PROPOSED TWO (2) STOREY RESIDENCE ____________ STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS

PROJECT : PROPOSED TWO (2) STOREY RESIDENCE

STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS

SECTION 1 : EARTHWORK

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The work to be undertaken under this section shall be the furnishing of the all labor equipment and
materials and performing all operations in connection with the excavation and the removal from site of
all surplus excavated materials and debris, in strict accordance with the requirements of the drawings, or
as specified herein.

1.2 STAKES AND BATTER BOARDS

1.2.1 The Contractor shall stake out the building accuracy and shall establish grades, after which
the approval by the Owner of the Project Manager shall be secured before any excavation
work is commenced.
1.2.2 Basic batter boards and basic reference marks as directed by the Project Manager shall be
erected at such places where they will not be distributed during construction.

1.3 EXCAVATIONS
1.3.1 All excavations shall be unclassified and shall include clay, silt, sand, gravel, hardpan, loose
shale, loose stone in masses and any other materials of any characters found within the
excavation area.
1.3.2 The Contractor shall make the necessary excavation for foundations to lines and grades
indicated in the drawings. Structural excavations shall be the depths indicated, reckoned
either from the natural ground line or finished grade, whichever is lower. The indicated
depth is the minimum requirement for excavation. However, if in the opinion of the
Engineer, the soil bearing pressure is not attained at the indicated depth, the Contractor shall
extend the excavations until the required soil bearing pressure is obtained. All excavations
extended down to two (2) feet or less from the indicated depths shall be at the Contractor’s
expense. Excavations in excess of the two (2) feet limit shall be considered as extra work,
whereby equitable adjustment in contract price shall be made on the unit bid price of the
item involved. No extra excavations shall be done without the written approval of the
Engineer. In no case shall footings rest on fill.
1.3.3 Machine foundations shall rest on compacted base course conforming to the requirements
of DPWH Standard Specifications, 1988 or as per details indicated on lands and
specifications.
1.3.4 Were concrete for walls, or footings is to be placed without forms, trench sides shall be
sharp and true.

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1.3.5 If soil condition necessitates installation of side forms, all structural excavations shall be to a
sufficient distance from walls and footings to allow for the proper erection and dismantling
of forms, installation of service lines and for inspection
1.3.6 In case suitable materials are encountered at elevations other than those specified or shown
in the drawings, the Engineer at his discretion may direct may direct in writing the variation
of excavation depth above or below those indicated in the drawings. All excavation shall be
inspected and approved by the Engineer or his representative before pouring any concrete,
laying underground services or placing back fill materials.
1.3.7 The Contractor shall control the grading in the vicinity of all excavated areas to prevent
surface drainage running into excavations. Adequate provisions shall be made for the prompt
removal of water accumulated from any source whatsoever in the excavated portions of the
site by the installation of adequate pumping facilities during the entire course of the
contract. Water which accumulates in the excavated areas shall be removed before filling or
pouring concrete.
1.3.8 Shoring and sheet piling. If required during excavation to protect banks, adjacent paving,
structures and utilities shall be installed by Contractor. Sketches of proposed shoring shall be
submitted for approval of the Project Manager. However, shall not be construed as to relieve
the Contractor of the responsibility for the adequacy of the shoring and sheeting. It shall be
the responsibility of the Contractor to ensure that the adjacent properties are not in any way
damage by excavation. It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to repair any damage and/or
compensate the owner adjacent properties should they suffer any damage whatsoever.
1.3.9 Trenches excavation for utilities shall be along the alignment and grade indicated on the
drawings. Width of trenches shall be adequate to permit proper installation of utility lines.
Where rock or any undesirable materials are encountered, it shall be removed to a depth of
not less 6” below trench bottom and the space filled with select material tamped and graded
until uniformity is obtained.
1.3.10 Excavations for underground tanks, manholes and other similar structures shall be efficient
to leave between their outer surfaces and the embankment or shoring which may be used.
Whenever unsuitable soil that is incapable of supporting the structure is encountered the
bottom of the excavation, such soil shall be removed to the depth necessary to obtain proper
bearing. Unauthorized over excavation unsuitable soil shall be filled with specified back fill
materials to be supplied at the Contractor’s cost.

1.4 BACK FILLING AND GRADING

1.4.1 After the forms have been removed from the footings, piers, foundation walls, etc., and
when complete is hard enough to resist pressure from resulting fill, all trash, wood chips and
other debris shall be removed from areas to be back filled.
1.4.2 No back fill shall be placed until proper inspection and authorization has been obtained from
the Engineer that trenches shall not be back filled until lines have been tested and approved
by the Engineer.

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1.4.3 Back fill materials shall consist of approved materials and shall be free from bushes, roots,
adobe and other undesirable materials which would be detrimental to compaction
requirements. The material from excavation may be used for backfilling provided they are of
approved granular materials.
1.4.4 Before placing fill materials, the surface upon which it will be placed shall be cleared of all
bushes, roots, vegetable matters and debris, scarified and thoroughly wetted to insure good
bonding between the ground and the fill materials. Fill in contract with new concrete work
shall not be placed until at least 48 hours after removal of forms, or as directed by the
Engineer.
1.4.5 The filing shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 200mm in thickness, each layer
being thoroughly compacted and rammed by wetting, tamping or rolling until at least 95% of
maximum density at optimum moisture as determined by modified AASTHO method is
reached.

1.5 DEMOLITION AND DISPOSITION

All obstruction shall be demolished as specified by the Engineer. All existing structures which need to be
demolished and visible through ocular inspection shall be conducted at the expense of the Contractor
following safe procedures approved by the Engineer. Underground structures which are pre-determined
through available plans or record shall likewise be conducted at the expense of the Contractor.

1.6 DISPOSAL OF EXCESS MATERIALS

Any excess material resulting from the finish grading and demolition operations, not required or
unsuitable for fill or backfill shall be disposed by the Contractor at his expense.

SECTION 2 : REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

1.1.1 The work to be undertaken under this section shall comprise the finishing of all labor,
materials, equipment, plant and other facilities and the satisfactory performance of all works
indicated on the drawings and specified herein.
1.1.2 Unless otherwise indicated on the drawings or specified herein, all concrete work shall be
done in accordance with the “SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE”
as adopted by the National Structural Codes for Buildings, latest edition, and the current
American Concrete Institute’s “BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE” (ACI-318-89) insofar as they do not conflict or are not inconsistent with the
specified provisions herein.

1.2 MATERIALS

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1.2.1 Cement: Portland cement shall conform to the “SPECIFICATIONS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT”
(ASTM C150 Latest Revision) for Type 1 Portland Cement.
1.2.2 Admixture: Admixture to be used in concrete, when required or permitted shall conform to
the “SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICALS ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE” (ASTM C484) for water-
reducing, retarding and accelerating admixture or to the “SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLY ASH AND
RAW OR CALCINED NATURAL POZZOLAND FOR USE IN PORTLAND CEMENT” (ASTM C618) for
Pozzolans ad mixtures.
1.2.3 Concrete Aggregates: Concrete aggregates shall be well graded, clean, hard particles of
gravel, or crushed rock conforming to the “SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE AGGREGATES”
(ASTM-C33 Latest Revision).
1.2.4 Water: Mixing water for concrete shall be free, clean and free from injuries; amount of oil,
acids, alkali, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
steel.
1.2.5 Storage of Materials:
1. Cement shall be stored in weather tight buildings, bins, or silos which will exclude
moisture and contaminants.
2. Aggregate stockpiles shall be arranged and used in a manner to avoid excessive
segregation and to prevent contamination with other materials or with other sizes like
aggregates. To ensure that this condition is met, any test for determining conformance
to requirements for cleanliness and grading shall be performed on samples secured from
the aggregates at the point of batching.
3. Natural or manufactured sand shall be allowed to drain until it had reached a relatively
uniform moisture content before it is used.
4. Admixture shall be stored in such a manner as to avoid contamination, evaporation or
danger. For those used in the form of suspension or non-stable solutions, agitating
equipment shall be provided to assure thorough distribution of the ingredients. Liquid
admixture shall be protected from freezing and from temperature changes which would
adversely affect their characteristics.

1.3 PROPORTIONING
1.3.1 General: Concrete for all parts of the work shall be of the specified quality capable of being
placed without excessive segregation.
1.3.2 Strength: The specified compressive strength of concrete for each portion of the structure
shall be as tabulated on S-1 of the construction drawings.
1.3.3 Durability:
1. Concrete of normal for portions of structures to be water tight shall have a water-cement
ratio not exceeding 0.48.
2. For pre-stressed concrete, it shall be demonstrated by test that the mixing water of the
concrete including that contributed by the aggregates and any admixture used, will not
contain a deleterious amount of chloride ion.

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1.3.4 Slump: Unless otherwise permitted as specified, the concrete shall be proportional to have
the following maximum slump:
100mm for fc’ = 21MPa or less
75mm for fc’ = 28MPa to 35 MPa
50mm for fc’ > 35MPa but not more than 42MPa

A tolerance if up to 25mm above the indicated maximum shall be allowed for individual
batches provided the average for all batches or the most recent 10 batches tested,
whichever is fewer, does not exceed the maximum limit. Concrete of lower that usual slump
maybe used provided it is properly places and consolidated. The slump shall be determined
by the “TEST FOR SLUMP OR PORTLAND CEMENT” (ASTM C143).

1.3.5 Maximum size of concrete aggregates: The nominal size of aggregates shall not be more than
the following:
25mm Ø for footing and tie beams
20mm Ø for slabs, beams and columns

1.3.6 Admixtures: If required or permitted, admixtures used shall be subject to the following
limitations:
1. The amount of calcium chloride shall not exceed 2% by weight of cement.
2. All admixtures shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions except
otherwise specified herein.
1.3.7 Selection of Proportions: The proportions of ingredients shall be such as to produce a
mixture which will work readily into the corners and angles of the firms and around
reinforcements by the methods of placing and consolidation employed on the work, but
without permitting the materials to segregate in excessive free water to collect on the
surface.

The proportions of ingredients shall be selected to produce the proper placeability,

durability, strength and other required properties.

The method of measuring concrete materials shall be such that the proportions can be
accurately controlled and checked at any time during the work. Measurements of materials
for ready mixed concrete shall conform to the “STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR READY
CONCRETE” (ASTM C194 Latest Revision) above applicable.
1.3.8 Methods of Determination of Concrete Strength: The Contractor shall submit design mixes
from sample made in accordance with “STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING AND CURING
CONCRETE COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY” (ASTM
C192 Latest Revision) for each strength required, stating the proposed slump and the
proportional weight of cement, saturated surface-dry aggregates and water. Sample shall be
tested after 7, 14, and 28 days.

1.4 FORMWORKS

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1.4.1 General: Forms shall be used whenever necessary to confine the concrete and shape it to
the required dimensions. Forms shall have sufficient strength to withstand the required
dimensions. Forms shall have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure resulting from
placement and vibration of the concrete and shall have sufficient rigidity to maintain
specified tolerances. Earth cuts are not used as forms for vertical surfaces unless required or
permitted.
1.4.2 Design and Installation of Formworks:
1. The design and engineering of the formworks, as well as its construction, shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor.
2. The formwork shall be designed for the loads, lateral pressure and allowable stresses
outlines in the “RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE FORMWORK” (ACI 3467) and
for design consideration, wind load, allowable stresses and other applicable
requirements of the local building code.
3. Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loose mortar from the concrete.
4. To maintain specified tolerances, the formwork shall be cambered to compensate for
anticipated deflection in the formworks prior to hardening of concrete.
5. Temporary opening shall be provided at the base of column form and wall forms and
other points where necessary to facilitate cleaning and observation immediately before
concrete is placed.
6. Forms accessories to be partially or wholly embedded in the concrete such as ties and
hangers shall be of commercially manufactured type.

Form ties shall be constructed so that the ends or end fastener can be removed without
causing appreciable spalling at faces of concrete.

After the ends or end fasteners of form ties have been removed, the embedded portion
of the tie shall terminate not less than 2 diameters or twice the minimum dimension of
the tie from the form surfaces of concrete to be permanently exposed to view except
that in no case shall this distance be less than 20mm. When the formed face of concrete
is not permanently exposed to view, form ties may be cut-off flush with formed surfaces.
7. At construction joints, contact surface of the form sheathing for flush surfaces exposed
to view shall overlap the hardened concrete in the previous placement by not more than
25mm. The forms shall be held against the hardened concrete to prevent offsets or loss
of mortar at the construction joint and to maintain a true surface.
8. Formworks shall be so anchored to shore or other supporting surfaces or members that
upward or lateral movement of any part of the formwork system during concrete
placement is prevented.
9. All formworks shall be made if sheet metal or “Phenolic Board” and supported by steel
across post or equivalent.
1.4.3 Tolerances: Unless otherwise specified, formwork shall be constructed so that the concrete
surfaces shall conform to the following tolerance limits:
1. Variance from plumb
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a. In the lines and surface of columns and walls.

In any 3 meters in length - 6mm
In any storey on 6.0m max - 10mm
In 12.0 meters or more - 12mm

2. Variation from the level or from the grades indicated on the drawings
a. In slab soffits, coding, beam soffit and in arises (measured before removal of
supporting shows):
In any 3.0 length - 6mm
In any bay or in any - 10mm
6.0 meter length
Max for the entire length - 20mm

b. For exposed lintels, sills, parapets, horizontal, grooves, and other conspicuous
line:
In any bay of 6.0m (max) - 6mm
Max for the same length - 12mm

3. Variation of the linear building lines from established position in plan and related
position of columns, walls and partitions:
In any bay - 6mm
In any 6/0m of length - 6mm
Max for the entire length - 25mm

4. Variation in the size and location of sleeves, floor openings and wall openings – 6mm.
5. Variations in cross-sectional dimensions of columns, beams, and thickness of slab and
walls:
Minus - 6mm
Plus - 12mm

6. Footings:
a. Variation in dimension in plan
Minus - 12mm
Plus - 50mm
b. Misplacement or eccentricity
Two (2) percent of the footing width in the direction of misplacement but
not more than -50mm.
c. Thickness
Decrease in specified thickness – 5%
Increase in specified thickness – No Limit

7. Variation in steps:

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a. In flight of stairs
Rise ± 3mm
Tread ± 6mm

1.4.4 Preparation of Form Surfaces:

1. All surfaces of forms and embedded materials shall be cleaned of any accumulated
mortar in great from previous concreting and of all other foreign materials before
concrete is placed in them.
2. Before placing of other reinforcing steel or the concrete, the surfaces of the forms shall
be covered with an approved coating material that will effectively prevent bond with the
concrete and will not stain the concrete surface.
1.4.5 Removal of forms:
1. When repair of surface defects or finishing is required at an early stage, forms shall be
removed as same as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to resist damage from
removal operation.
2. Formworks and shoring in the formwork used to support the weight of concrete in
beams, slabs, and other structural members shall remain in place until the concrete has
reached the minimum strength specified in the structural drawings for removal of forms
and shoring.
1.4.6 Reshoring:
1. When reshoring is permitted or required, the operation shall be planned in advance and
shall subject to the approval of the engineer while reshoring is underway, no live load
shall be permitted on the new construction.
2. In no case during reshoring shall concrete in beam, slab, column or any other structural
member be subjected to combined dead and construction loads in excess of the loads
permitted by the engineer for the developed concrete strength at the time of the
shoring.

Reshores shall be placed as the same as practicable after stripping operations are
complete but in no case later than the end of the working day on which stripping occurs.

Reshores shall be tightened to carry their respective loads without overstressing the
construction. Reshores shall remain in place until the concrete being supported have
reached the specified strength.
3. Floors supporting shores under newly place concrete shall have their original supporting
shores left in place or shall be reshored. The reshoring system shall have a capacity
sufficient to resist the anticipation loads and, in all cases, have a capacity equal to at least
one half of the capacity of the shoring system above. The reshores shall be located
directly under a shore position above unless other locations are permitted.
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4. The reshoring shall extend over a sufficient number of storeys (at least 2 floors) to
distribute the weight of the newly placed concrete, forms and construction live loads in
such a manner that the design superimposed loads of the floors supporting shores are
not excluded.

1.5 REINFORCEMENT
1.5.1 General: Shop drawings showing fabrication dimensions and location for placing of
reinforcing steel and accessories shall be submitted for approval by the Structural Engineer.
Approval shall be obtained before fabrication.

Details of concrete reinforcement accessories not covered herein shall be in accordance with
“Manual Standard Practice for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures” (ACI 314).

1.5.2 Reinforcing Steel: All reinforcement shall be weldable deformed bars, new and free from
rust, oil, defect, grease or kinks. They shall conform to the latest revision of ASTM A 615
“SPECIFICATION FOR BULLET STEEL FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT”.

For Ø 12 bars or small, use grade 40 of Fy = 280 MPa (40,000 psi) and for greater than Ø 12,
use grade 60 with Fy = 413 MPa (60,000 psi).

Welded wire fabric for concrete reinforcement shall conform to ASTN A185 “SPECIFICATION
FOR WELDED STEEL WIRE FABRIC FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT”.

To attest to the good quality of reinforcing bars, a Mill Certificate from the Manufacturer
shall be submitted to the Project Manager.

1.5.3 Welding: When required of approval, welding of reinforcing steel shall conform to
“REINFORCING STEEL WELDING CODE” (AWS D12.1). No welding shall be done at the bend in
a bar welding of crossing bars (tack welding) shall not be permitted except as authorized or
directed by the Structural Engineer: The ASTM Specification shall be supplemented by
requirements assuming satisfactory weldability by this procedure.
1.5.4 Fabricating and Placing Tolerances: bars used for concrete reinforcement shall meet the
following requirements for fabricating tolerances:
1. Sheared length - ≠ 25mm
2. Depth of truss bar - 0-12mm
3. Overall dimensions of stirrup, - ± 12mm
Ties and spirals
4. All other bend - ± 12mm

Bars shall be placed in the following tolerances:

1. Cleared distance to formed surfaces - ± 6mm

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2. Minimum Spacing between bars - ± 6mm

3. Top bars in slabs and beams,
Members 200mm deep or less - ± 6mm

Members more than 200mm - ± 12mm

but not over 600mm deeper

Members more than 600mm deep - ± 20mm

4. Crosswise of members: spaced evenly within 50mm

5. Lengthwise of members - ± 50mm

Bars maybe moved if necessary to avoid interface with other reinforcing steel conducts
or embedded items. If bars are moved more than one bar shall be subject to approval by
the Structural Engineer.

1.5.5 Placing: Minimum concrete protective covering for reinforcement shall be as follows:
1. Concrete deposited against ground - 75mm
2. Formed surfaces exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Bars ≥ Ø 20 - 50mm
Bars ≤ Ø 20 - 35mm
3. Interior surfaces
Beams, girder and columns - 35mm
Slabs and Walls - 20mm

All reinforcement shall be supported and fastened together to prevent displacement by

construction loads or the placing of concrete beyond the tolerances of section.

On ground, where necessary, supporting maybe used. Over form work, concrete, metal, or
other approved bars, chairs and spacers shall be used.

Verified bars in columns shall be offset at least one bar diameter at lap splices. To ensure
proper placement, templates shall be furnished for all columns. All splices not shown in the
plans shall be subject to approval by the Structural Engineer. Mechanical connector for
reinforcing bars maybe used subject to approval of the Structural Engineer.

Unless permitted by the Structural Engineer reinforcement shall not be bent after being
embedded in hardened concrete.

1.6 JOINTS AND EMBEDDED ITEMS

1.6.1 Construction Joints: Joints not shown on plans shall be so made and located at least impair
the strength of the structure and shall be approved by the Structural Engineer. In general,
they shall be located near the quarter spans of slabs, beams, and girder unless a beam
intersects in a girder at this point, in which case this joint in the girder shall be offset a
distance equal to twice the width of the beam. Joints in walls and columns shall be at the

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underside of floors, slabs, beams, girders and at the tops of footings or floor slab. Beams,
girder, brackets column capitalize haunches and drop panels shall be placed at the same time
as slabs. Joint shall be perpendicular to main reinforcements. All reinforcements shall be
continued across joints. Keys and inclined dowels shall be provided as directed by the
Structural Engineer.

The surface of the concrete at all joints shall be thoroughly cleaned and all loitance removed
prior to placing adjoining concrete.

1.6.2 Waterstop: The material, design and location of waterstop in joints shall be as indicated in
the plans.
Each place of premolded waterstop shall be of maximum practiceable length in order that
the number of end joints will be held to a minimum.
1.6.3 Other embedded items: All sleeves, inserts, anchors and embedded items required for
adjoining worked or for is support shall be placed prior to concreting.
1.6.4 Placing embedded items: Expansion join material, waterstop and other embedded items
shall be positioned accurately and supported against displacement. Voids to sleeves, inserts
and anchor slots shall be filled temporarily with readily available material to prevent the
entry of concrete into voids.

1.7 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE

1.7.1 Ready-mixed concrete: Except as otherwise provided in this section, ready mixed concrete
shall be batched, mixed and transported in accordance with “SPECIFICATIONS FOR READY-
MIXED CONCRETE (ASTM C94)”. Plant equipment and facilities shall conform to the
“Checklist for Certification of Ready-Mixed Concrete Protection Facilities” of the National
Ready-Mixed Concrete Association.
1.7.2 Site Mixed Concrete: No hand mixing shall be allowed except in case of emergency such as
mixer breakdown during concreting operations and shall stop at the first allowed
construction joints. All concrete shall be machine mixed for at least 1 – ½ minutes after all
materials including water in the mixing drums.

The mixing shall be of an approved size and type which will be uniform distribution of
material throughout the mass.

1.7.3 Retempering of concrete shall not be permitted.

Concrete shall be mixed only in quantities for immediate use. Concrete which has set shall
not be retempered but shall be discarded.

When concrete arrived at the project with slump be low that suitable for placing, as indicated
by specifications, water maybe added only. If neither maximum permissible water-cement
ratio nor the maximum slump is exceeded. The water shall be incorporated by additional
mixing equal to at least half of the total mixing required. An addition of water above that
permitted by the limitation on water-cement ration shall be accompanied by a quantity of

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cement sufficient to maintain the proper water-cement ratio. Such addition shall be
authorized by the Engineer.

1.8 PLACING
1.8.1 Preparation before placing. Hardened concrete and foreign materials shall be removed from
the inner surfaces of the conveying equipment.
Semiporous subgrades shall be sprinkled sufficiently to eliminate suction or porous subgrade
shall be sealed in an approved manner.

1.8.2 Conveying:
Concrete shall be handled from the mixers to the place of final deposit as rapidly as
practiceable by methods which will prevent segregation or loss of ingredients and in a
manner which will assure that the required quality of the concrete is maintained.

Conveying equipment shall be approved and shall be of size and design such that detachable
setting concrete shall not occur before adjacent concrete is placed. Conveying equipment
shall be cleaned at the end of each operation or workday. Conveying equipment and
operations shall be conform to the following additional requirements.
1. Truck mixer’s agitators and non-agitating units and their manner of operation shall
conform to the applicable requirements of “SPECIFICATIONS FOR READY-MIXED
CONCRETE (ASTM C94)”.
2. Chutes shall be metal-lined and shall have a slope not exceeding 1 vertical 2 vertical and
not less than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal. Chutes more than 6.0m long and chutes not
meeting the slopes requirement maybe used provided they discharged into hopper
before distribution.
3. Pumping or pneumatic conveying equipment shall be of suitable kind with adequate
pumping capacity. Pneumatic placement shall be controlled so that segregation is not
approved in the discharged of concrete. The loss of slump in pumping or pneumatic
conveying equipment shall not be exceed 50mm. Concrete shall not be conveyed though
pipe made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.

1.8.3 Depositing:
Concrete shall be deposited continuously, or in layers of such thickness that no concrete will
be deposited on concrete which has hardened sufficiently to cause the formation of beams
or planes of weakness within the section. If a section cannot be placed continuously
construction joints shall be located as approved by the Structural Engineer. Placing shall be
carried on at such as rate that the concrete which is being integrated with fresh concrete is
still plastic. Concrete which has partially hardened or has been contaminated by foreign
materials shall not be deposited. Temporary spreader in forms shall be removed when the

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concrete received embedded in the concrete only if made of metal or concrete and if prior
approval has been obtained.

Placing of concrete in supported elements shall not be started until the concrete previously
placed in columns and walls is no longer plastic and has been in place at least two hours.

Concrete shall be consolidated be deposited as nearly as practiceable in its final position to

avoid segregation due to rehandling or flowing. Concrete shall not be subjected to any
procedure which will cause segregation.

All concrete shall be consolidated by vibration, spacing, rodding or forking so that the
concrete is thoroughly worked around the reinforcement, around embedded items, and into
corners of forms, eliminating all air or stone pockets which may cause honeycombing, pitting
or planes of weakness.
Unless adequate protection is provided and approved by the Project Manager is obtained,
concrete shall not be placed during rain.
1.8.4 Bonding:
The hardened concrete of construction joints and of joints between footings and walls or
columns, between walls or columns and beams or flows they supported, joint in unexposed
walls and all others not mentioned below shall be dampened (but not saturated)
immediately prior to placing of fresh concrete.

The hardened concrete of joints in exposed work, joints in the beams, girders, joints and
slabs, and joints in works designed to contain liquid shall be dampened (but not saturated)
and then thoroughly covered with a cost of cement grout of similar proportions to the
mortar in the concrete. The great shall be as thick as possible in vertical surfaces and at least
12mm thick in horizontal surfaces. The fresh concrete shall be placed before gout has
attained its initial sets.

Joint receiving an adhesive shall have been prepared and adhesive applied in accordance
with the Manufacturer’s recommendations prior to placing of fresh concrete.

1.9 REPAIR OF SURFACE DEFECTS

1.9.1 General: Surface defect including holes, unless otherwise specified by the contract
documents shall be repaired immediately after from removed.
1.9.2 Repair of Defective Areas:
All honeycombed and defective concrete shall be removed down to sound concrete. If
chipping is necessary, the edges shall be perpendicular to the surface or slightly undercut. No
featheredges shall be permitted. The area to be patched and an area at least 150mm wide
surrounding it shall be dampened to prevent absorption of water from the patching mortar.
A bonding grout shall be prepared using a mix of approximately 1 part cement to 1 part fine

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sand passing a No. 30 mess siem, mixed to the consistency of thick cream and then were
brushed into the surface.

The patching mixture shall be made of the same materials and of approximately the same
proportions as used for concrete, except that the coarse aggregate shall be omitted, and the
mortar shall consist of not more than 1 part cement to 2 ½ part sand by sand loose volume.
White Portland cement shall be substituted for a part of the gray Portland cement in exposed
concrete, as determined by trial patch. The quantity of mixing water shall be no more than
necessary for handling in advances and allowed to stand with frequent manipulation with a
travel, without addition of water, until it has reached the stylist consistency.
After surface water has evaporated from the area to be patched, the bond coat shall be
brushed unto the surface. When the bond coated begins to lose the water sheen, the
provided patching mortar shall be applied. The mortar shall be thoroughly consolidated into
place and stuck off so as to leave the patch slightly higher than the surrounding surface. To
permit initial shrinkage, it shall be left undistributed for at least 1 hour before being finally
finished. The patched shall be kept damp for 7 days. Metal toll shall not be used in finishing a
patch in formed wall which will be exposed.

SECTION 3 : STRUCTURAL STEEL

3.1 WELDING
3.1.1 The technique of welding, the workmanship appearance and quality of welds used and the
methods used in correcting non-conforming work shall be in accordance with the Structural
Welding Code, AWS D1.1 – 77, of American Welding Society.
3.1.2 The electrode shall be of classification number ASTM E70xx and shall be suitable for welding
position, recommend power supply, type of coating and other conditions of intended use in
accordance with the instruction in each container.
3.1.3 The welding equipment shall be of the type that will produce proper current so that the
operator may produce satisfactory welds. The welding machine shall be NEMA rated
400AMPS, 25-40 arc-volt capacity.
3.1.4 All field welding shall be done by direct current.
3.1.5 Surface to be welded shall be free from loose scale, rust, grease, paint and other foreign
material except that mill scale which stands vigorous wire brushing may remain. A light film
of linseed oil may likewise be disregarded. Joint surfaces shall be free from fins and tears.
3.1.6 Finished members shall be true to line and free from twists, bends, and open joints.
3.1.7 Welded connections shall be randomly tested by an independent testing company using non-
destructive test (ultrasonic or radiographic testing). All expenses for the testing shall be for
the account of the Contractor.
3.1.8 Welds that do not pass the non-destructive test maybe redone at most twice. Should the
same weld fail for the third time, the structural members should be replaced.

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3.1.9 The owner reserves the right to remove test specimens from any portion of the work to
verify the quality of welding. The Contractor, at his expense shall repair or replace any base
metal or filler metal found to be defective. When a defective area is found, the Owner
reserves the right to remove test specimen from both sides of the defective area at the
Contractor’s expense.
3.1.10 Structural welds shall be either as defined by AISC or regarded as many as weld necessary for
the development of strength between adjoining pieces of steel. Structural welds shall be
made as shown or noted on the Drawings.
3.1.11 When required by AWS D4.1, Section 5, Paragraph 4.2, the Contractor shall develop and
submit authorization to proceed by the Project Manager, welding procedure designed to
produce welds in accordance with the intent of this specification. In developing this
procedure, the Contractor shall show that consideration has been given to selection of type
and size of the electrode, heat input, interpass temperature, preheat, bead deposition,
technique, and welder qualification.
3.2 WELDER’S QUALIFICATION
All welders, welding operator and trackers to ne employed shall have been qualified by test as
prescribed in Section 5 of AWS D4.1.1 – 77 of the American Welding Society.

3.3 SHOP PAINTING AND COATING

3.3.1 Paint shall be delivered to the shop and job site in original sealed containers, which shall be
clearly marked with the manufacturer’s name and identifying brand or name. the paint shall
be used as prepared by the manufacturer without thinning or other admixture.
3.3.2 All painting shall be done on dry surfaces, free from rust, scale and grease. Steel shall be
prepared by following SSPC-SP 9 produce (Near-White Blast Cleaning) or as per paint
manufacturer’s specifications.
3.3.3 All steel, where it is to be encased in concrete, shall receive one coat. Amercoat 71 epoxy
primer 3 mils thick followed by two coats of Amercoat 78-HB at 9 mils each and shall be
followed by a top coat of Amerlock 400 with color as per owner’s specifications. Paint
specification shall not be revised without the approval of the Project Manager.
3.3.4 Preparation and painting shall preferably be conducted at shop with each coat of different
color than the previous coat. Transfer of painted items from the shop to job site shall be
done in such manner as to avoid abrasions. All field rivets, bolts, field welds and serious
abrasion to the shop coat shall be spot painted with the same materials used for the shop
coat.

3.4 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

3.4.1 Mill tolerances shall conform to ASTM A36.
3.4.2 Length: A variation of 0.8mm (1/32”) is permissible in the overall length of members with
both ends finished for contact bearing.

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