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CV Chap 2

The document discusses various image processing techniques, including histogram equalization for contrast enhancement and the pinhole imaging model for understanding image formation. It also outlines 2D image transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shearing, as well as pixel transformation methods that manipulate pixel values for image enhancement. Key concepts include the definition of a pixel and various transformation methods like linear, logarithmic, and exponential transformations.

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Presha Patel
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12 views18 pages

CV Chap 2

The document discusses various image processing techniques, including histogram equalization for contrast enhancement and the pinhole imaging model for understanding image formation. It also outlines 2D image transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shearing, as well as pixel transformation methods that manipulate pixel values for image enhancement. Key concepts include the definition of a pixel and various transformation methods like linear, logarithmic, and exponential transformations.

Uploaded by

Presha Patel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 Video Link

 Histogram equalization is a technique used in image processing to enhance the contrast of an image by
adjusting the intensity distribution.
 Histogram equalization is a method that redistributes the intensity values in an image to achieve a more
uniform distribution, thereby enhancing the overall contrast of the image.
 The pinhole imaging model is a simple optical model that describes how a scene is projected onto an
image plane through a small aperture (pinhole).
 How it is work :
1) Light rays from an object pass through a tiny pinhole (aperture).
2) The rays converge onto an image plane, creating an inverted and reversed image.
3) The image is proportional to the object's size and distance from the pinhole.
4) The pinhole acts as a single point, capturing light from all directions.

This model is used in:


 Pinhole cameras (camera obscura)
 Optical imaging systems
 Computer vision
 Ray tracing
 The pinhole imaging model is a fundamental concept in optics and computer graphics, helping us
understand how light behaves and how images are formed.
Example :
 2D image transformation refers to changing the position, size, orientation, or shape of an
image.
 These transformations are done using mathematical operations on the pixels of the image.
 The fundamental geometrical 2d Transformation in Computer Graphics include:
1) Translation
2) Rotation
3) Scaling

 The derived geometrical 2d Transformation in Computer Graphics are:


4) Reflection
5) Shearing
Translation:
 Moving an image from one position to another without changing its size or orientation.
 Example: Shifting an image 50 pixels to the right and 30 pixels down.
Rotation
 Rotating an image around a point (usually the center) by a certain angle.
 Example: Rotating an image by 90 degrees.
Scaling
 Changing the size of the image (enlarging or shrinking).
 Example: Doubling the size of an image.
Reflection
 Flipping the image across a line (horizontal or vertical).
 Example: Mirroring an image along the vertical axis.
Shearing
 Tilting the image in a certain direction to change its shape.
 Example: Skewing an image to make it look like it's leaning to the left.
Definition:
 A pixel (short for "picture element") is the smallest unit of a digital image, representing a single point in
a raster grid.
Characteristics:
 Each pixel has a specific color, defined by its RGB (Red, Green, Blue) or grayscale value.
 Pixels collectively form an image, where their arrangement and values determine the image's
appearance.
Pixel Transformation Methods:
 Pixel transformation involves changing pixel values to enhance, manipulate, or analyze images.
Common methods include:
1) Linear Transformation
2) Logarithmic Transformation
3) Exponential Transformation
4) Power-Law (Gamma) Transformation
5) Thresholding Transformation
6) Histogram Equalization
7) Bit-Plane Slicing
1) Linear Transformation 5) Thresholding Transformation
 Scaling, Shifting  Binary Segmentation

2) Logarithmic Transformation 6) Histogram Equalization


 Contrast Enhancement (Low Intensity)  Contrast Normalization

3) Exponential Transformation 7) Bit-Plane Slicing


 Contrast Enhancement (High Intensity)  Detail Highlighting, Layer Separation

4) Power-Law (Gamma) Transformation


 Brightness Adjustment, Gamma Correction
Video Link

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