1. Which of the following is an igneous rock?

A) Sandstone
B) Granite
C) Marble
D) Shale
Answer: B) Granite
2.What is the process of forming sedimentary rocks called?
A) Melting
B) Solidification
C) Lithification
D) Crystallization
Answer: C) Lithification
3.Which of these rocks is metamorphic?
A) Basalt
B) Limestone
C) Quartzite
D) Conglomerate
Answer: C) Quartzite
4. Which of the following best describes a rock?
A) A pure substance with a specific chemical composition
B) A naturally occurring solid mixture of minerals and organic matter
C) A material formed by the cooling of magma
D) A crystalline structure
Answer: B) A naturally occurring solid mixture of minerals and organic matter

5. What type of rock is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or

lava?
A) Sedimentary
B) Metamorphic
C) Igneous
D) Fossiliferous
Answer: C) Igneous

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

A) Formed under high pressure and temperature
B) Contains fossils
C) Cooled from molten magma
D) Made of interlocking crystals
Answer: B) Contains fossils
7. What is the primary agent of metamorphism?
A) Wind
B) Pressure and heat
C) Freezing and thawing
D) Erosion
Answer: B) Pressure and heat

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8. Which of these rocks is commonly used as a building material?
A) Basalt
B) Sandstone
C) Pumice
D) Obsidian
Answer: B) Sandstone

9. What is the primary cause of internal landform processes?

A) Weathering and erosion
B) Tectonic activity
C) Wind and water movement
D) Glacier movement
Answer: B) Tectonic activity

10. Which of the following is NOT an internal landform process?

A) Volcanism
B) Earthquakes
C) Mountain building
D) River erosion
Answer: D) River erosion

11. What is the process called when rocks are deformed due to tectonic
forces?
A) Weathering
B) Folding
C) Sedimentation
D) Erosion
Answer: B) Folding
12. Which type of fault occurs when rocks are pulled apart due to tension?

A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Oblique fault

Answer: A) Normal fault

13. What is the term for the upward movement of magma to the Earth’s
surface?

A) Erosion
B) Deposition

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C) Volcanism
D) Folding

Answer: C) Volcanism

14. Which type of plate boundary is associated with mountain formation?

A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Rift valley
Answer: B) Convergent boundary

15. What landform is typically created by the movement of magma beneath

the Earth’s surface?
A) Volcano
B) Fold mountain
C) Rift valley
D) Glacier
Answer: A) Volcano
16. The San Andreas Fault is an example of which type of fault?
A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Thrust fault
Answer: C) Strike-slip fault
17. What term describes the release of energy during an earthquake?
A) Focus
B) Seismic waves
C) Epicenter
D) Plate drift
Answer: B) Seismic waves
18. Which of the following is an example of an internal process that creates
landforms?

A) River deposition
B) Glacier retreat
C) Mountain building
D) Soil erosion

Answer: C) Mountain building

19. What is folding in geology?

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A) The breaking of rocks due to stress
B) The bending of rock layers due to compressional forces
C) The movement of rocks along a fault line
D) The accumulation of sediments in a basin
Answer: B) The bending of rock layers due to compressional forces

20.Which type of fold has both limbs dipping away from the axis?
A) Anticline
B) Syncline
C) Monocline
D) Overturned fold
Answer: A) Anticline

21 What is the term for the highest point in a fold?

A) Limb
B) Hinge
C) Crest
D) Axis
Answer: C) Crest

22. Which type of fold is characterized by limbs that dip toward the fold axis?
A) Anticline
B) Syncline
C) Recumbent fold
D) Dome
Answer: B) Syncline

23. What type of fold occurs when the axis of the fold is nearly horizontal?
A) Recumbent fold
B) Symmetrical fold
C) Asymmetrical fold
D) Plunging fold
Answer: D) Plunging fold

24. Which of the following is NOT a type of fold?

A) Monocline
B) Anticline
C) Fault line
D) Syncline

Answer: C) Fault line

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25. What term describes a fold where one limb is steeper than the other?
A) Symmetrical fold
B) Asymmetrical fold
C) Overturned fold
D) Recumbent fold
Answer: B) Asymmetrical fold

26. Which type of fold has layers that are completely overturned?
A) Dome
B) Recumbent fold
C) Anticline
D) Symmetrical fold
Answer: B) Recumbent fold

27. What geological forces are responsible for folding?

A) Tensional forces
B) Compressional forces
C) Shear forces
D) Erosional forces
Answer: B) Compressional forces
28 The region where two limbs of a fold meet is called the:
A) Fold axis
B) Limb
C) Hinge line
D) Crest
Answer: C) Hinge line
29.What is faulting in geology?

A) The bending of rock layers due to compressional forces

B) The breaking and displacement of rocks along a fracture
C) The accumulation of sediments in a basin
D) The melting of rocks under high temperature

Answer: B) The breaking and displacement of rocks along a fracture

30 Which type of fault occurs when rocks are pulled apart due to tension?

A) Reverse fault
B) Normal fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Thrust fault

Answer: B) Normal fault

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31. In which type of fault does the hanging wall move up relative to the
footwall?
A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Transform fault
Answer: B) Reverse fault
32.What type of fault is caused by horizontal shearing forces?
A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Oblique fault
Answer: C) Strike-slip fault

33. Which of the following is NOT a type of fault?

A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Anticline fault
D) Strike-slip fault
Answer: C) Anticline fault

3 4.What term describes the block of rock above the fault plane?
A) Footwall
B) Hanging wall
C) Fault scarp
D) Rift block
Answer: B) Hanging wall
35 Which fault is associated with compressional forces?
A) Normal fault
B) Strike-slip fault
C) Reverse fault
D) Transform fault
Answer: C) Reverse fault
36 What is the main cause of faulting?

A) Wind erosion
B) Tectonic forces
C) Sedimentation
D) Volcanic activity

Answer: B) Tectonic forces

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37.The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of which type of fault?
A) Normal fault
B) Reverse fault
C) Strike-slip fault
D) Oblique fault
Answer: C) Strike-slip fault
38. In a normal fault, which direction does the hanging wall move relative to
the footwall?
A) Upward
B) Downward
C) Laterally
D) Horizontally
Answer: B) Downward
39. What is the primary cause of a volcanic eruption?
A) Tectonic plate collisions
B) Magma pressure building up beneath the surface
C) Weathering and erosion
D) Cooling of magma
Answer: B) Magma pressure building up beneath the surface
40.Which type of volcano is characterized by explosive eruptions and steep
slopes?
A) Shield volcano
B) Stratovolcano (composite volcano)
C) Cinder cone
D) Caldera
Answer: B) Stratovolcano (composite volcano)
41.What is the name of the molten rock that erupts from a volcano?
A) Magma
B) Lava
C) Ash
D) Tuff

Answer: B) Lava

42. Which of the following is a common hazard associated with volcanic

eruptions?

A) Earthquakes
B) Tsunamis
C) Pyroclastic flows
D) All of the above

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Answer: D) All of the above

43. What term describes a large volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a
volcano?
A) Vent
B) Caldera
C) Fissure
D) Lava dome
Answer: B) Caldera

44. Which type of volcanic eruption is the least explosive?

A) Hawaiian
B) Strombolian
C) Vulcanian
D) Plinian
Answer: A) Hawaiian

45. What is the term for volcanic ash, gas, and lava fragments ejected
explosively from a volcano?
A) Magma
B) Pyroclastic material
C) Basalt
D) Lahar
Answer: B) Pyroclastic material

46. What is a lahar?

A) A lava flow
B) A volcanic earthquake
C) A mudflow composed of volcanic debris and water
D) A type of pyroclastic cloud

Answer: C) A mudflow composed of volcanic debris and water

47. Which of the following volcanoes is an example of a shield volcano?

A) Mount St. Helens

B) Mauna Loa
C) Krakatoa
D) Vesuvius

Answer: B) Mauna Loa

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48. What is the Ring of Fire?
A) A region in the Atlantic Ocean with numerous volcanoes
B) A zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean
C) A volcanic island chain in the Indian Ocean
D) A circle of dormant volcanoes
Answer: B) A zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean
49.What is the theory of plate tectonics?
A) The Earth's surface is made up of one solid, immovable plate.
B) The Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that move on the asthenosphere.
C) The Earth's core causes volcanoes to erupt.
D) The Earth's plates are fixed and do not move.
Answer: B) The Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that move on the asthenosphere.
50.What drives the movement of tectonic plates?
A) Ocean currents
B) Wind and water erosion
C) Convection currents in the mantle
D) Gravitational pull from the Moon
Answer: C) Convection currents in the mantle

51. Which type of plate boundary occurs when two plates move apart?
A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: B) Divergent boundary
52. At which type of plate boundary do volcanoes commonly form?
A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) All of the above

Answer: B) Convergent boundary

53. What is created at a divergent boundary between two oceanic plates?

A) Mid-ocean ridges
B) Deep ocean trenches
C) Fold mountains
D) Island arcs

Answer: A) Mid-ocean ridges

54.What type of boundary is associated with the San Andreas Fault?

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A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: C) Transform boundary

55. What happens at a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate meets a

continental plate?
A) The plates slide past each other.
B) The oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate.
C) Both plates are uplifted to form a mountain range.
D) A mid-ocean ridge is formed.
Answer: B) The oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate.
56. What type of landform is commonly associated with a convergent
boundary between two continental plates?
A) Mid-ocean ridge
B) Volcano
C) Fold mountains
D) Rift valley
Answer: C) Fold mountains
57 Which of the following best describes a transform boundary?
A) Plates move toward each other.
B) Plates move apart.
C) Plates slide past each other horizontally.
D) Plates collide and one is forced below the other.
Answer: C) Plates slide past each other horizontally.

58. What is the name of the supercontinent that existed about 300 million
years ago?

A) Gondwana
B) Laurasia
C) Pangaea
D) Rodinia

Answer: C) Pangaea

59.Which type of plate boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away
from each other?

A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary

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C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone

Answer: B) Divergent boundary

60.At which type of plate boundary do earthquakes commonly occur due to
plates sliding past each other?
A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: C) Transform boundary

61.What type of plate boundary forms when two tectonic plates collide?
A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Rift zone
Answer: B) Convergent boundary
62.. Which of the following is an example of a divergent boundary?
A) The San Andreas Fault
B) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
C) The Himalayas
D) The Andes Mountains
Answer: B) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

63. What feature is commonly found at a convergent boundary between an

oceanic and a continental plate?
A) Rift valley
B) Mid-ocean ridge
C) Deep ocean trench
D) Transform fault
Answer: C) Deep ocean trench

64.At which type of plate boundary does sea-floor spreading occur?

A) Divergent boundary
B) Convergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone

Answer: A) Divergent boundary

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65. What landform is commonly associated with a convergent boundary
between two continental plates?

A) Rift valley
B) Fold mountains
C) Volcanic island arc
D) Deep ocean trench
Answer: B) Fold mountains

66. Which type of plate boundary is associated with the formation of volcanic
island arcs?
A) Divergent boundary
B) Transform boundary
C) Convergent boundary
D) Passive boundary
Answer: C) Convergent boundary
67. The San Andreas Fault is an example of which type of plate boundary?
A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: C) Transform boundary
68. What is a rift valley, and where is it formed?
A) A valley formed by glacial erosion at a transform boundary
B) A lowland formed at a divergent boundary on land
C) A trench formed at a convergent boundary
D) A depression formed at a subduction zone
Answer: B) A lowland formed at a divergent boundary on land
69. What is a rift valley?
A) A mountain range formed by tectonic collision
B) A large depression formed by the pulling apart of tectonic plates
C) A trench formed by subduction
D) A plateau formed by volcanic activity
Answer: B) A large depression formed by the pulling apart of tectonic plates

70.Which type of plate boundary is most commonly associated with rift

valleys?

A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone

Answer: B) Divergent boundary

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71.What are internal landform processes primarily associated with?
A. Weathering and erosion
B. Movements occurring within the Earth's crust
C. Human activities affecting the land
D. Changes in climate patterns
Answer: B. Movements occurring within the Earth's crust

72. Which of the following is an example of an internal landform process?

A. River erosion
B. Volcanic eruption
C. Glacier movement
D. Wind deposition
Answer: B. Volcanic eruption

73. Internal processes in the Earth's crust are mainly caused by which force?
A. Gravitational force
B. Tectonic force
C. Solar radiation
D. Wind pressure
Answer: B. Tectonic force

74. Internal landform processes are responsible for which of the following?
A. Formation of deltas
B. Creation of mountains
C. Deposition of sand dunes
D. Sedimentation in rivers
Answer: B. Creation of mountains

75. Which of these is NOT an internal landform process?

A. Earthquakes
B. Volcanism
C. Plate tectonics
D. Weathering
Answer: D. Weathering

76. What is vulcanicity?

A. The process of erosion by wind
B. The movement of tectonic plates
C. The process of magma rising to the Earth's surface
D. The deposition of sediments in rivers

Answer: C. The process of magma rising to the Earth's surface

77. Which of the following is NOT a result of vulcanicity?

A. Volcanoes
B. Geysers
C. Fold mountains
D. Lava plateaus

Answer: C. Fold mountains

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78. What is the main difference between magma and lava?
A. Magma is solid, while lava is liquid
B. Magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, while lava is on the surface
C. Magma forms rocks, while lava forms soil
D. Magma is found only in volcanoes, while lava is not

Answer: B. Magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, while lava is on the surface79.
Which of the following is an intrusive volcanic feature?
A. Shield volcano
B. Lava plateau
C. Batholith
D. Ash cloud

Answer: C. Batholith

80. Vulcanicity is primarily caused by which of the following?

A. Gravitational forces
B. Movement of molten material under the Earth's crust
C. Weathering of rocks
D. Solar radiation

Answer: B. Movement of molten material under the Earth's crust

81. What is a fissure eruption?

A. An explosive eruption through a single vent
B. The release of magma through cracks in the Earth's surface
C. A quiet eruption that only releases gases
D. The formation of a cone-shaped volcano

Answer: B. The release of magma through cracks in the Earth's surface

82. A volcano that has not erupted in a long time but may erupt again is called a:
A. Active volcano
B. Dormant volcano
C. Extinct volcano
D. Composite volcano

Answer: B. Dormant volcano

83. What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A. The study of weather patterns
B. The idea that the Earth's crust is divided into moving plates
C. The process of volcanic eruptions
D. The formation of sedimentary rocks

Answer: B. The idea that the Earth's crust is divided into moving plates

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84. Which layer of the Earth do tectonic plates move on?
A. Inner core
B. Outer core
C. Mantle
D. Lithosphere

Answer: C. Mantle

3. What type of plate boundary is associated with the creation of new crust?
A. Convergent boundary
B. Divergent boundary
C. Transform boundary
D. Subduction boundary

Answer: B. Divergent boundary

85. What happens at a convergent plate boundary?

A. Plates move away from each other
B. Plates slide past each other
C. Plates collide or come together
D. Plates remain stationary

Answer: C. Plates collide or come together

86. Which of the following is an example of a transform boundary?

A. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
B. Himalayan Mountains
C. San Andreas Fault
D. Mariana Trench

Answer: C. San Andreas Fault

87. Which tectonic plate is the largest?

A. North American Plate
B. Pacific Plate
C. African Plate
D. Eurasian Plate

Answer: B. Pacific Plate

88. What feature is commonly formed at a divergent boundary?

A. Mountain ranges
B. Rift valleys
C. Deep ocean trenches
D. Volcanic arcs

Answer: B. Rift valleys

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89. Subduction occurs when:
A. Two plates move apart
B. One plate slides under another
C. Two plates slide past each other
D. Both plates move upwards

Answer: B. One plate slides under another

90. Which type of boundary is most likely to cause earthquakes?

A. Convergent boundary
B. Transform boundary
C. Divergent boundary
D. Subduction zone

Answer: B. Transform boundary

91. The movement of tectonic plates is caused by:

A. Gravity from the Moon
B. Heat convection currents in the mantle
C. Wind and ocean currents
D. Magnetic forces from the core

Answer: B. Heat convection currents in the mantle

92.. What is folding in geology?

A. The breaking of rocks due to stress
B. The bending of rock layers due to pressure
C. The movement of tectonic plates apart
D. The formation of volcanic mountains

Answer: B. The bending of rock layers due to pressure

93. Folding commonly occurs in which type of rocks?

A. Igneous rocks
B. Sedimentary rocks
C. Metamorphic rocks
D. Volcanic rocks

Answer: B. Sedimentary rocks

94. Which force is responsible for folding?

A. Tensional force
B. Compressional force
C. Shear force
D. Gravitational force

Answer: B. Compressional force

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95.. What is the upward arching fold called?
A. Syncline
B. Anticline
C. Monocline
D. Fault line

Answer: B. Anticline

96. What is the downward trough-like fold called?

A. Syncline
B. Anticline
C. Monocline
D. Rift

Answer: A. Syncline

97. Where does folding commonly occur?

A. At divergent plate boundaries
B. At transform plate boundaries
C. At convergent plate boundaries
D. At subduction zones only

Answer: C. At convergent plate boundaries

98. Which of the following landforms is a result of folding?

A. Rift valleys
B. Volcanic islands
C. Fold mountains
D. Fault-block mountains

Answer: C. Fold mountains

99. The Himalayas are an example of mountains formed by:

A. Faulting
B. Folding
C. Volcanism
D. Erosion

Answer: B. Folding

100. What drives internal landform processes?

A. Solar energy
B. Earth's internal heat
C. Wind and water movement
D. Gravitational pull of the Moon

Answer: B. Earth's internal heat

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101 Which of the following is the primary source of energy for internal processes?
A. Tidal forces
B. Radioactive decay in the Earth's core
C. Atmospheric pressure
D. Ocean currents

Answer: B. Radioactive decay in the Earth's core

102. Plate tectonics, a major internal landform process, is caused by:

A. Convection currents in the mantle
B. Erosion by wind and water
C. Solar radiation
D. Ice melting in polar regions

Answer: A. Convection currents in the mantle

103 What causes volcanic activity, an internal landform process?

A. Accumulation of sediments
B. Movement of magma to the surface
C. Evaporation of water bodies
D. Changes in atmospheric pressure

Answer: B. Movement of magma to the surface

104 Internal landform processes such as folding and faulting are primarily caused by:
A. Tensional, compressional, and shear forces within the Earth's crust
B. Erosion by rivers and glaciers
C. Deposition of sediments over time
D. Tectonic uplift due to volcanic eruptions

Answer: A. Tensional, compressional, and shear forces within the Earth's crust

105 Subduction, a process responsible for some internal landforms, occurs when:
A. Two plates move apart
B. One tectonic plate is forced under another
C. Two plates slide past each other
D. Plates remain stationary

Answer: B. One tectonic plate is forced under another

106. Earthquakes, an internal landform process, are caused by:

A. The sudden release of energy along faults or plate boundaries
B. The deposition of sediments over time
C. Wind erosion of rock layers
D. Changes in sea levels

Answer: A. The sudden release of energy along faults or plate boundaries

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107. Fold mountains are formed due to:
A. Erosion and deposition
B. Compressional forces in convergent plate boundaries
C. Volcanic eruptions
D. Faulting of the Earth's crust

Answer: B. Compressional forces in convergent plate boundaries

108. Rift valleys are formed due to:

A. Tensional forces pulling the crust apart
B. Volcanic eruptions creating depressions
C. Erosion by glaciers
D. Sedimentation in low-lying areas

Answer: A. Tensional forces pulling the crust apart

109. The primary cause of internal processes is the movement of:

A. Magma in the Earth's mantle
B. Water in the Earth's crust
C. Wind across the Earth's surface
D. Sediments in rivers

110. What is one major impact of internal landform processes?

A. Formation of new landforms such as mountains and valleys
B. Changes in weather patterns
C. Increase in vegetation cover
D. Decrease in Earth's gravity

Answer: A. Formation of new landforms such as mountains and valleys

111. How do internal processes like earthquakes impact human life?

A. They improve soil fertility
B. They cause destruction of infrastructure and loss of lives
C. They lead to the formation of glaciers
D. They create tidal waves in rivers

Answer: B. They cause destruction of infrastructure and loss of lives

112. Which of the following is a long-term positive impact of volcanic activity?

A. Destruction of ecosystems
B. Formation of fertile soil
C. Creation of rift valleys
D. Global cooling due to ash clouds

Answer: B. Formation of fertile soil

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113. Fold mountains formed by internal processes can lead to:
A. Erosion of coastal regions
B. Creation of rich biodiversity hotspots
C. Formation of deep ocean trenches
D. Increase in desertification

Answer: B. Creation of rich biodiversity hotspots

114. One impact of internal landform processes is the formation of mineral resources.
This occurs because:
A. Magma brings minerals to the surface during volcanic activity
B. Earthquakes expose underground rivers
C. Folding eliminates mineral deposits
D. Faulting prevents mineral formation

Answer: A. Magma brings minerals to the surface during volcanic activity

115. How can faulting affect rivers and drainage systems?

A. By creating fertile deltas
B. By changing the flow and direction of rivers
C. By increasing the rate of river erosion
D. By reducing water levels in rivers

Answer: B. By changing the flow and direction of rivers

116. Volcanic eruptions caused by internal processes can have global impacts by:
A. Increasing rainfall
B. Releasing ash and gases that affect the climate
C. Spreading fertile soil instantly
D. Forming deep-sea trenches

Answer: B. Releasing ash and gases that affect the climate

117. Which is a potential economic impact of internal landform processes?

A. Increase in agriculture due to earthquakes
B. Development of tourism in areas with unique landforms
C. Decrease in energy production
D. Loss of mineral resources

Answer: B. Development of tourism in areas with unique landforms

118. Internal landform processes like subduction zones can result in:
A. The formation of islands and volcanic arcs
B. Creation of glaciers and ice caps

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C. Decline in tectonic activity
D. Expansion of deserts

Answer: A. The formation of islands and volcanic arcs

119.What is one environmental impact of internal landform processes?

A. Creation of new habitats for flora and fauna
B. Reduction in natural disasters
C. Elimination of tectonic activity
D. Decrease in ocean salinity

120. What are external landform processes?

A. Processes that occur within the Earth's crust
B. Processes caused by external agents like wind, water, and ice
C. The movement of tectonic plates
D. The rising of magma to the surface

Answer: B. Processes caused by external agents like wind, water and ice.

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