PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

LEARNING
MODULE 02:
SOLUTION OF
ST
SOME 1 ORDER
ODE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Prepared by:
AERO FACULTY

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ref.
Title Page
no
I. Variable Separable 1&2 6
II. Exact Equation 3 8
III. First Order Linear Equation 4 14
IV. Substitution Method 17
V. Homogeneous Equation 5 17
VI. Bernoulli’s Equation 6-8 19
Problem Set 22
Module Learning Report 23

TIME ALLOTMENT TO FAMILLARIZE

Variable Separable 30 mins
Exact Equation 1 hrs
First Order Linear Equation 1 hrs
Substitution Method 20 mins
Homogeneous Equation 30 mins
Bernoulli’s Equation 1 hrs
Problem Set 2 hrs 40 mins
Module Learning Report 3 hrs

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Mathisfun.com, (2017). https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/separation-
1
variables.html
Khan Academy, (2020). https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-
ab/ab-differential-equations-new/ab-7-6/a/applying-procedures-for- 2
separable-differential-equations
Mathisfun.com, (2017). https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/differential-
3
equations-exact-factors.html
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, (2020). https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
guides/differential-equations/first-order-equations/first-order-linear- 4
equations
BYJU'S, (2020). https://byjus.com/maths/homogeneous-differential-
5
equation/
Math24.net, (2020). https://www.math24.net/bernoulli-equation/ 6
Wolfram Research, Inc., (1999-2020).
7
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BernoulliDifferentialEquation.html
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, (2020). https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
8
guides/differential-equations/first-order-equations/bernoullis-equation

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure No. REFERENCE
Yap, Kirstian July R., Assistant Professor from the Department of
1 Chemical Engineering of the University of the Philippines Diliman
(2019). Review of Ordinary Differential Equations.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
This module discusses the different process of solving 1st order ODEs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

CLO 2. Classify Differential
Equation Solutions using
Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
formulas and theorems. MLO 01: Portray the Process of
CLO 3. Construct solutions of solving different types of Solution
for 1st Orde ODE and produce TLO 04: Analyze first order
differential equation such as accurate solutions differential equation in the form of
general and particular solutions
using the constant of MLO 02: Differentiate between variable separation
integration and the initial/ Solutions of 1st Order ODE TLO 05: Analyze first order
differential equation in the form of
boundary value problems.
exact differential equation
CLO 4. Distinguish the TLO 06: Analyze first order linear
differences between the differential equation by its process
different formulae to accurately and formula
apply to different situations of TLO 07: Analyze first order
finding differential equations. differential equation in the form
CLO 5. Elaborate basic Principles homogeneous equations and
of differential calculus on Bernoulli`s equation using
finding the solutions of substitution methods.
differential equations.
CLO 6. Identify the solutions of
first order differential equations
using various techniques such
as variable separable, Exact
equations, homogeneous
equations, and Linear
differential equations.
CLO 8. Interpret the solutions of
Differential equations by
analyzing data of first order
ODE, Higher order ODE, and
Laplace transforms.
CLO 9. Analyze and Solve
Differential Equation Problems
under a specified amount of
time limit yet produces accurate
solution.
CLO 10. Application of
integration techniques on single
and multi-variable functions of
ordinary differential equation

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
As an introductory activity, you are encouraged to watch a short video entitled
“Differential equation introduction | First order differential equations | Khan Academy”,
using the following You Tube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o7b9yyhH7k. This
video shows an equation of a DE compared to an algebraic equation and proving that
a certain equation is a solution to a certain differential equation. Make sure to open
and watch the video links that I have provided after every subtopics for ease of
understanding.

“As students, you are expected to uphold standards of intellectual and

academic integrity. The State College assumes as a basic and minimum
standard of conduct in academic matters that students must be honest and that
they submit for credit only the works of their own efforts.”

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

I. VARIABLE SEPARABLE
Variable Separable is a process of solving a differential equation where you can easily separate or
manipulate certain terms/variables in order to easily integrate the equation.

Differential (Derivative) Equation

𝒅𝒚
= 𝟓𝒙𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Example: Find the function of y in the Differential Equation 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥𝑦 using the variable separable
method
𝑑𝑦
➢ = 5𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
➢ ∗[ = 5𝑥𝑦] Manipulate Variables by putting all x together and y together
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
➢ = 5𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦 As long as you can
𝑑𝑦 separate the Xs and the
➢∫ = ∫ 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 Integrate Ys, dx and dy. It can be
𝑦
5𝑥 2 solved through Variable
➢ ln(𝑦) = +𝑐 Isolate y Separable
2
5𝑥 2
➢ e^[ln(𝑦) = + 𝑐] Multiply e on both sides
2
Process:
5𝑥2
( 2 )+𝑐
➢𝑦=𝑒 1. Separate
5𝑥2 the variables
( 2 )
➢𝑦=𝑒 𝑒𝑐 2. Integrate
5𝑥2
( 2 ) 3. Isolate y
➢ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 DONE!!
𝑑𝑦
Now, from the previous = 5𝑥𝑦 we are able to separate the X from the Y and the dy from the
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
dx and we get = 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 which we can easily solve through integration.
𝑦

dy 2x
Example: =
dx 3y2
dy 2x
➢ =
dx 3y2
➢ 3y 2 dy = 2xdx ➔Manipulate Variable
➢ ∫ 3y 2 dy = ∫ 2xdx ➔Integrate both sides
➢ 𝑦3 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ➔Isolate y
3
➢ 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ➔Done!!

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
𝒙𝟐
Solve for the Particular Solution 𝒚′ = 𝒚
, 𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟓

𝒙𝟐
➢ 𝒚′ =
𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐
➢ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒚
➢ 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 Manipulate Variables
➢ ∫ 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 Integrate Both Sides
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟑
➢ = +𝒄 Isolate y
𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟑
➢𝒚 = + 𝟐𝒄
𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟑
➢ 𝒚 = ±√ +𝒄
𝟑

Initial Condition 𝑦(0) = −5 Input Initial Conditions to solve for c

𝟐(𝟎)𝟑
➢ −𝟓 = ±√ +𝒄
𝟑
➢ −𝟓 = ±√𝟎 + 𝒄
𝟐
➢ (−𝟓)𝟐 = (±√𝒄)
➢ 𝟐𝟓 = 𝒄
Particular Solution Now We got our particular solution

𝟐𝒙𝟑
➢ 𝒚 = ±√ + 𝟐𝟓
𝟑

𝟐𝒙 𝟑 +𝟕𝟓
➢ 𝒚 = ±√
𝟑

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

II. EXACT EQUATIONS

Exact Equation is a 1st order differential equation that has the form of 𝑀(𝑥. 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥. 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
and with the use of a special function 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦), we can solve an exact equation using partial
derivatives. We will be able to solve an Exact Differential Equation by finding the value of 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) for
𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶.

But how do we know that an Equation is an EXACT Differential Equation? Simple, by partially
deriving the 𝑀(𝑥. 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑁(𝑥. 𝑦)𝑑𝑦.

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥. 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

INTO
𝜕𝐼 𝜕𝐼
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Deriving M(x,y) while treating all Xs as constant and deriving N(x,y) while treating all Ys as constant.
You Should get the same answer. If not, it is not Exact.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕2 𝐼
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕2 𝐼
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

Example: Test for exactness, if it is exact, solve. (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Determine M and N

M = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 5𝑥 4

N = 𝑦 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2
Now we see that
Now Partial Derivation
∂M ∂N
∂M =
• = 9𝑥 𝑦 2 2 ∂y ∂x
∂y
∂N So, the equation is Exact
• = 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2
∂x

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
Now we know that the equation is Exact, we solve for it.

1. You choose either M or N to start with, in this case we use M

M = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 5𝑥 4

2. Then Integrate M in order to get the special function I(x,y)

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 5𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 ➔ We are integrating in term so x so any variable

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 5 other than x is treated as a constant

But we’re not done yet, we now add the ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦, but there’s a catch, the integral of M and N would
have a similar TERM, so you would only put 1 of the IDENTICAL term in the general solution. ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦
is the constant C that should appear every time you integrate, so we will write it as f(y).

3. Add the Integral of N while excluding the similar term on the integral of M

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑓(𝑦)
To get the f(y)

N = 𝑦 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ➔ Sam situation, integrate in terms of y

𝑦2 Process:
𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
+ 𝑥3𝑦3

So same as before we will add the M(x,y) term in the form of f(x) 1. Determine M(x,y) and N(x,y)

𝑦2 2. Test for EXACTNESS

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
+ 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑓(𝑥)
• Derive M with respect to
Now equate both I(x,y) we get y and Derive N with
𝑦2 respect to x
𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑓(𝑦) = 2
+ 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑓(𝑥)
3. Choose where to start from
Cancel similar terms
and which method to choose.
𝑦2
−𝑥 5 + 𝑓(𝑦) = 2
+ 𝑓(𝑥) • Star with M, N or both
We now have the value of f(x) and f(y) 4. Fine 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦2
𝑓(𝑦) = 5. Make sure to add f(x) or f(y) as
2
a substitute to the C (arbitrary
−𝑥 5 = 𝑓(𝑥) constant)
We go back to step 3. 5. Find f(x) or f(y)
𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑓(𝑦) 6. Then equate f(x) or f(y)
𝑦2 to 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 5 + 2
7. Equate 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
And it is said that 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
𝑦2
So, 𝐶 = 𝑥3𝑦3 − 𝑥5 + 2
Done!

We now have our solution to an Exact Equation.

There are three ways of solving the exact equations

1. Use the M ==> sample video for you to easily understand the process/solution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1p3rECCKl2Y, this is the same for 2.

2. Use the N

3. Use them both

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jwp1QyCwzm8 ➔ This is a Number 3 solution

Fig. (2-1)

(Table made by Asst. Prof. Kristian July R. Yap)

I recommend working with the 3rd method. Not easy to understand? Here’s another video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWA47AqArzk

Example: Test for exactness and if it is exact, solve.

𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒙

Rearrange where all dx and all dy are together.

(𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Choose your M(x,y) and N(x,y)

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
Derive M with respect to y and derive N with respect to x

𝝏𝑴
= 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝑵
= 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒚
𝝏𝒙

Now we know that partial of M and partial of N is exact, solve.

We will use method 3.

To construct the function I(x,y), we integrate both M and N

Integrate M with respect to x

∫ 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝝏𝒙 = ∫(𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝝏𝒙

= 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

Then Integrate N with respect to y

∫ 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝝏𝒚 = ∫(𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝝏𝒚

= 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝒚

Now to get the function I(x,y), we combine both the Integrated M and N without repeating
the same term.

𝑰(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

We know that 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 so,

𝒄 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

DONE!!

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
NON-EXACT EQUATION
There are times where you see a NON-EXACT EQUATION, how do we solve this? By finding an
Integrating Factor to turn the Non-exact Equation to an Exact Equation. This simple video will show
you how.
∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x ∂M ∂N
∫(𝑁(𝑥,𝑦))𝑑𝑥 − Case 1: Use this if the result is a
∂y ∂x
µ(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 function of X alone
𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
∂N ∂M
− Case 2: Use this if the result is a
∂x ∂y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP9UZGwbVZM function of Y alone
𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1wBRl4KHe8

Example: Test for exactness, if it is not exact, make it exact through Integrating Factor and
then Solve.

(𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Test for exactness

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚

𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚

Not Exact. So, we will need the integrating factor µ

Now let us check case this equation is.

𝝏𝑵−𝝏𝑴 (𝟐𝒙−𝒚)−(𝟑𝒙−𝟐𝒚) 𝒚−𝒙

= = 𝟑𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐 ➔ It is not a function of y alone
𝑴 𝟑𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐

𝝏𝑴−𝝏𝑵 ((𝟑𝒙−𝟐𝒚)−(𝟐𝒙−𝒚)) 𝒙−𝒚 𝟏

= = 𝒙(𝒙−𝒚) = 𝒙 ➔ This is a function of x alone
𝑵 𝒙(𝒙−𝒚)

We will use Case 1

𝟏
∫𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒆 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙

Multiply integrating factor to the equation

(𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

µ[(𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎]

𝒙[(𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎]

12 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Test for Exactness

𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚

𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚

It is exact, now we solve for the function I(x,y).

∫ 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝝏𝒙 = ∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝝏𝒙

𝟏
= 𝒙 𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐

∫ 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝝏𝒚 = ∫(𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝝏𝒚

𝟏
= 𝒙 𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐

Now we get

𝟏
𝑰(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒄 = 𝒙 𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 DONE!!

13 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

III. First Order Linear Equations

A first‐order differential equation is said to be linear if it can be expressed in the form

𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)

where P and Q are functions of x. The method for solving such equations is similar to
the one used to solve non-exact equations. There, the non-exact equation was
multiplied by an integrating factor, which then made it easy to solve.

To solve a first‐order linear equation, first rewrite it in the standard form above; then
multiply both sides by the integrating factor

µ(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙

The resulting equation,

𝒅𝒚
µ + µ𝑷𝒚 = µ𝑸 (∗)
𝒅𝒙
is then easy to solve, not because it's exact, but because the left‐hand side collapses

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
µ + µ𝑷𝒚 = µ + 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 𝑷𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙
=µ +𝒚 (𝒆 )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒚 𝒅µ
=µ +𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝒅
= (µ𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
Therefore, equation (*) becomes

𝒅
(µ𝒚) = µ𝑸
𝒅𝒙

making it susceptible to an integration, which gives the solution:

µ𝒚 = ∫(µ𝑸)𝒅𝒙

Do not memorize this equation for the solution, but memorize the process that was
use.

14 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

Example 1: Solve the differential equation 𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙

The equation is already in standard form, with P(x) = 2 x and Q(x) = x. Now find the
integrating factor using P(x).
𝟐
µ(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
transforms the given differential equation into
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙

𝒅 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
(𝒆 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Notice how the left‐hand side collapses into ( μy)′; as shown above, this will always happen
because it is case of a product rule in derivation. Integrating both sides gives the solution:
𝟐 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Process:

𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 1. Determine Q(x) and P(x)

𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟐 2. Find the integrating Factor µ(𝑥)

𝟏 𝟐 3. Integrate
𝒚= + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙
𝟐
Not easy? Watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Et4Y41ZNyao

(Process and Example Taken form reference)

Example: Solve Linear Equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′ = −𝟐𝒚

𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚
➢ = −𝟐𝒚 Turn to standard form by manipulating variable
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒚
➢ =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝒚 𝟐
➢ + 𝒚=𝟎 Determine the P(x) and Q(x)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟐
➢ 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝑸(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐

15 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
𝟐 𝟐
∫( 𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 −( )
➢ 𝝁(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 =𝒆 𝒙 =𝒆 𝒙 Determine Integrating Factor

𝒅𝒚 𝟐
➢ µ[ + 𝒚 = 𝟎] Multiply IF on both sides
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟐
−( ) 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
➢ 𝒆 𝒙 [ + 𝒚 = 𝟎]
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝟐
−( ) 𝒅𝒚 −( ) 𝟐
➢ 𝒆 𝒙 +𝒆 𝒙 𝒚 =𝟎 Collapse Left Hand Side
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟐
𝒅 −
➢ (𝒆 𝒙 𝒚) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

𝟐
𝒅
➢ ∫ (𝒆−𝒙 𝒚) = ∫ 𝟎 Integrate Both sides
𝒅𝒙

𝟐
➢ 𝒆−𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒄

𝟐
➢ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆𝒙 DONE!!

𝟏
Example: Solve the IVP 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 , 𝒚(𝝅) = 𝟏
𝒙
𝟏
➢ 𝝁(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙 Integrating Factor
𝟏
➢ 𝝁[𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙] Multiply to both sides
𝒙
′ 𝟏
➢ 𝝁𝒚 + 𝝁 𝒚 = 𝝁 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
𝒙
➢ 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
′
➢ 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
➢ (𝒙𝒚)′ = 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 Collapse Left Hand Side
➢ ∫(𝒙𝒚)′ = ∫ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Integrate
➢ 𝒙𝒚 = −𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 General Solution
➢ 𝒚(𝝅) = 𝟏 Initial Value
➢ 𝝅 ∗ 𝟏 = −𝝅𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝝅 + 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝝅𝒙 + 𝒄
➢ 𝒄=𝟎
➢ 𝒙𝒚 = −𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 Particular Solution

16 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

IV. SUBSTITUTION METHODS

Substitution methods are the same with the Calculus 1 and 2 to make solving more manageable. In
Calc 1 and 2 we call this Letting. We all know how to do a letting method, substitution, so just watch
the video to see how it is used in differential equation in order to get a familiar Equation.

These are example videos, you’ll see, it’s EASY!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d8j_r2L16w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRffokPaj6E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRNl1ynIgco ------ Long Video, but detailed.

V. HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

How to determine if an equation is a Homogeneous Equation, well one way is this.

Attach a k on every variable, then factor

out, if you can factor out all Ks, then it
homogeneous.

Here you just use substitution methods to remove the Ys in order to turn the Homogeneous
Equation into a much easier equation like a Variable Separable

Steps to solve Homogeneous Differential Equations

You must have learned to solve the differential equations in previous sections. To solve a
homogeneous differential equation following steps are followed:-
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Given differential equation of the type 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔 (𝑥 )
Step 1- Substitute y = vx in the given differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑣
Step 2 – Differentiating, we get, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑥
. Now substitute the value of and y in the given
differential equation, we get
𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑣+= 𝑔(𝑣)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑣
⇒ = 𝑔(𝑣) − 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Step 3 – Separating the variables, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 Process:
=
𝑔(𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑥
Step 4 – Integrating both side of equation, we have 1. Test for homogeneity

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 2. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 in the given

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ +𝐶 𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑥 equation and its derivative =
𝑑𝑥
Step 5 – After integration we replace v=y/x 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Process from Reference)
3. You will get a familiar standard
form which is easier to solve.
17 | P a g e
4. Then Solve.
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE
See, homogeneous is just a type of Substitution method Equation.

Example: Test for homogeneity, if homogeneous, Solve (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Test for Homogeneity (𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑘[(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0] ➔ Homogeneous

Substitute y = vx and dy = vdx+xdv

(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

Manipulate Variable, we get 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

Integrate 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑣+𝑐
𝑦
Finally, input v = y/x 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 −(𝑥) DONE!!

Example 2: Test for homogeneity, if homogeneous, Solve (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Test for Homogeneity (𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑘[(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0] ➔ Homogeneous

Substitute y = vx and dy = vdx+xdv

(𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
Manipulate Variable, we get 𝑥
= − 1−𝑣

Integrate ln(𝑥) = − ln(1 − 𝑣) + 𝑐

e[ln(𝑥(1 − 𝑣)) = +𝑐]

𝑥(1 − 𝑣) = 𝑐

Input v = y/x (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑐 DONE!!!

Not easy? Watch this video as an example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEJVyybsiT4 EASY!

18 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

VI. Bernoulli's Equation

The differential equation

𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚𝒏

is known as Bernoulli's equation. If n = 0, Bernoulli's equation reduces immediately

to the standard form first‐order linear equation:
𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)

If n = 1, the equation can also be written as a linear equation:

𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚 ≫ 𝒚′ + [𝑷(𝒙) − 𝑸(𝒙)]𝒚 = 𝟎

However, if n is not 0 or 1, then Bernoulli's equation is not linear. Nevertheless, it can

be transformed into a linear equation by first multiplying through by y − n
𝒚−𝒏 𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚−𝒏 = 𝑸(𝒙)

and then introducing the substitutions

𝒘 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏

𝒘′ = (𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒚−𝒏 𝒚′

The equation above then becomes

𝟏
𝒘′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒘 = 𝑸(𝒙)
𝟏−𝒏
which is linear in w (since n ≠ 1).

Example 1: Solve the equation 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑

Note that this fits the form of the Bernoulli equation with n = 3. Therefore, the first
step in solving it is to multiply through by y − n = y −3:
𝒚−𝟑 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒙 (∗)

Now for the substitutions; the equations

𝒘 = 𝒚𝟏−𝟑 = 𝒚−𝟐

𝒘′ = −𝟐𝒚−𝟑 𝒚′
𝟏
transform (*) into − 𝒘′ + 𝒙𝒘 = 𝒙
𝟐

19 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

or, in standard form, 𝒘′ − 𝟐𝒙𝒘 = −𝟐𝒙 (∗∗)

Notice that the substitutions were successful in transforming the Bernoulli equation
into a linear equation. To solve the resulting linear equation, first determine the
integrating factor:
𝟐
µ(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫ −𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙

Multiplying (**) through the yields

−𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒆 𝒘 − 𝟐𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒘 = −𝟐𝒙𝒆−𝒙
′

𝟐 ′ 𝟐
(𝒆−𝒙 𝒘) = 𝟐𝒙𝒆−𝒙

And an integration gives

𝟐 𝟐
𝒆−𝒙 𝒘 = ∫ −𝟐𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟐
𝒆−𝒙 𝒘 = 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐
𝒘 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆𝒙

The final step is simply to undo the substitution w = y −2. The solution to the original
differential equation is therefore

𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆𝒙 (Process and Example taken from reference)
𝒚𝟐

OTHER METHOD:

There is another method of solving by using this equation

𝒚′ + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚𝒏
1
Solution: 𝑦 1−𝑛 = µ(𝑥)
[∫(1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥 )µ(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]

Integrating Factor: µ(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫(1−𝑛)𝑃(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Let us use the formula for the equation 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟑

Solve for Integrating Factor

µ(𝒙) = 𝒆∫(𝟏−𝒏)𝑷(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 Where P(x)=x and n = 3

2
µ(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
20 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

Now we use the formula

1
𝑦 1−𝑛 = [∫(1 − 𝑛)𝑄 (𝑥 )µ(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
µ(𝑥 )
Input Integrating Factor, Q(x) and n

1 2
➢ 𝑦 1−3 = [ (1 − 3)(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−𝑥2 ∫
𝑒
1 2
➢ 𝑦 −2 = [ (−2𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶]
−𝑥2 ∫
Process:
𝑒
1 1. Transform to Standard Form
𝑥2 −𝑥 2
➢ 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 [𝑒 + 𝑐]
2. Determine P(x), Q(x) and n
1 𝑥2
➢ = 1 + 𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑂𝑁𝐸! 3. Find the integrating Factor µ(𝑥)
𝑦2
4. Equate to the Solution.

Still hard to understand? Watch this video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoI_ej-T0V4 EASY!!

21 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

Problem set: Analyze and solve. Write FULL SOLUTION in an A4 or

short bond paper or long bond paper or any white clean paper.
Indicate method/solution used. No Erasure.
1. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 12. 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

2. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 𝑥 3 13. 4𝑒 4𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3
3. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 14. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 4 𝑦1/3
𝑥+1 𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 4 +1
15. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 5

5. 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

6. (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

7. (𝑥 + sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

8. 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑄
9. 𝑑𝑡
+ 0.04𝑄 = 0

10. 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0

11. 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑥𝑦 = 0

22 | P a g e
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 02: Solution of Some 1st Order ODE

Module Learning Report

Write it on a clean paper and answer the problems lengthwise.
Please write your name on the top left corner and your course, year level, and the section below. Insert “Prelim Assignment”
at the top centre of the paper.
Submit your scanned work to the provided link in the google classroom.

It should contain a report about the important parts/Key points of every topic in this module in the way you understand it.
Include some examples about every topic as much as possible.

PS. You don’t need to give examples that you haven’t learned yet or not included in the module.

Here is the Basis of your grades

Rubrics
Score CRITERIA
Knowledge Generate new ideas Completeness
5 The report shows full The report shows The report covers all
knowledge with a well best new ideas for the topics in the
concise explanations advancement of module
learning
4 The report shows numerous The report shows The report covers
knowledge with a well some new ideas for 80% of the topics in
concise explanations advancement of the module
learning
3 The report shows numerous The report shows a The report covers
knowledge with concise well generated new 60% of the topics in
explanations ideas the module
2 The report shows numerous The report shows The report covers
knowledge with some some new ideas 40% of the topics in
concise explanations the module
1 The report shows some The report doesn’t The report covers
knowledge with some show new ideas 20% of the topics in
concise explanations the module

Make sure to compile all your problem sets and written report.

23 | P a g e