based on x:

Π2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 𝜌𝑉𝑥
𝜇

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as

𝛿 = 𝑓Re
𝑥 𝑥

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 42. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A stirrer is used to mix chemicals in a tank as shown in the figure. The shaft power 𝑊 ˙ supplied to the stirrer blades is a function of the stirrer
diameter D, the liquid density ρ, the liquid viscosity μ, the angular velocity ω of the spinning blades, the tank diameter Dtank , and the average
liquid depth htank . Use the method of repeating variables to generate a dimensionless relationship between these parameters. Identify your Π
groups, modifying them as necessary.

ℎtank
 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑓Re, 𝐷tank
2 , 2
𝐷 𝐷

2
 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑓Re, 𝐷tank ℎ tank
2 , 3
𝐷 𝐷
2
 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑓Re, 𝐷 tank ℎtank
3 ,
𝐷 2 𝐷

𝐷 ℎtank
✓  𝑁𝑃 = 𝑓Re, tank
𝐷 , 𝐷

The assumption made here is that only the given parameters are relevant in the problem.

The problem can be analyzed using Buckingham's π theorem.

Step 1: There are seven parameters in this problem, that is, 𝑛 = 7.

˙ = 𝑓𝜔, 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝐷, 𝐷
List of relevant parameters: 𝑊 tank , ℎtank 𝑛 = 7
Processing math: 45%
Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed.
 ˙
𝑊 ω ρ μ D Dtank htank
m1 L2 t-3 t-1 m1 L-3 m1 L-1 t-1 L1 L1 L1

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 7 − 3 = 4.

Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 3. Following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, we elect not to pick the
viscosity. We choose

Repeating parameters: ω, ρ, and D

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

˙ 𝑎1 𝜌𝑏1 𝐷𝑐 1
Π1 = 𝑊𝜔

𝑎1 𝑏1 1 𝑐 1
Π1 = m1 L2 t-3 t-1 m1 L-3 L

Mass

m0 = m1 m𝑏1 0 = 1 + 𝑏1 𝑏1 = - 1

Time

0 -3 -𝑎
t =t t 1 0 = - 3 - 𝑎1 𝑎1 = - 3

Length

L0 = L2 L-3𝑏1 L𝑐 1 0 = 2 + 3 + 𝑐1 𝑐1 = - 5

The dependent Π is as follows:

Π1 = 𝑊˙ = 𝑁𝑃
𝜌𝐷5 𝜔3

where we have identified the Pi as the power number.

Processing math: 45%

The second Pi (the first independent Π in this problem) is generated as follows:
 Π2 = 𝜇𝜔𝑎2 𝜌𝑏2 𝐷𝑐 2

𝑎2 𝑏2 1 𝑐 2
Π2 = m1 L-1 t-1 t-1 m1 L-3 L

Mass

0 1 𝑏
m =m m 2 0 = 1 + 𝑏2 𝑏2 = - 1

Time

t0 = t-1 t-𝑎2 0 = - 1 - 𝑎2 𝑎2 = - 1

Length

L0 = L-1 L-3𝑏2 L𝑐 2 0 = - 1 - 3𝑏2 + 𝑐2 𝑐2 = - 2

which yields

Π2 = 𝜇
𝜌𝐷2 𝜔

Since Dω is the speed of the tip of the rotating stirrer blade, we recognize this Π as the inverse of a Reynolds number. So, after inverting,

2
Π2 = 𝜌𝐷𝜇 𝜔 = 𝜌𝐷𝜔𝐷
𝜇 = Re

Π3 = 𝐷tank
𝐷

ℎ
Π4 = tank
𝐷

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as follows:

ℎtank
𝑁𝑃 = 𝑓Re, 𝐷tank
𝐷 , 𝐷

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 43. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Cold water enters a pipe, where it is heated by an external heat source shown in the figure given. The inlet and outlet water temperatures are
Tin and Tout , respectively. The total rate of heat transfer 𝑄˙ from the surroundings into the water in the pipe is known to be a function of the mass
flow rate 𝑚,
˙ the specific heat cp of the water, and the temperature difference between the incoming and outgoing water. Use dimensional
analysis to identify the functional relationship between these parameters.

˙
✓  𝑄
˙ 𝑝 𝑇out - 𝑇in = constant
𝑚𝑐

˙ 𝑝
 𝑄𝑐
˙ out + 𝑇in = constant
𝑚𝑇

˙
 𝑄
˙ 𝑝 𝑇out + 𝑇in = constant
𝑚𝑐

˙𝑚˙
 𝑄
𝑐 𝑝 𝑇out - 𝑇in = constant

The assumption made here is that only the given parameters are relevant in the problem.

The problem can be analyzed using Buckingham's π theorem.

Step 1: There are four parameters in this problem, that is, 𝑛 = 4.

List of relevant parameters: 𝑄˙ = 𝑓𝑚,

˙ 𝑐𝑝 , 𝑇out - 𝑇in 𝑛 = 4 (1)
Processing math: 45%
 Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed:

𝑄˙ ˙
𝑚 cp Tout − Tin
1 2 -3 1 -1 2 -2 -1
m L t m t L t T T1

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set to 4, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, T, L, and t).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 4

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 4 − 4 = 0.

This is incorrect, so we reexamine our initial assumptions. We are convinced that our list of parameters is sufficient, so we reduce j by one and
continue.

Reduction: 𝑗 = 4 − 1 = 3

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 4 − 3 = 1.

We now expect only one Π.

We need to choose three repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 3. We only have one choice in this problem since there are only three
Step 4:
independent parameters on the right-hand side of Eq. 1.

Repeating parameters: 𝑚,
˙ 𝑐𝑝 , and 𝑇out - 𝑇in

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Π1 = 𝑄˙ 𝑚
˙ 1 𝑐𝑝 1 𝑇out - 𝑇in 1

𝑎1 2 -2 -1 𝑏1 1 𝑐 1
Π1 = m1 L2 t-3 m1 t-1 L t T T

Mass

m0 = m1+𝑎1 0 = 1 + 𝑎1 𝑎1 = - 1

Length

L0 = L2 L2𝑏1 0 = 2 + 2𝑏1 𝑏1 = - 1

Processing math: 45%

Temperature
 0 -𝑏 +𝑐
T =T 1 1 𝑐 1 = 𝑏1 𝑐1 = - 1

Time

t0 = t-3-𝑎1 -2𝑏1 0 = - 3 - 𝑎1 - 2𝑏1 3=1+2

Fortunately, the result for the time exponents is consistent with that of the other dimensions. The dependent Π is as follows:

˙
𝑄
Π1 = 𝑚𝑐
˙ 𝑝 𝑇out - 𝑇in

Step 6: Since there is only one Π, it is a function of nothing. This is only possible if we set the Π equal to a constant. We write the final functional
relationship as follows:

˙
𝑄
Π1 = 𝑚𝑐
˙ 𝑝 𝑇out - 𝑇in = constant

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 44. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

There are four additive terms in an equation and their units are given below. Which one of the following units is not consistent with this equation?

 kg · m2 /s2
3
 Pa · m

 J

 N·m

✓  W/m

W/m is not consistent with the equation.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 45. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The thermal conductivity k is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat. For conduction heat transfer in the x-direction through a
surface normal to the x-direction, Fourier’s law of heat conduction is expressed as
𝑄˙ conduction = -𝑘𝐴𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 ,
where 𝑄˙ conduction is the rate of heat transfer and A is the area normal to the direction of heat transfer. Identify the primary dimensions of
thermal conductivity (k).

 𝑘 = m1 L-1 t-3 T-1

✓  𝑘 = m1 L1 t-3 T-1

 𝑘 = m1 L1 t-3 T1
1 1 3 -1
 𝑘=m L t T

The primary dimensions of thermal conductivity are expressed as follows:

energy mL2
time 3
𝑘= 2 temperature = L t× T = mL
length × t3 T
length

𝑘 = m1 L1 t-3 T-1

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%
 46. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Which of the following represent primary dimensions? Select all that apply.

✓  Mass

✓  Length

✓  Time

✓  Temperature

✓  Electric currrent

✓  Amount of light

✓  Amount of matter

✓  Force

✓  Power

The seven primary dimensions are mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current, amount of light, and amount of matter.

References

Check All That Apply Difficulty: Easy

Processing math: 45%

 47. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

The mass-based system of primary dimensions can be used to establish a relationship for the pressure difference ΔP = Pinside − Poutside
between the inside and outside of a soap bubble as a function of the soap bubble radius R and the surface tension σs of the soap film as shown
in the figure. Repeat the dimensional analysis using the method of repeating variables, but use the force-based system of primary dimensions
instead. Identify the relation between the given parameters.

✓  ∆𝑃 = constant𝜎𝑅𝑠

2
 ∆𝑃 = constant𝑅𝜎𝑠

 ∆𝑃 = constant𝜎𝑅𝑠

 ∆𝑃 = constant 𝜎2
𝑠
𝑅

The following assumptions have been made here:

1. The soap bubble is neutrally buoyant in the air, and gravity is not relevant.
2. No other variables or constants are important in this problem.
Processing math: 45%
Step 1: There are three variables and constants in this problem, 𝑛 = 3,
 List of relevant parameters: ΔP = f (𝑅, 𝜎𝑠 ) 𝑛=3

Step 2:The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed. The dimensions of pressure are force per area and those of surface tension are
force per length.

ΔP R 𝜎𝑠
F1 L-2 L1 F1 L-1

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set equal to 2, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (F and L).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 2

If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 3 − 2 = 1.

Step 4: We choose two repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 2. Our only choice is R and σs since ΔP is the dependent variable.

Step 5: The dependent Π is generated:

Π1 = ∆𝑃𝑅𝑎1 𝜎𝑠 𝑏1

𝑏1
Π1 = F0 L0 = F1 L-2 L𝑎1 F1 L-1

Force

F0 = F1 F𝑏1 0 = 1 + 𝑏1 𝑏1 = - 1

Length

L0 = L-2 L𝑎1 L-𝑏1 0 = - 2 + 𝑎1 - 𝑏1 𝑎1 = 1

𝑎1 = 2 + 𝑏1

which yields

Π1 = ∆𝑃𝑅
𝜎𝑠 (2)

From Table 7-5, the established nondimensional parameter most similar to Eq. 2 is the Weber number, defined as pressure times length divided
by surface tension. There is no need to further manipulate this Π.
Processing math: 45%
 Step 6:We now write the functional relationship between the nondimensional parameters. Since there is only one Π, it is a function of nothing,
which means it must be a constant:

Π1 = ∆𝑃𝑅
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑓nothing = constant

∆𝑃 = constant𝜎𝑅𝑠

The result using force-based primary dimensions is indeed identical to the previous result using the mass-based system.

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%

 48. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

Identify the primary dimensions of electric charge q, the units of which are coulombs (C). (Hint: Look up the fundamental definition of electric
current.)

 𝑞 = t-1 I-1
1 -1
 𝑞=t I

✓  𝑞 = t 1 I1

 𝑞 = t-1 I1

The fundamental definition of electrical current is charge per unit time. Thus,

𝑞 = current × time = I t

𝑞 = t 1 I1

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Multiple Choice Difficulty: Easy

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 49. Award: 0 out of 2.00 points

The significance of the primary dimensions is that only one dimension can be formed by combinations of the seven primary dimensions.

 True

 False

The significance of the primary dimensions is that all other dimensions can be formed by combinations of the seven primary dimensions.

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True / False Difficulty: Easy

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 50. Award: 2 out of 2.00 points

A liquid of density ρ and viscosity μ is pumped at volume flow rate 𝑉˙ through a pump of diameter D. The blades of the pump rotate at angular
velocity ω. The pump supplies a pressure rise ΔP to the liquid. Using dimensional analysis, identify a dimensionless relationship for ΔP as a
function of the other parameters in the problem.
Hint: For consistency (and whenever possible), it is wise to choose a length, a density, and a magnitude of velocity (or angular velocity) as
repeating variables.

2 2
 ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌𝜔 𝐷 , 𝑉˙
2 2
𝜌𝜔 𝐷 𝜇 𝜔𝐷3

3
 ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌𝜔𝐷 , 𝑉˙
2 3 𝜔𝐷3
𝜇
𝜌𝜔 𝐷

2
 ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌𝜔𝐷 , 𝑉˙
2 2 3
𝜌𝜔𝐷 𝜇 𝜔𝐷

2
✓  ∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌𝜔𝐷 , 𝑉˙
2 2
𝜌𝜔 𝐷 𝜇 𝜔𝐷3

The assumption made here is that the given parameters are the only ones relevant to the flow at hand.

Step 1: There are five parameters in this problem, that is, 𝑛 = 6,

˙ 𝑛 = 6 (1)
List of relevant parameters: 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑓 (𝜌, 𝜔, 𝜇, 𝐷, 𝑉)

Step 2: The primary dimensions of each parameter are listed.

ΔP ρ ω D μ 𝑉˙
1 -1 -2 1 -3 -1 1 1 -1 -1 3 -1
m L t m L t L m L t L t

Step 3: As a first guess, j is set equal to 3, the number of primary dimensions represented in the problem (m, L, and t).

Reduction: 𝑗 = 3
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If this value of j is correct, the expected number of Πs is 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 𝑗 = 6 − 3 = 3.
 Step 4: We need to choose three repeating parameters since 𝑗 = 3. We pick the fluid density ρ, the length scale D, and the angular velocity ω.

Repeating parameters: ρ, ω, and D

Step 5: The Πs are generated. The dependent Π is generated using ΔP and the three repeating variables:

𝛱1 = ∆𝑃𝜌𝑎1 𝜔𝑏1 𝐷𝑐 1

1 -1 -2 1 −3 𝑎1 -1 𝑏1 1 𝑐 1
Π1 = m L t m L t L

Time

t0 = t-2 t-𝑏1 0 = - 2 - 𝑏1 𝑏1 = - 2

Mass

m0 = m1 m𝑎 1 0 = 1 + 𝑎1 𝑎1 = - 1

Length

0 -1 -3𝑎1 𝑐 1
L =L L L 0 = - 1 - 3𝑎1 + 𝑐1 𝑐1 = - 2

which yields

Π1 = ∆𝑃
2 2
𝜌𝜔 𝐷

Π1 is a kind of pressure coefficient.

The second Π is obtained using viscosity and the three repeating variables:

𝛱2 = 𝜇𝜌𝑎2 𝜔𝑏2 𝐷𝑐 2

𝑎2 -1 𝑏2 1 𝑐 2
Π2 = m1 L-1 t-1 m1 L−3 t L

Time

t0 = t-1 t-𝑏2 0 = - 1 - 𝑏2 𝑏2 = - 1
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Mass
 m0 = m1 m𝑎 2 0 = 1 + 𝑎2 𝑎2 = - 1

Length

L0 = L-1 L-3𝑎2 L𝑐 2 0 = - 1 +3𝑎2 + 𝑐2 𝑐2 = - 2

which yields

Π2 = 𝜇
2
𝜌𝜔𝐷

We recognize this Π as the inverse of a kind of Reynolds number.

The modified Π2 is a Reynolds number.

2
Π2 = 𝜌𝜔𝐷
𝜇

In similar fashion, we obtain the third nondimensional parameter, combining the volume flow rate and the three repeating variables. This one is
trivial and the algebra can be performed mentally, yielding

Π3 = 𝑉˙ 3
𝜔𝐷

Step 6: We write the final functional relationship as

2
∆𝑃 = 𝑓𝜌𝜔𝐷 , 𝑉˙
2
𝜌𝜔 𝐷2 𝜇 𝜔𝐷3

References

Multiple Choice Difficulty: Hard

Processing math: 45%