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An operating system (OS) is a crucial program that manages computer hardware and provides an interface for users to interact with applications. Its primary objectives are to control hardware resources and facilitate user interaction, while ensuring efficient resource utilization. The document also outlines various types of operating systems, including mainframe systems and early batch systems, highlighting their characteristics and operational methods.

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4 views2 pages

Os @

An operating system (OS) is a crucial program that manages computer hardware and provides an interface for users to interact with applications. Its primary objectives are to control hardware resources and facilitate user interaction, while ensuring efficient resource utilization. The document also outlines various types of operating systems, including mainframe systems and early batch systems, highlighting their characteristics and operational methods.

Uploaded by

Ayush Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System: An operating system is a program which manages all the computer hardwares.

It
provides the base for application program and acts as an intermediary between a user and the
computer hardware. The operating system has two objectives such as:  Firstly, an operating system
controls the computer‘s hardware.  The second objective is to provide an interactive interface to
the user and interpret commands so that it can communicate with the hardware. The operating
system is very important part of almost every computer system. Managing Hardware The prime
objective of operating system is to manage & control the various hardware resources of a computer
system. These hardware resources include processer, memory, and disk space and so on. The output
result was display in monitor. In addition to communicating with the hardware theoperating system
provides on error handling procedure and display an error notification. If a device not functioning
properly, the operating system cannot be communicate with the device. Providing an Interface The
operating system organizes application so that users can easily access, use and store them. 3 | P a g
e It provides a stable and consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without the user
having known details of the hardware. If the program is not functioning properly, the operating
system again takes control, stops the application and displays the appropriate error message.
Computer system components are divided into 5 parts  Computer hardware  operating system 
utilities  Application programs  End user The operating system controls and coordinate a user of
hardware and various application programs for various users. It is a program that directly interacts
with the hardware. The operating system is the first encoded with the Computer and it remains on
the memory all time thereafter. System goals The purpose of an operating system is to be provided
an environment in which an user can execute programs. Its primary goals are to make the computer
system convenience for the user. Its secondary goals are to use the computer hardware in efficient
manner. 4 | P a g e View of operating system User view:The user view of the computer varies by the
interface being used. The examples are -windows XP, vista, windows 7 etc. Most computer user sit in
the in front of personal computer (pc) in this case the operating system is designed mostly for easy
use with some attention paid to resource utilization. Some user sit at a terminal connected to a
mainframe/minicomputer. In this case other users are accessing the same computer through the
other terminals. There user are share resources and may exchange the information. The operating
system in this case is designed to maximize resources utilization to assume that all available CPU
time, memory and I/O are used efficiently and no individual user takes more than his/her fair and
share.The other users sit at workstations connected to network of other workstations and servers.
These users have dedicated resources but they share resources such as networking and servers like
file, compute and print server. Here the operating system is designed to compromise between
individual usability and resource utilization. System view: From the computer point of view the
operating system is the program which is most intermediate with the hardware. An operating
system has resources as hardware and software which may be required to solve a problem like CPU
time, memory space, file storage space and I/O devices and so on. That‘s why the operating system
acts as manager of these resources. Another view of the operating system is it is a control program.
A control program manages the execution of user programs to present the errors in proper use of
the computer. It is especially concerned of the user the operation and controls the I/O devices.
Types of Operating System 1. Mainframe System: It is the system where the first computer used to
handle many commercial scientific applications. The growth of mainframe systems traced from
simple batch system where the computer runs one and only one application to time shared systems
which allowed for user interaction with the computer system a. Batch /Early System: Early
computers were physically large machine. The common input devices were card readers, tape
drivers. The common output devices were line printers, tape drivers and card punches. In these
systems the user did not interact directly with the computer system. Instead the user preparing a job
which consists of programming data and some control information and then submitted it to the
computer 5 | P a g e operator after some time the output is appeared. The output in these early
computer was fairly simple is main task was to transfer control automatically from one job to next.
The operating system always resides in the memory. To speed up processing operators batched the
jobs with similar needs and ran then together as a group. The disadvantages of batch system are
that in this execution environment the CPU is often idle because the speed up of I/O devices is much
slower than the CPU.

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