Introduction to i

𝐚. 𝐛 = 𝐚𝐛?

❖ What is the value of −16 × −1? [BUTEX’10-11]

❖ What is the value of −2 × −1? [BUTEX’09-10]

 Power of i

❖ Determine the value of i .

47

1 5 9
i = i = i =
2 6 10
i = i = i =
3 7 11
i = i = i =
4 8 12
i = i = i =

❖ Determine the value of i4422322321

.
 Power of i

❑ What is the value of i

−95
?
(a) 1
(b) i
(c) −i
(d) −1
(e) None
 Quiz–01

1+i n
❖ Find the smallest positive integer n for which =1 [BUET’10-11]
1−i

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 6

(d) 4
Series of i
 Series of i

2 3
❖ i + i + i + i + ⋯+ i 4 25
=? [IUT’19-20]

5 7 9 53
❖ i + i + i + ⋯+ i =?

5 7 9 55
❖ i + i + i + ⋯+ i =?
 Series of i

❖ 13
σn=1 i n
+in+1
=? [JEE Main 1998]
 Series of i

i i2 i3 i25
❖ i .i .i .…….i =?

n 2k
❖ σk=0 i =? [n ∈ 𝕎]
 Series of i

2 5 8
❖ i +i +i +i 11 50
+ ⋯+ i =? [IUT’19-20]
 Series of i

100 n!
❖ σn=1 i =?
 Quiz–02

100 (2n−1)!
❖ σn=1 i =?

(a) 100 + i

(b) 199 − i

(c) 97 + i

(d) 199 + i
 Series of i

100 n
❖ σn=1 n. i =?
Rotation when multiplied by 𝐢

𝟐𝐢

−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

−𝐢

−𝟐𝐢
 Rotation when multiplied by 𝐢

1 5 9
i =i i =i i =i
2 6 10
i = −1 i = −1 i = −1
3 7 11
𝟗
𝐢 =𝐢 =𝐢 𝟓 i = −i i = −i i = −i
4 8 12
× 𝐢× 𝐢× 𝐢 × 𝐢× 𝐢× 𝐢 i =1 i =1 i =1

𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏= 𝐢 𝟒 = 𝐢𝟖 = 𝐢𝟏𝟐
𝐢 = 𝐢 = 𝐢 = −𝟏
× 𝐢× 𝐢 × 𝐢 × 𝐢× 𝐢× 𝐢
𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
−𝐢 = 𝐢 = 𝐢 = 𝐢
 Complex Numbers in Argand's Diagram

Represent 2 + 3i in Argand Diagram Represent −2 + 3i in Argand Diagram

(𝟐, 𝟑) (−𝟐, 𝟑)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
 Complex Numbers in Argand's Diagram

Represent −2 − 3i in Argand Diagram Represent 2 − 3i in Argand Diagram

−𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑−𝟐 −𝟏
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

(−𝟐, −𝟑) (𝟐, −𝟑)

 Complex Numbers

❖ z = x + iy
Y

P(x, y)

X′ O X
x N

Y′
 Complex Numbers

❖ A particle P, starts from the point zo = 1 + 2i. At first it moves 5 units away from the
origin in the horizontal direction and then it moves 3 units away from origin in the
vertical direction and reaches the point z1 . From z1 the particle moves a distance of
𝜋
2 in the direction of መiሶ + መjሶ and then the particle moves through an angle of in the
2

anticlockwise direction on a circle with center at the origin to reach the point 𝑧2 . The
value of 𝑧2 is- [2008, 3M]
(a) 6 + 7i
(b) −7 + 6i
(c) 7 + 6i
(d) −6 + 7i
 Complex Number and its Modulus and Argument

❖ If z = x + iy is a complex number then its modulus is r = x 2 + y .

2

❖ Arguments are of 2 kinds. (i) Principal Argument [− π < θ ≤ π] (ii) General Argument.
❖ If the principal Argument of a complex number is θ then general argument is 2nπ + θ.
Y

P(r, θ)
P(x, y)

r
y
θ
X′ O x N X

Y′
 Conjugate Complex Number

Y ❖ If z = x + iy is a complex number with

modulus r and argument θ then, the conjugate
P(r, θ)
complex number of z is zത = x – iy whose
P(x, y)
modulus is r and argument is −θ.
r
y
θ x N
X′ O X
−θ
−y
r

Q(r, −θ)
Q(x, −y)
Y′
 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

❖ Determine the Modulus and Principal Argument of the following complex number:

i 5
(0,5)
ii 5i
(−5,0)
iii − 5
(5,0)
iv − 5i
(0, −5)
 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

❖ Determine the Modulus and Principal Argument of the following complex number:

v 1+i

vi − 1 + i [RUET’09-10, SUST’10-11] 1 1
θ θ
vii − 1 − i −1 1
−1 1
viii 1 − i θ
θ
−1 −1
 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

a+ia
❖ a, b, c and d are real positive numbers and all are greater than zero in A = + id.
b−ic

If c > b, what will be θ, the argument of A? [RUET’14-15]

(a) 0° < θ < 90°

(b) 90° < θ < 180°

(c) 180° < θ < 270°

(d) 270° < θ < 360°

(e) −90° < θ < 0°

 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

❖ If the four complex numbersz, zത, zത − 2Re zത and z − 2Re(z) represent the vertices of
a square of side 4 units in the argand plane then z is equal to- [JEE Main 2020]

(a) 4 2

(b) 4

(c) 2 2

(d) 2
 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

❖ Show that, the area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz
1
in the argand plane is 2
z . [BUET’22-23(Collected)]
2
 Complex Numbers and its Modulus and Argument

❖ If z be a complex number satisfying Re(z) + Im z = 4, then z can not be equal

of which of the following? [JEE Main 2020]

17
(a)
2

(b) 10

(c) 7

(d) 8
 Represent in 𝐀 + 𝐢𝐁 form
2 θ
❖ If z = cos θ + i sin θ, then show that, =1− i tan . [RUET'19-20]
1+z 2
 Represent in 𝐀 + 𝐢𝐁 form

π 3+2i sin θ
❖ Say, A = θ ∈ − ,π : is purely imaginary then, what is the summation
2 1−2i sin θ

of the elements of set A? [2019 Main, 9 Jan I]

3π
(a)
4

5π
(b)
6

(c) π
2π
(d)
3
 Related to Conjugate Complex Number

❖ If z1 , z2 and z3 are such complex numbers that, whereas z1 = z2 = z3 =

1 1 1
+ + = 1. then, z1 + z2 + z3 =? [2000, 2M]
z1 z2 z3

(a) equal to 1
(b) less than 1
(c) greater than 3
(d) equal to 3
 Polar Form of a Complex Number

❖ Polar Form: z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) = re iθ

[Euler′s Formula: cos θ + i sin θ = e ]
iθ

P(r, θ)
P(x, y)

r
y
θ
X′ O X
x N

Y′
 Related to Polar Form of a Complex Number

3+2i 1+5i
❖ If re iθ
= + , then find the value of r and θ. [BUET'17-18]
2+3i 1−2i
 Related to Polar Form of a Complex Number

❖ Determine the modulus and argument of i & 1 + i

i 1+ 3i
.
 Related to Polar Form of a Complex Number

❖ What is the most appropriate value of log e (1 + i)? [RUET’14-15]

1 π
(a) log e 2 + i
2 4
π
(b) 2 log e 2 + i
4
1 π
(c) log e 2 − i
2 4
1 1
(d) log e 2 + 2n + πi where n is an integer.
2 4
1 1
(e) log e 2 + n+ πi where n is an integer.
2 4
 Related to Polar Form of a Complex Number

a−ib 2ab
❖ Show that, tan i log e = 2 2 [ where a, b ∈ R ]
a+ib a −b
 Quiz–03

❖ ln(−1) =?
(a) 2i
(b) 2πi
(c) 2nπi
(d) 2n + 1 πi
(e) None
 Related to Polar Form of a Complex Number

6π 6π
❖ If z = 1 + cos + i sin , then find the modulus and argument of z.
5 5
 Some Properties of Complex Numbers

❖ Product: z1 z2 = z1 z2 and Arg z1 z2 = Arg z1 + Arg(z2 )

z1 z1 z1
❖ Division: = and Arg = Arg z1 − Arg(z2 )
z2 z2 z2

𝐭𝐡
❖ 𝐧 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫: z n
= z n
and Arg z n
= n. Arg z
 Some Properties of Complex Numbers

2+i3
❖ What is the value of ? [KUET’11-12, 13-14]
2+3i
 Some Properties of Complex Numbers

❖ The Polar form of 2 3 − 2i −2 3 + 6i is- [KUET’12-13]

π
i
a 16 3e 2

3π
i
b 16 3e 2

π
i
c 16 3e 4

3π
i
d 16 3e 4

5π
i
e 16 3e 4
 Rotation

❖ What will be the rotation of the complex number 1 + i if multiplied by 1 + 3i.

❖ What will be the rotation of the complex number 1 + 3i if multiplied by 1 + i.

 Some Properties of Conjugate Complex Number

(i) z1 z2 = z1 . z2 (iii) z n = z n

z1 z1
(ii) = (iv) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
z2 z2
 Some Properties of Conjugate Complex Number

3 3
❖ If a + ib = x + iy, then show that, a − ib = x − iy.
[BUET’03-04,RUET’03-04,07-08,BUTEX’03-04, 09-10]

a+ib a−ib
❖ If x + iy = , then show that, x − iy =
c+id c−id
 Some Properties of Conjugate Complex Number

❖ If a + ib 5
= x + iy, then prove that, b + ia 5
= y + ix.
 Related to Proof

3 a b
❖ If a + ib = x + iy then show that, 4 x − y
2 2
= + .
x y
[BUTEX’05-06, KUET’03-04, RUET’05-06, 08-09, BUET’05-06, 11-12]
 Value Determination

❖ Determine all the non zero complex number z which satisfies the equation zത = iz .
2

[1996, 2M]
 Value Determination

❖ For all complex number z of the form 1 + iα, α ∈ ℝ, if z = x + iy then-

2

[JEE Main 2014]

(a) y − 4x + 2 = 0
2

(b) y + 4x − 4 = 0
2

(c) y − 4x − 4 = 0
2

(d) y + 4x + 2 = 0
2
 Value Determination

2z−n
❖ Let, z ∈ ℂ with Im z = 10 and it satisfies = 2i − 1 for a natural number n.
2z+n

Then- [JEE Main 2019]

(a) n = 20 and Re z = −10
(b) n = 40 and Re z = 10
(c) n = 40 and Re z = −10
(d) n = 20 and Re z = 10