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CL 9 Structure of The Atom Notes

The document provides an overview of the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery and characteristics of sub-atomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's model, highlighting their key features and limitations. Additionally, it explains concepts such as atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and isobars, along with their significance in chemistry.

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45 views8 pages

CL 9 Structure of The Atom Notes

The document provides an overview of the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery and characteristics of sub-atomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's model, highlighting their key features and limitations. Additionally, it explains concepts such as atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and isobars, along with their significance in chemistry.

Uploaded by

hezal.patel10710
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Delhi Public School-Bopal, Ahmedabad

Class 9 Chemistry
Chapter 4: Structure of the atom
Notes

Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are further made of three fundamental
particles or sub – atomic particles called electron, proton and neutron.

Earlier Dalton postulated that atom is indivisible i.e. cannot be further divided which proved
to be wrong by discovery of sub – atomic particles.

Types of Sub - atomic Particles

Note:

• Protons and neutrons are almost of same mass.


• The mass of proton is approximately 2000 times as that of the electron.
Discovery of Sub- atomic Particles

(a) Electron (e-):

These negatively charged particles were discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897. In the


experiment, a gas at low pressure was taken in a discharge tube made up of glass. At the ends
of the discharge tube two electrodes were placed, connected to a battery for high voltage
supply. The electrode connected to the negative end was known as cathode and that to the
positive as anode. He then observed a stream of negatively charged particles coming out of
cathode towards the anode. These particles were called electrons.

The collection of negatively charged particles emitted from cathode of discharge tube is
called cathode rays.
(b) Proton (p+):

In 1886, Goldstein observed in the same experiment, with different situations that the anode
emitted positive particles which were called

Canal rays: The positively charged radiations produced in the discharge tube from anode are
called Canal rays.

(c) Neutron (n):

These neutrally charged particles were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. Neutrons are
present in atoms of all elements except Hydrogen.

The Structure of an Atom

Following are the various models explaining structure of an atom:

1. Thomson’s Model of an atom

It is also known as Thomson’s plum pudding model. In 1903 J. J. Thomson proposed the
structure of an atom similar to that of a Christmas pudding.

He proposed:
• An atom is a positively charged sphere and the electrons are embedded in it.
• The Magnitude of positive and negative charge is same inside atom, so net charge inside
an atom is zero.

2. Rutherford’s “α- particle scattering experiment”

Rutherford designed an experiment, He used:

• α - Particles are doubly charged helium ion. Since they have a mass of 4 u, the fast-
moving α - particle have a considerable amount of energy.
• A thin gold foil with thickness of about 1000 atoms.
Procedure:

A lot of fast moving α - particles were bombarded on thin gold foil. After passing the foil the
α – particles, hit the screen.

Following are the observations and inferences made:


Rutherford on the basis of this experiment concluded The Nuclear model of an
atom. According to Nuclear model of an atom:

1. Most of the space inside the atom is empty.


2. At the Centre of an atom, a small, heavy, positively charged nucleus is present.
3. Electrons revolve around the nucleus.
4. Total positive charge in nucleus is same as total negative charge on all electrons of atom
as atom has net zero charge.
Drawbacks:

According to Rutherford model, electrons revolve around positive charged nucleus. According
to the, Theory of Maxwell, if any charged particle does accelerated motion it must radiate
energy. Therefore, if a charged body (e-) rotates around another charged body (nucleus), it will
radiate energy. Due to energy loss through the radiations, speed of electrons will decrease and
eventually it will fall into the nucleus. But such collapse does not occur and atoms were found
to be quite stable.

Note :

• Rutherford after this experiment gets the credit of discovery of nucleus.


• The protons and neutron, collectively known as ‘Nucleons’ were present in the nucleus.
• It was found that almost all mass of an atom resides in nucleus.
3. Bohr’s Model of Atom

In 1913, Neil Bohr overcame the limitations of Rutherford model and proposed a model of
atomic structure.
Following are the postulates:

1. Electrons revolve around a centrally located heavy small and positively charged nucleus
in certain discrete orbits.
2. While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy.
3. These discrete orbits or shells are called energy levels. These orbitals or shells are
represented by the letters K, L, M, N… or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4…
Atomic Number

The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number. It is denoted
by Z.

Atomic number of some common elements

For atoms:

Atomic number = number of proton = number of electron


For ions:

Atomic number = number of proton ≠ number of electron

For example, in aluminium atom number of electrons is equal to atomic number but in
aluminium ion it is not so.

Mass number

Mass number is equal to the number of nucleons present inside the nucleus of an atom. It means
it is the sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is denoted
by letter A.

Mass number of element = Atomic mass of element = number of protons + number of


neutrons

For example -

Carbon : Mass number = 12 (no. of p+ = 6, no. of n = 6 )


Nitrogen : Mass number = 14 (no. of p+ = 7, no. of n = 7 )
Fluorine : Mass number = 19 (no. of p+ = 9, no. of n = 10 )

The symbol of the element with atomic number and mass number -

For example -
7
Nitrogen is written as 14 N, where 14 is the mass number and 7 is the atomic number.

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of same element having same number of protons but different number of
neutrons. Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.

For example -

1. Hydrogen - It exists in three different isotopic forms:

2. Carbon - It exists in three different isotopic forms:

Uses of Isotopes:

1. An Isotope of uranium (23592Ur) is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.


2. Used for medical purposes:

• An Isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.


• An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goiter.
Fractional Mass number of elements: If an element is a mixture of isotopes, it may have
fractional mass number.

For example, chlorine exists in two different isotopic forms i.e. 3517Cl and 3717Cl in the ratio
of 3 : 1 i.e. 75 % and 25 %. The varying mass numbers are 35 and 37 respectively. For
calculating Mass number of chlorine, percentage of the isotopic form is used to calculate the
average mass.

Isobars
Isobars are atoms having different number of protons but same number of nucleons (number
of protons + number of electrons). For example, Argon and Calcium have different atomic
number but same mass number.

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