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The document provides an overview of Python programming, covering its features, history, data types, and operators. It highlights Python's ease of learning, interpreted nature, and extensive libraries, along with a brief historical timeline from its inception in the 1980s to the present. Additionally, it details various operators (arithmetic, comparison, logical, etc.) and data types (numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and booleans) with examples for each.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views43 pagesPython - 10 Marks Sol. of Previous PUT - Bharat - Agg
The document provides an overview of Python programming, covering its features, history, data types, and operators. It highlights Python's ease of learning, interpreted nature, and extensive libraries, along with a brief historical timeline from its inception in the 1980s to the present. Additionally, it details various operators (arithmetic, comparison, logical, etc.) and data types (numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and booleans) with examples for each.
Uploaded by
adityadhankar9Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 43
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1. Easy to Learn and Use: Python has a simple syntax,
making it easy to learn for beginners.
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by
line, making debugging easier.
3. Dynamically Typed: Python doesn't require variable
declarations, and types are determined at runtime.
4. Platform Independent: Python is portable and can run
on different platforms like Windows, macOS, and Linux.
5. Open Source: Python is free to use and distribute.
6. Extensive Libraries: Python has a large standard library
and many third-party libraries for different applications.
7. Object-Oriented: Python supports object-oriented
programming concepts like classes and objects.
8. High-Level Language: Python abstracts low-level
details, making it easier to write and maintain.
9. Support for Multiple Paradigms: Python supports
procedural, object-oriented, and functional
programming. @_ History of Python (in brief points):
im
1980s - Early Development: Python was conceived
in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum as a
successor to the ABC programming language.
. 1991 - First Release: Python's first version, Python
0.9.0, was released with features like exception
handling and core data types.
See Cel a Modded] 1th el aCe)
1.0, which introduced functional programming
tools like map(), filter(), and lambda().
. 2000 - Python 2.0: Introduced new features like
garbage collection and list comprehensions but
had design inconsistencies.
. 2008 - Python 3.0: A major update with significant
improvements, such as better Unicode support and
cleaner syntax. It was not backward compatible
PUR Aen
. Present: Python 3 is the standard for development,
with Python 2 officially retired in 2020. Qs
\Solution
Explain the different types of operators in Python, providing examples of each and | CO1
their specific use cases
Python includes several types of operators, which are essential for performing
operations on variables and values. The main categories of operators in Python are:
© Arithmetic Operators: These operators are used for basic mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc
© + (Addition): Adds two numbers,
© - (Subtraction): Subtracts the second number from the first. © * (Multiplication): Multiplies two numbers
© / (Division): Divides the first number by the second, always
returning a float.
© // (Floor Division): Divides the first number by the second and
returns the quotient as an integer, discarding the remainder.
© % (Modulus): Returns the remainder when the first number is
divided by the second.
© ** (Exponentiation): Raises the first number to the power of the
second
Example:
y
print(x + y) # Output: 7
print(x - y) # Output: 3
print(x * y) # Output: 10
prini(x / y) # Output: 2.5
prini(x // y) # Output: 2
print(x% y) # Output: 1
print(x ** y) # Output: 25
© Comparison Operators: These operators are used to compare two values
They return a Boolean value (True or False)
°
°
°
°
°
°
Checks if two values are equal.
Checks if two values are not equal
>: Checks if the left value is greater than the right.
< Checks if the left value is less than the right.
>=: Checks if the left value is greater than or equal to the right.
<=: Checks if the left value is less than or equal to the right.
print(a
print(a > b) # Output: False
‘© Logical Operators: These operators are used to perform logical operations,
typically between Boolean values.
© and: Returns True if both operands are True.
© or: Retums True if at least one operand is True.
‘© not: Reverses the Boolean value of the operand. Example:
rue
y= False
print(x and y) # Output: False
print(x ory) # Output: True
print{not x) # Output: False
‘© Assignment Operators: These operators are used to assign values to
variables,
‘© =: Simple assignment.
© +=: Adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result
to the left operand.
© ==: Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
‘©. =: Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
© /5,/!=, %=: Performs division, floor division, and modulus
operations, respectively, and assigns the result to the left operand.
‘© **=: Performs exponentiation and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Example:
x=10
x4=5 #x becomes 15
x*=2 #x becomes 30
‘© Bitwise Operators: These operators are used to perform bit-level operations
on integers.
© = &: Bitwise AND.
©. |: Bitwise OR.
© *: Bitwise XOR.
© ~: Bitwise NOT (inverts the bits)
°
°
Left shift (shifts bits to the left)
>>: Right shift (shifts bits to the right)
Example:
#0101 in binary
y=3 #0011 in binary
print(x & y) # Output: 1 (0001 in binary)
print(x | y) # Output: 7 (0111 in binary)
print(x* y) # Output: 6 (0110 in binary) ‘* Membership Operators: These operators are used to check if'a value exists
within an iterable, such as a list or a string,
©. in: Returns True if the value is found in the iterable.
© not in: Retumns True if the value is not found in the iterable.
Example:
fruits = ["apple”, "banana", "“cherry")
print(”apple” in fruits) # Output: True
print("grape” not in fruits) # Output: True
‘Identity Operators: These operators are used to compare the memory
locations of two objects.
is: Returns True if both operands refer to the same object.
©. isnot: Returns True if both operands do not refer to the same
object.
print(a is b) # Output: False Python Data Types: Data types are the classification or categorization of
data items. It represents the kind of value that tells what operations can be
performed on a particular data. Since everything is an object in Python
programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instances
(object) of these classes.
The following is a list of the Python-defined data types.
1, Numbers
2. Sequence Type
3. Boolean
4. Set
5. Dictionary re i
Numbers
Numeric values are stored in numbers. The whole number, float, and
complex qualities have a place with a Python Numbers datatype. Python
offers the type() function to determine a variable's data type. The instance ()
capability is utilized to check whether an item has a place with a specific
class.
When a number is assigned to a variable, Python generates Number objects.
For instance,
a=5
. print("The type of a", type(a))
b=40.5
. print("The type of b", type(b))
c= 143)
. print("The type of c", type(c)) 9. print(” cis a complex number", isinstance(1+3),complex))
Output:
The type of a
The type of b
The type of c
c¢ is complex number: True
Python supports three kinds of numerical data.
Int: Whole number worth can be any length, like numbers 10, 2, 29, -
20, - 150, and so on. An integer can be any length you want in Python.
Its worth has a place with int.
Float: Float stores drifting point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It
can be accurate to within 15 decimal places.
Complex: An intricate number contains an arranged pair, i.e., x + iy,
where x and y signify the genuine and non-existent parts separately.
The complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3), ete.
Sequence Type
String
The sequence of characters in the quotation marks can be used to
describe the string. A string can be defined in Python using single,
double, or triple quotes.
String dealing with Python is a direct undertaking since Python gives
worked-in capabilities and administrators to perform tasks in the string.
When dealing with strings, the operation “hello"+" python" returns
“hello python," and the operator + is used to combine two strings.
Because the operation "Python" *2 returns "Python," the operator * is
referred to as a repetition operator.
The Python string is demonstrated in the following example.
Example - 1
1. str= "string using double quotes" wRen
AUwAwn-
. print(str)
.s=""A multiline
. string’
. print(s)
Output:
string using double quotes
A multiline
string
Look at the following illustration of string handling,
Example - 2
« strl = ‘hello world’ #string str]
str2 =" how are you' #éstring str2
. print (strl[0:2]) #printing first two character using slice operator
. print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string
. print (strl*2) éprinting the string twice
. print (strl + str2) #printing the concatenation of str! and str2
Output:
he
oO
hello worldhello world
hello world how are you
List Lists in Python are like arrays in C, but lists can contain data of different
types. The things put away in the rundown are isolated with a comma (,) and
encased inside square sections [].
To gain access to the list's data, we can use slice [:] operators. Like how they
worked with strings, the list is handled by the concatenation operator (+) and
the repetition operator (*).
Look at the following example.
Example:
1. list! =[1, "hi", "Python", 2]
2, #Checking type of given list
3, print(type(list!))
4,
5. #Printing the list]
6. print (listl)
7
8. # List slicing
9. print (listl[3:])
10.
I. # List slicing
12. print (list1[0:2))
13.
14. # List Concatenation using + operator
15. print (listl + listl)
16,
17, # List repetation using * operator
18. print (listl * 3)
Output:
[1, ‘hi’, ‘Python’, 2]
(2)
1, ‘hi']
[1, ‘hi’, Python’, 2, 1, ‘hi’, Python’, 2 [1, ‘hi’, Python’, 2, 1, ‘hi’, ‘Python’, 2, 1, ‘hi’, ‘Python’, 2]
Tuple
In many ways, a tuple is like a list. Tuples, like lists, also contain a collection
of items from various data types. A parenthetical space () separates the tuple's
components from one another.
Because we cannot alter the size or value of the items in a tuple, it is a read-
only data structure.
Let's look at a straightforward tuple in action.
Example:
1. tup =("hi", "Python", 2)
2. # Checking type of tup
3. print (type(tup))
4,
5. #Printing the tuple
6. print (tup)
7
8. # Tuple slicing
9. print (tup[1:])
10. print (tup[0:1])
12. # Tuple concatenation using + operator
13. print (tup + tup)
14,
15. # Tuple repatation using * operator
16. print (tup * 3)
17.
18. # Adding value to tup. It will throw an error.
19. tf2]= Output:
(‘hi’, Python’, 2)
(‘Python'’, 2)
Chi',)
‘hi’, ‘Python’, 2, ‘hi’, ‘Python’, 2)
(hi, Python’, 2, 'hi', ‘Python’, 2, 'hi', Python’, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 14, in
t(2] = "hi";
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Dictionary
A dictionary is a key-value pair set arranged in any order. It stores a specific
value for each key, like an associative array or a hash table. Value is any
Python object, while the key can hold any primitive data type.
The comma (,) and the curly braces are used to separate the items in the
dictionary.
Look at the following example.
. d= {L:Jimmy’, 2:'Alex', 3:john’, 4:'mike’}
. # Printing dictionary
}. print (d)
, # Accesing value using keys
. print("Ist name is "+d[1])
. print("2nd name is "+ d[4])
= eCmIAWEYN=
0. print (d.keys()) IL. print (d.values())
Output:
Ist name is Jimmy
2nd name is mike
{1: Jimmy’, 2: 'Alex’, 3: john’, 4: 'mike'}
dict_keys({1, 2,3, 4))
dict_values({'Jimmy’, ‘Alex’, john’, ‘mike'))
Boolean
True and False are the two default values for the Boolean type. These
qualities are utilized to decide the given assertion valid or misleading. The
class book indicates this. False can be represented by the 0 or the letter "F,"
while true can be represented by any value that is not zero.
Look at the following example.
. # Python program to check the boolean type
. print(type(True))
. print(type(False))
. print(false)
RENE
Output:
NameError: name ‘false’ is not defined Set
The data type's unordered collection is Python Set. It is iterable, mutable(can
change after creation), and has remarkable components. The elements of a set
have no set order; It might return the element's altered sequence. Either a
sequence of elements is passed through the curly braces and separated by a
comma to create the set or the built-in function set() is used to create the set.
It can contain different kinds of values.
Look at the following example.
. # Creating Empty set
. set = set()
set2 = {‘James', 2, 3,'Python'}
. #Printing Set value
. print(set2)
. # Adding element to the set
set2.add(10)
print(set2)
#Removing element from the set
set2.remove(2)
print(set2)
Output:
{3, ‘Python’, James’, 2}
{'Python', ‘James’, 3, 2, 10}
{'Python’, ‘James’, 3, 10} tes
Q.8 (CO-2) : Attempt any
a. What is anonyrr
~b. What
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ONE question, Each question is of 10 marks,
nous function? How it is created with an example.
's Control Flow Statements and L
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defined using the def keyword, anonymous functions are
created using the lambda keyword. Because they do not
have a name, they are commonly referred to as lambda
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They are designed to be concise and are often used in
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higher-order functions like map(), filter(), and reduce().
Key Characteristics of Lambda Functions:
1, Anonymous: Lambda functions do not have a name,
which means they are used as temporary functions for
quick, one-off tasks.
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regular functions, it cannot contain multiple expressions
CS Clue
3. Multiple Arguments: Lambda functions can take
multiple arguments, just like regular functions. However,
they can only perform a single operation and return a
single result. Se Eat
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aetna nena 2.1 Control flow statements in Python
First and foremost, Control flow statements in Python are how you direct your programs to decide which parts of
code to run, By default, programs execute each line of code in sequence, with understanding how things are
proceeding.
What if you don't want to execute every single line of code? What if you have several answers, and the code must
choose which one to utilize based on the conditions? What if you require the software to continually utilize the
same code to perform the computations with slightly different inputs? What if you want to execute a few lines of
code repeatedly until the application fulfils a condition? It is when control flow enters the picture. Control flow
statements in Python direct the flow of your program's execution. It allows you to make decisions, repeat actions,
and handle different situations to make your code more dynamic and adaptable.
2.2 Conditional Statements in Python
Conditional statements in Python are used to make decisions and execute different blocks of code based on specif
conditions. These conditions are defined using logical expressions that evaluate either True or False. Conditional
statements in Python control the flow of your program and enable it to respond dynamically to different situations,
2.2.1 if Statement:
‘The if statement is the most fundamental conditional statement in Python. It allows you to execute a block of code
only if a specified condition is true, If the condition evaluates to True, the code block is executed.
The if statement is
used to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is true.
# Example of the if statement
x=10
ifx>s
print("x is greater than 5")
Output: x is greater than 5 2.2.2 if else Statement: The else statement is used to execute a block of code if the condition specified in the if
statement is false
4# Example of the if-else statement
y=3
ity>s
print("y is greater than 5")
else:
print("y is not greater than 5")
Output: y is not greater than 5
2.2.3 elif Statement:
‘The elif (else if) statement is used when there are multiple conditions to check. It allows you ta check additional
conditions if the previous ones are false.
# Example of the if-elif-else statement
elifz <0:
print("z is negative”)
else:
print("zis zero")
Output: z is zero 2.3 Loops in Python
Iterative control statements in Python allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly. They perform repetitive
tasks, iterate over data structures, and handle various scenarios where actions need to be repeated.
Python has two main types of loops:
© The for loop
© The while loop
2.3.1 The for Loop
The for loop iterates over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, string. or range) or any other iterable object. It
executes ablock of code for each element in the sequence to perform actions on each element.
Example 1: Using for Loop with a List
Code
fruits = ["apple,
for fruit in fruits:
print(f"I love (fruit}s.")
Output:
code
love apples.
Tlove bananas.
Ilove cherries.
In this example, the for loop iterates through the fruits list. and for each fruit, it executes the code block inside theloop. This results in the message "I love [fruit]s.” being printed for each item in the list.
Example 2: Using for Loop with a String
code
word = "Python"
for letters in words:
print(letter)
Output:
zoey
Here, the for loop iterates through the characters of the string "Python" and prints cach character on a separate
line.
Example 3: Using for Loop with Range
code
fori in range(1, 6):
print(f” The Square of (i) is (i**2).")
Output:
‘The square of 1 is 1
The square of 2 is 4.
‘The square of 3 is 9.
The square of 4 is 16. The square of 5 is 25.
This example uses the range() function to generate a sequence of numbers from 1 to 5 (inclusive), The for loop
theniterates through this sequence, calculating and printing the square of each number.
2.3.2 The while Loop
The while loop in Python repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true. It
isuseful when you need to repeat an action until a certain condition is met.
Example 1: Basic
while LoopCode
count =
while count <= 5
print(f’The Count is (count}.”)
count+ = 1
Output:
code
The count is 1.
The count is 2
The count is 3,
The count is 4.
‘The count is 5.
In this example, the while loop continues to run as long as the condition (count <= 5) remains true.
Example 2: Using while Loop for User Input Gde
password = "secret"
user_input = input("Enter the password: )
while user_input != password
print("Incorreet password. Try again.")
uuser_input = input("Enter the password: ")
print("A
Output (assuming incorrect password inputs before entering "secret"):
Enter the password: incorrect Incorrect password. Try
again,
Enter the password: wrong pass
Incorrect password. Try again.
Enter the password: secret
Access granted,
This example uses a while loop to repeatedly prompt the user for a password until they enter the
correct password("secret”).
Example 3: Using While Loop with a Counter
Qe
counter = 0
while counter < 3:
print("Processing item (counter}")
counter+ = 1
Output:
Processing item 1
Processing it
Processing item 3
Here, the while loop is used to process items in a task. The loop continues until the counter reaches 3, at
whichpoint it stops. Q.8 (CO-2)
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rows_A = int(input("Enter the number of rows for
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rows_B = int(input("Enter the number of rows for
matrix B: "))
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print("Matrix multiplication is not possible.")
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row = list(map(int, input().split()))
B.append(row)
result = [[0 for _ in range(cols_B)] for _ in
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9 (CO-3) - Attempt any ONE question. Each question is of 10 Meare, clan doch, Mra
~a. Explain the Different types of arguments used in functions, “=
b. Describe the syntax for the following functions and explain with an example.
3) abs() b) maxG) ) divmod() d) pow()e) len()
¢. Compare list and dictionary data structure. Explain various dictionary methods with suitable
examples.
Yintrr az Q.9 (CO-3)
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Q.10 (CO-4) : Attempt any ONE question, Each question is of 10 marks,
a, Write a program to read lines from a text file starting with ")
~b. Write a program in Python to count the num!
c. What are different modes to oj
).11 (CO-S) : Attempt any ONE questi
or "T" with a suitable example
ber of lowercase alphabets present in text file
pen a file with a suitable example.
ion, Each question is of 10 marke Q.10 (CO-4): Attempt any ONE question. Each
Ce ey me
(a) Write a program to read lines from a text file starting
with "M" or "T" with a suitable example.
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eC ee CLC ace)
Pee Gee CMU ema)
Peele Urea gs
