5

D.C. Network Theorems

5. 1 INTRODUCTION

A network may be solved by the application of the basic network laws (Ohm's law, KCL and KV
However, in large and complex network, these methods are laborious and time consuming . In tl
chapter we shall study a set of linear circuit principles which provide quick and simple soluti<
of circuit problems. These principles are called circuit theorems or network theorems because t1
can be proved under very general conditions and their conclusions are relatively simple. Tb
network theorems provide short-cut methods to solve complex networks. These theorems
derived from the three basic laws (Ohm's law, KCL and KVL). In this chapter we shall study so
important theorems, namely, superposit ion theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, i
maximum power-tran sfer theorem applied to de networks.
The superposit ion theorem follows the assumption of linearity of circuit elements, and i
necessary for the formal proof qf other theorems. It is specially very useful when the networks
excited by different types of so1:1rces, that is, ac and de, or ac with different frequencie s.
The Thevenin's theorem1 is very useful when one is interested in the response in one bra
of that network only for differ,e nt values of its impedance in that branch. The replaceme nt of
active network between two points by an equivalent source and a resistance is very much heli;
Norton's theorem is the dual of Thevenin's theorem when one is confronted with current soUJ
'nstead of voltage sources.
The maximum power-tran sfer theorem is very important for matching load to the sou.re
~lectronic and communic ation networks for maximum power output. In these circuits, as the po
eve] is low, the efficiency is not very important .

;,2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

.,
>u~erposition is a general princi ple that allows us to determine the effect of several energy sou
tctin? ~imultaneo usly on a system by considerin g tl,e effect of each source acting alone, and 1
0
mb1mng (superposi ng) those effects.
Superposit ion theorem fo r de networks is stated as follows :
In a linear de net\york containing more than \ one independe nt energy source, H~~ O\
response (that is, the current through or voltage across) in a ny branch is equal to t~ £1.1ge
~um of the responses due to each independe nt source acting one at a time with al)~'otbier
Independent sources set equal to zero.
 N~
FUN~~~-~!.~-~~--?,~.-~~~~!-~!.~~~•-.~~.~I·········~~!~
....................
............................ .............................. that the source is replace d b · ·• . ..
th t th e source . y ..n
1 to zero means ro means a
n
............................................
92
ual to ze d to b ls r ~
0
urce egua be consid ere e a Volta epj~
e source eq.
. ·t s;;:~~:i;,
.
1
1
·deal current so
setting an idea~ ;~~t;! short ~jrcu~ : ~ 8 curren t source of value z!:
0
80
lltei:;
~1Yr:u:hort circuit. It is to be ~or!it maY be consh1detr1·~s contrib ution has been made equal .. ~niPet1
t d an open ct .to zero me~ ns t a k ti . or ~ti iei,.•v,
I e ual 11 linear netwo r s,. me-va rying
value zero vo 'an
Thus, settmg of a so_~ce q em is applicable to ~ wavefo rms of the indepe
ndent sou ?lie 1~
The superpos1t1on th~or locations, types an .
rcea.~
· t It holds for al1 possible · and s domain.
vanan . . h time domain
theorem applies both m t e
POSITION THEOREM
5.3 APPLICATION OF SUPER ·t· theore m is as follows :
. ·t by superpo ion
s1
The procedure for analyzi ng a ctrcm . 't
in the ctrcm • .
1. Select any one source ual to zero. That is, replac e all othe r Ide
· d dent sources eq
2. Set all other m epen . 'ts and al1 other ideal curren t source s by
open circ .a
UJt1
voltage sources by short ctrcm• th ircuit un d'1s t urb e d •
3 Keep the dependent sources m e c
· . h 'tud and direction of the curren t throug h the desired bran c1
4. Determme t e magm 8 .
ste P. 1·
as a result of single source selected m
t through tn1
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each source in turn unthil thed compo nent curret~
desired branch has been caJculated due to eac an every source ac mg alone.
currenl
6. Algebraically add all the component curren ts to obtain ~he ~esire d branch
This sum is the actual curren t when all source s are acting simult aneous ly (that 18

when a11 sources are present).

manner.
The voltage across any branch in the circuit can also be fo und in a simila r
dent source in 1
The superposition theorem applies only to independent source s. A depen
circuit is treated as just another circuit element for calcula tion purpose.
The superposition principle is illustra ted by the follow~ng examp les :
EXAMPLES.I
princip~e~lculate the curren t in each branch of the networ k shown in Fig. 5.1 (a)
by the superposition

SOLUTI ON
.
Consider the 20 V source alone and r 1 th8 by a short circuit (a zero-resis·
tance conductor). The given network th hep ace 10 V source
which is redrawn ~s
Fig. 5.1 (c). Let the currents be as sho: i:co,;es 5as shown in Fig. 5.1 (b),
1
g. · (c). Equiv alent resista nce of R 2 andR310
parallel

== RzRa - ~ 4
. R2 +Ra - 2 + 4 = -3 n
Tota] resistance of the netwo k 1• Fi g. 5.1 (c)
r ~
==R1 + (R2 II Ra)
=2 +i- 10
3-30
 16 J4
R1 R2
l_ h R1 Is fr,
.n 10 V V:~2
R.~ 4 V:~1 R.i
- v.. 1 R:1 R2

(a)
(b) (c)
[7
" ' I? 4A lA
R2
ls l '-¾ R2 2n
lt1. 2n
3A
R3 V:q2 - R1 R3 V.q2 20 V 4 .n 10 V

(d) (e)

Fig. 5.1. Illustrating J:!.:xample 5.1.

The currents 15 and 16 are found by current-divider theorem.

ls= R2l4 2 x 6 =2 A
R2 +R3 2 +4
1 = R3l4 = 4 ~ 6 - 4 A
6 ·R 2 +R3 2~4-
Alternatively, 16 = 14 - /5 =6 - 2 =4 A
Now consider tlie 10 V source alone and replace the 20 V source by a short circuit. The given
network of Fig. 5.1 (a) then becomes as shown in Fig. 5.1 (d), which is redrawn as Fig. 5.1 (e). Let
the currents be as shown in Fig. 5.1 (e).
Equivalent resistance of R 1 and R 3 in parallel
_ R1R3 _ 2 x 4 =4 n
- R 1 + R3 - 2+4 3

Tota] resistance of the network in Fig. 5.1 (e)

4 4 10
-R2
- +-=3 2 +-=-il
3 3

-
17 - 10/3
Vs2 = __!Q_ = 3 A
10/3
The current 18 and lg are found by current-'ciivider theorem.
R1 _2x3 =l A
Ia= R1 + R3 /7 - 2 + 4
4X3 =
R'3/7
lg= R1 + R3 - 2 + 4
_ 2A
 FtJNJ?.~~~~.~.:.~........................................: ..:::~~~lN~
....................... ··········~~.\i
·········
........................... t through any branch is found
............................... tbe curren by t&t.,
94 ............ h orefJl, l\\1
.............,.............. to th• euperPo~tit~:u;h ;t. Thus, '
According f the curren . 6_1 (a) . . 5 1 (c) and Fig. 5.1 (e) E
b aic sUJl1 ° R1 in fig. h R1 1n Fig, ·
the alge r rent through nts throug . Fi 5 .1 (b) and Fig. 5.1 (d)
11== cur f the curre h R in g . .
-:_ I\Igebraic suJJl o urrents throug l
- . of thee
== aJgebra1c suJJl - 6 - 2 ::::: 4 A
J) == l4-l9- ) .
== 14 + (- 9 R in Fig. 5.1 (a .. Fi 5 1 (c) and Fig. 5.1 (e)
SoLUTl
- current through 2 through R2 in g. . .
12- . of the currents . t.'; • 5 .1 (b) and Fig. 5.1 (d)
== algebraic sum ents through R2 in ,g ,1.·
2n re
. urn of the curr
== algebrruc s
I -3-4:::-lA
==l7 - 6 - hR in Fig. 5·1 (a) d Fi 5 1 () result
== current throug 3 h R in Fig. 5.1 (c) an g. · e
1s urrents throug 3 curre1
=algebraicsumofthec hR in Fig, 5.1 (b) and Fig. 5.1 (d)
. f the currents throug 3
= algebraic sum 0
3 · · ·
· dicat es th a tth e direction,
-J-+l
- o 8 =2+1= A . 1 A The negative sign in
t . R in Fig 5.1 (a) is - . .
The curren m 2. .' d direction. Hence the corrected currents are shown t.
12 in Fig. 5.1 (a) is opposite to the assume (c ) . 1
divis
Fig. 5.1 (/). J' t' f KCL d KVL
The results obtained for 11, 12, apd /3 can be verified by app 1ca ion o - an .

ExAMPLE 5.2
Determine the current I in the network shown in Fig. 5.2 by the principle of superpositio~

SoLUTION
The given circuit consists of two sources, namely, 24 V voltage source and 5 A current so~
We shall determine current I due to each source acting alone.
(a) Only 24 V voltage source in the circuit
a a a 5A
6Q
+
+
v,
ls= 24 V n oc +
6 SC

h
(a) b b
(b) (c)
The 5 A Fig. 5.2.
R - . current 8ource l•B open- . . h
ab - 6, is determined by the 24 V volt:r::•ted as shown in Fig. 5.2 (b ). The current 11 thro\lg
g ource alone B Oh ms' law
• Y
11 -- -24
- 2A
(b) Only 5-A current source in th . 6 +6 -
In Fia J5 2 ( ) th evoltage so e circuit .
:3 r~JOJ ~ -/ c,
ctiun1.y{noo '-cine to 5 A urce of 24 V . .
g o " ~ 71 current source alone. le short-circuited Th
• e current J2 throug
b Rab JS
 o.C
NEfWORK :~.~.~~?.~.~·~·····....... .................................... 95
... .... ····•·"··· ········•·•·······••·•········•·•·•·······•·•·····..·-·································...............................

5
/2 =
2 = 2.5 A
BY superposition theorem, the total current through Rab is
1=11 +12 =2+2.5= 4.5A

~pI,E5,3 . . . • .
i Deterrnme the current 11 m the e1rcu1t of Fig. 5.3 (a) by the superposition theorem.

50LlJTJON . . . .
There are three sources m the given e1rcmt. We shall determine the current through the
·stor due to each source acting alone.
Z!l res1
(a) Only 12 V source in the circuit
_ The 6 A current source is open-circuited and the 8 V voltage source is short-circuited. The
u]ting circuit is shown in Fig. 5.3 (b ). There is no current through the open circuit. Hence the
r:rent through the 3 .Q resis~r is zero. By Ohm's law
C 12
10 = - + = - 1.5 A
2 6
(b) Only 6 A current source in the circuit
The 12 V voltage source and the 8 V voltage source are short circuited as shown in Fig. 5.3
(c). The 6 A current source is supplying ~rrent to 2 .Q and 6 n resistors in parallel. By current
division rule in Fig. 5.3 (c) ·

Ii 2 n Ia 2 !l

6Q

12 V 12 V

+ + oc SC

(a) (b)

le 2n

6 .Q

SC SC

6A SC oc

(d)
(c)
Fig. 5.3.

(c) Only 8 V source in the circuit V ltage sou1ce is short-circuited a

~
1' ro r . ..1 ru!'-r-ent
show - ~~~ . ·
source 1s open-circm
·ted and the 12 vo
,
s
~Jn !'i~ a.a {'2). ~y @hm's law
 ·······•············ ....- 0-.cl
,..
.. ··•···· B __ 1 A
.. . ·····
--=- h n res isto r 1s . .
Q(,
. · 1c :::: - 6 + 2 ou gh t e 2
1 5 + 4.5 - 1 = 2 A
h tota 1 cur ren t thr
I -- .
"ti' 0 n prin cipl e, t e /1 ==Ia+ lb+ c -
osJ
By superP

ugh or vol tag e acr oss any one bran ln1

ch .
eoREM the net wo rk. In such
THEVENIN'S TH . e the current_ thro er bra nch es ofwo rk and the n solVin c~
. d to deterrrun voltages in oth th wh ole net
5.4 l ' beranch In oth er wo rds , it is al wag the~
etim es it istde sl1c r~at ing cur ren ts otro f equ atio nsufior · · 1 Ye
Som Jete se rti' c at con ven ien t y be Used fi nri1.
k 'tho u ca P ltag e in pa m ma y or 8~1
networ to writ e com
WI
it is not necessa?' ·ngle curren t or _vo ·t Tbe ven in's the ore
equations for this st the com plet e e1rcU1 .
..
• necessary to ana lyse
. , Theorem for DC Net wor ks b sta ted as foll ow s : di d
problems. tworks may e h
Theuenin s ind epe nde nt an or epe nde nt vo}t,~
. ,s theorem for de ne tw k N cons1s . ti'ng of . bb ·
Thevenm or ]ace d at a pai r of t_erm1n~ls a - . ya sim ple equivalent
ve de ne
ries wit h a sin gle res ista nce RTh·
A linear 2-te rmi nal a~ti
and sin s can besou
resistorvolt rep V Th m .
le age rce se
and current s?u~ces the ter mi nal s a - b wh en the y
are open·
network cons1stm g of a g o 88
V · the voltage aer
18 . ]t
The source voltage, Th• in eqw val ent vo age .
. . ll d the The ven the rat io of the open-circ uit
volt age
18
ca e_ . t R has 8 val ue giv en by . . .
circuited. This
The equivalent Thevenin res1s flnce,
Th,
net wo rk N. That 1s,
s h or t ·
-c1rc u1 ·t cur ren tat the term ina ls a - b of the ong ma ]
voltage and the
ni~ als a-b of net wo rk N
_ open-circuit voltage acro ss the ten
ter mm als a-b of net wo rk N
Rrh - short-circuit cur ren t thro ugh the
equ iva len t T h eve nin res ista nce
Rrh is the total
If all the sources are ind epe nde nt, the ]ac ed by short
ope n-ci rcui ted term ina ls a - b whe n a11 ide al vol tag e sou rce s are rep
resistance at the
rep lace d by ope n circ uits .
circuits and all ideal cur ren t sources are Ri as shown
line ar act1 ve netw ork N con nec ted to an arb itra ry loa d res ista nce
Consider a stor RL
pos e of det enn inin g the cur ren t t h rou g h or vol tag e acr oss the resi · I
in Fig. S.4 . For the pur b th f
connected between the term inal s a - ' e res t O t h e net wo rk m ay be rep lac ed by a s1mp e
tw k . . es wit h R
eqm·va len t ne or contammg V Th in seri Th·

r-- --- --- --- -1 a

a I
I

h
I RrH
Active I + h
I
Network N
Rl === l
I V TH
I
'
I I
I - I
b

t------- -__
:
I

J b
(a ) The ven in Equ iva t o
len

Fig. 6,4. (a) Ori . al

Network N (b)
gin network (6) Thev .
5.5 emn equivalent n t wor k .
APPLICATIO N OF THEVEN IN·s TH e
The Procedure for the applicati on of Tb
EOAEM
- evenin'a theoreni .
ta aa follows :
 • ,•ol\J.: Tl 1Et1KEM!:i
oc NE~................ ....... .... . . .. .................................................................................................................... ?.?.
1· Open -d rcuit t he t.cwm i n nl ~ r, . /, witl .
· l I tl , \toApl,cttowhi .
I tl Th ovonin equivnlent circuit
t· 1 • 1 ('
is dt•sH't'< • n o lt'l" words, n ,movo 11 tl
Thevenin oquivnlen t. T hus, nn opon" .. Hi' ('U-rnitr~ thnt will not be roplnced by a
<'ll t'U t. nt t•.'rnnnul O l · d
• > rn crente .
2. Find the voltngo nc\·oss Uw tonninnls -l 11011 th0 1:1

is Vrh or \ •oc. It mny bo cnlcnlntod b n > ':' Y nrn open-circuite d. This voltage
node nnd m t'.ih mrnlysis dep~ndinrr O y t\ltstng KCL, KVL, liUperposition principle, or
~ n 10 complexity of tho cl ·t
3 Find the curnmt lsc through th" ter1ni 1 rem ·
· ·"-d .
• . nn i:i o- b whon they nre s h or t -circu1~
4 . Det~rmine t he vnlue of th e Th evenm equivnle 1tt 181318. . t R .
relation nnce of the Th with the help

Rrh a Vn =-- Voe

Isc Isc
If a ll the sources in the original network are ind • ·
resistnnce is equal to the total •t · ependent, the eqwvalent Thevenin
back into the network wh [ie~~s alnce at the open-circuited terminals a- b looking
. en n 1 ea voltage sources are replaced by short circuits
and nll ideal curtent sources nre replaced by open circuits.
5. Drnw t~e Thevenin equivalent network between the Thevenin terminals a-b by
connectmg the voltage sow·ce Vrh in seties with Rrh.
6. The ex~ernnl c~rcuitry that wns removed in step 1 is now reconnected across the
Thevenm termmals a-b. It is to be noted that the .polarity of VTh is such that it
produces the current in the ,"'xternal circuitry in the same direction as the original
circuit produced it.

5.6 NORTON'S THEOREM

Norton's theorem is ~lso an equivalent circuit theoyem which is ~pplicable for a portion of the
circuit. With the help of this theorem we can replace a complex network by a current source in
parallel with a single resistor. Norton's theorem is the dual of Thevenin's theorem and can be
written simply by paraphrasin g Thevenin's theorem. ·
Nol'ton's theorem for de networks may be stated as follows :
A Jin ear 2-terminal active de network N consisting of independen t and or/dependen t voltage
nnd current sources and resistors can be replaced at a pair of terminal1;1 a-b by a simple equivalent
network consisting of a single current source IN in parallel with a singl~ resistor RN. ·
The source current, IN, is the current through the terminals a.-b when they are ehort-
circuited. This current is called the Norton equivalent current. Since the current IN is the current ·
r- ----------- ~-~ a
I
n I
I
I
I
h
h I
I
I
I
Active
Ri
I
I IN RN I Rt
I
Network N I I
I I
I I
I
b I I
b
L------~
I
---- -- 1
, Equivalent of
Network N
(b)
(a)

F~ 5 .5 . (a) Origino.l network, (b) Norton equivalent network.

 - - - - . ''" --AL
.i;., ..... - - -
ftJN.~~~~········· ............................................. ~Nc; }-, -
............. ········ 1·~t~
.............................................. . d it rnaY be also be denoted ·······•.·
................... t-circu1te , by I
............. shor .Sc,1.
98 ........................... theY are 11
....... ... - b when . tance between the load ten-.. •
ina1s a . t he res1s . . . ••11na1
throug
h the terrn
tance,
RN, ts ces replaced by the1r internal a Q
19 d 8 )1 sour tea· i,
1·s ' fN:::: l sc· ·vaJen t :Norton resJoa d re moved an equJV . alent circuit are shown in F1· 1at~h
g, 5 5 ·,.
The equ1 k :N, with the N d its :Norton d . exactly the same way as th . .
the original ~etwo;ctive network . ::nee is calcul ate m e 'l'he\
5.8
I

The hnear .
UJ\18 e
l nt rests The mE
The No~ton eq == Rrh · ~
. 1 nt resistance· RN d •n p arallel with the current sou is equa
eqlllva e . . R js connecte 1 tce,zfy,'
:. uivaJent circuit, N . . sion rul e, '
In the Norton eq d by the current d1Vl 'l'be Tl
. alculate R
load current his c - N IN
h- RN+RL

ON'S THEOREM
APPLICATION OF NORT
5. 7 t ' theorem is as follows :
h ]'cation of Nor on s · · h 1 d te ·
Th e procedure fort e app 1 R d then short-cucmt t e oa rnunals a-b
te 1 load L an - ~-
1. Remove the ex rna ·valent circuit is desired~
t to which the Norton eqw
respec . h h the terminals when they are short-circuited i-
2. Determine the current t roug .,
current is IN or lsc.
There is alternative method of determining IN.
Vrh
IN= RTh
3. Redraw the network with each ideal voltage source replaced by a short circuit t estel
each idea! current source replaced by an open circuit.
4. CaJcuJate the resistance RN .of the redrawn network at the open-circuited tennin:
a-b . It is to be noted that RN= RTh.
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit between the terminals a-b by connecting t
current source IN in para11e1 with RN. ·
6
· The external load Rt that was short-circuited in step 1 is now reconnected acn~
t?e ~orton terminals a-b. It is to be noted that the direction of IN is such th a\
c1rcu ates the current in the 1 d R . . 1 ·re~
circulated it. oa L m the same direction as the origma ci
7. The load current h throu h R .
g L is calculated from the formula
h== RN
RN+R£ 1N
a
r--~----<Ja

Fig,6,6 E . . b
. qu1vaJent of Th .
even1n a od hl,, ,
..... -····~~~g~.~
o.c. ' .. !.~.~?..~~·~···························"························· ·············································~!.
Jt is to be noted that the Norto . ............... ....
tw k d . n equwalent t
. d _from the Thevenin
be obtaine
,q Jvalent ne or an .
uice versa simply b y source transformati
ne work canon as shown m Fig 5 6

S,B MAXIMUM POWER TRf+NSFER THEOREM ...

lJ' rna,dmum
rT'l,e . . power transfer-.theorem fo r d c networks is 8 t ted
connected to a de ne t wor k rece1ves
. a. as follows :
h Thload .
A res1stive
is equal to t e e~enm equivalent resistance of the net':::~mum power when the load resistance
proof. Cons1der a de network N (Fi ( as seen ffom the load terminals. 8
. • g. 5 ·7 a)) connected t 0 •
Th• 'f heventn equt val en t network i 9 8 hown in Fig. 5 .7 (l,). a rest stor load R L at t.erminal a-l> .
r------------1
I
a
I I
a
\ RTH h
II. I
I

N VTH
I
I
I
b I
I
b
'i_-Th~;e~i~ - - - - J
Network.N
(b)
(a)
Fig. 5.7.

.Here .
V Th . represents · resistance.
the-Thevenin voltage and R Th th e Th evenm · we are mt.er
·
ested m det.emnmng the value of RL when it receives' maximum power fro~ the network N.
The load current is given by
Vrh (5.8.1)
IL=----
RTh +RL
The power delivered to the load is (.5.8.2)
Pi=l[RL
2
VTh ] Vf>iRL .
= ( RTh +RL RL= Rfh +2RrhRL +RE
(5.8.3)
Vfh
=---------
(Rf,/Ri) + 2 Rrh + RL
. It is seen that if Ri = 0, that is, a short cir~uit, then from Eq. (5.8:2), Pi= 0. When Riis
infinite, that is, an open circ.u it, Ji= O and hence-_Pi = 0. Between these extreme conditiotJ.s Pi is
always finite and positive. Consequently, we expect that for a particular value of Ri, the power
PL will be a maximum. This occurs when the tight-hand side of Eq. (5.8.3) is a maximum. Since
VTh is a constant, the right-hand side of Eq. (5.8.3) will be. a maximum when its den9~nator is a

tninimum. Let
-Rfh + 2Rrh +RL ==x
r RL
 N l'A I ,., di
fU Np AM I·... ... ..... ... . • hi.
. .
I:<
........................................
100 ............................................. ,. ················· "'
..... cu fl d I t,1 ''
value of:\. in ,.J,,ctt:
For a minimum 2 ..
~ is po1:nttve
t;JCAMJ'J,1
1f ~ o and d.Rl J u
L _j _
d.R i Ri
ll!.!
+ 2R Th + RIJ 0
r~ai eto r
So LV 'JJ O
2
-
~ + 0 + 1 == 0 St
2 re sis to r,
Ri
2 ne tw or k
~ ::: 1 St
Ri Si l
RL= Rrh (5.8.5 d ro p in li
or
Now
d2x_!!:_t Rfh + 1\= 2R!h Th
dRi - dx Rf J RL (5.8.6,
Subst itu tin g Ri = RTh in
Eq . (5 . .G)
d 2x 2R, fh 2 Vr 1
dR t= Rfh = RTh S tE
2 Th
We find tha t -d x- is posit·
i ve, sho wi ng th at RL = Rr · in Fi g. 5.l
dR 2
L . h 1s a con d'1t 10
' n fior
a rm·m·m um valueol
x. In oth er wo rds , it is
a con dition for a ma xim um .
va lue of Rv Th us , th e
When Ri = RTh, the loa d th eo re m is pro ve d.
is sai d to be ma tch ed to
of power consumed by the th e so ur ce ne tw or k. Th e m axim
loa d is ob tai ne d by pu tti um valllf
ng RL = RTh in Eq . (5 :8. 3) .
p v:A RT h Vf h
L (m a~
(RTh + Rr h) 2 - 4 Rr h
---- (5.8.7
Als o, the power consume
d by RTh

p,,,h = 1 2 R - [2 R
'I L Th - L L = -Vf-h- (5.8 .8 1

To t al power supplied by th PT h- P 4 Rr h
e ne tw ork - L (max)

We define the effLCie n c

Pr = Prh +P
L (ma x)= = :r Jj - +
2 2 v:A 9l
v
loa d an d the total power
su pyp tedpotower transfer as
Th = V Th
(5.8 •
th Th 4 RTh 2 Rr h
the 1 d e ratio of th t~e
oa .
e av er ag e po we r consU d bY
IJle
In electronic an d cornrnu . p
low efficiency is tol era ble . T\ == _L <ma.!U == 0
for t n1cab on circuits
systems, th e powe r losses Pr .5 p.u. or 50 %
a dhe sake of Illa . 'Whe .
~ep.t as sm all as pos sible. re the pow
~l evoltnge drop1t;mum J>o )] tbls
es1st ance of the source
l-I o, the load n. the ge ne wer to :r involved is suffi
cie
r to e tra ns fe rre d to th ntly sroa ~owe(
• • • · en ce res1at e load. In " 9!e
, l>Ower circuits an ce is a rs a d h Th e ~
ma n ~ t e tra ns m iss
~l liT •' l.l l!l i\ • •
~ ~ are io n sys tef1 l" 1
. t;ei119
never / t,m es gr ea te r th an th e 10
'Perated t,eniOg
.
►
1'\'0RK l HEOREMS

oC NE ............................................. ··················································································································································· 10.1

Conditions. th
n)·cItan
shdou]d be n?te~ at in power systems, efficiency is the prime consideration, while
commumcation systems m · • ,
10
electro , ax1mum power transfer 1s more important.
EXAMPLE 5.4

. torUse
res1s
Th~venin's
aiven
e·
theorem
m Fig. 5.8 (a). to determine the current through and the voltage across the 25 n
SOLUTION

Step 1 : Since we want to determine the current through and the voltage across the 25 n
resistor, our first step _is to discon.nect the 25 n r~sistor from the original network. The resulting
network is shown m Fig. 5.8 (b ). Then we de term me V TH and RTH·
Step 2 : Determination of V TH

Since the circuit is open between a-b, there is no current in R • Hence there is no voltage
drop in R2, 2

Thus,

vab = voltage drop across R3 =R3l1 = R3 . R Vs

+R = 10 x 20
+ 10 = 10 V
1 3 10
VrH = open-circuit voltage at a-b = Vab = 10 V
Step 3 : Determination of RrH
The 20 V voltage source 1s
· shorted. Th e ne t war k of Fi g. 5 ·8 (b) then reduces to that shown
in Fig. 5.8 (c).

10 n 10 .n 10n 10n

v~ 20 V R3 10 .n 25 U 20 V R.

b (b)
(a)

10!2 Rr H a

· ~
Vrn 110 V
VTH lOV

.___ ___..,_____ - b _ ----

L Ob

(d)
(c) y;g. 6.8. Illustrating Example 6.4. .

. (c) measured at the terrrunal1

RTH = resistance of the ne t wo rk of Fig. 5.8
R 1R3 10 x 10 = 15 U
= R 2 + (R 1 II R3) =R2 + R 1 +R3 = 10 + 10 + 10d)
~ 'fhev~~in'si ~9.p,1Va
'"Tne . l en t 1·s shown m· Fig. 5.8 ( ·
 101
... ·················••···································································································
th
r.:t,ons. It should be n?ted at in power systems, efficiency is the prime consideration, while
.N1 ~jctron1c and commumcahon systems, maximum power transfer is more important.

~: ~,XA)f PLE 5.4

K Use Thevenin's theorem to determine the current through and the voltage across the 25 !l
in Fig. 5.8 (a).
res1s. tor given
SOLUTION _
Step J : Smee we want to determine the current through and the voltage across the 25 !l
' our first step .is to disconnect the 25 n resistor
reSIS
tor . from the oricrinal network. The resulting t:,•

network shown m Fig. 5.8 (b).

15 Then we determme VrH and RrH·
Step 2 : Determination of V TH
Since the circuit is open between a-b, there is no cmTent in R 2• Hence there is no voltage
drop in R2 ,
Thus,

Vab = voltage drop across R3 =Raf 1 =R3. Ri Vs+Ra= 10 x 10 20

+ = 10 V
10
Vn-1 - open- circuit voltage at a-b = V 0 b = 10 V
Step 3 : Determination of RrH
The 20 v voltage source is shorted. The network of Fig. 5.8 (b) t hen reduces to that shown
in Fig. 5.8 (c).

10 n 10 n a 10 .0. 10 .0.
a
R1 Ii R1 11 R2

v~ 20 V R3 10 n 25 i2 20 V Rs 10 .n

h
b (b)
(a)

R1 R2 . r,· RrH RTH

15 U
a

Ra 10 il VrH 1 HlV

Ob
VrH 10 V 25 H

b b
(d)
(c)
8 Illustrating Example 5.4.
. . 5..
F 1g
Fi 5 8 (c) measured at the t.erminals a-b
RTH == resistance of the network of g. ·
R1R3 - 10 + 10 x 10 = 15 n
== R 2 + (R1 II R 3) = R2 + R1 + R3 - 10 + 10
· s hown in Fig. 5 ·8 (d).
The Thevenin's equivalent 1s
 1 ...... N1,11k
!_~________,, ________,, _____ ---- ----- _,._, ___ ---- -- ---- -------- ---- __,,__ -- ..--"--------------------- -~-~~~~~~~--<:)f.__~~~ .. ': I~
~T,~_I\A. .· 1iNc :r ' ,
Step 4 : Determination of current throullh 26 !l resistor 1 "·
The 26 n resistor is now connected between o.--b of the Thevenin'• equi
25 n resistor-
VTH
Fig- 6-8 (e), Let I be the current through 10 vn ent "" •h •wn j

~
0 25
I~ RTH+25 15 + 25 = · A

Determination of voltage across 25 n resistor

Voltage across 25 .Cl resistor = 251 = 25 x 0.25 == 6.25 A

evenin'
E.uMJ>LE 5.5
theorem, rmme
- B
e current tn 20 n resistor of the network shown in Fi g. 5_9 (o.) by Th
Det.e · th ·

12 n
A

3 .Q
D

D
(a) . 2V (c)

7.8 mA

VrH

B
(d)
F'lir• 1.9, Illustrating E
xample 6.6.
SoLUTION
'
Calculat umofV
. TH
.
Im ag1ne th e reB1etor bet ween Band D
Curre removed
Voltage d nt via ABC 2 .
. rop acro11 RAB • 6 + 12 • 9A
1

D·~
I
 E'fWORK THEOREMS
~-.~: . ~ .......................................................................................... .
·············· · .................................................................................... 103

Current via ADC= 2 2

3 + 10 = 13 A
Voltage drop in AD, y AD= RWAD=3x-=~V
2
13 13
In mesh ABDA, by KVL
VAB + VBD + VDA = 0

V BD = - V DA - VAB = VAD _ VAB=----

6 2 8 V
8 13 3 - - 39
VvB=-V
39
.V TH= V DB = .!._ V
39
Calculation of RTH
.RrH is the resistance between the te rmma . 1s B and D with 20 n . t:o
replacing the battery with its internal resist ( , th1. res1s r removed and
in Fig. 5.9 (b). The equivalent network of Fianc; ze(bro) ~n s ca~e). ~ he resulting network is shown
g. •9 1s shown m Fig. 5.9 (c). Hence
RBD = (RAB II RBc) + (Rev II RvA)
_ 6 X 12 3 X 10 30
- 6 + 12 + 3 + 10 = 4 + 13 = 6.3 n
R TH = Rsv = 6.3 n
The Thevenin's equival en t is given in Fig. 5.9 (d).
Current through 20 n resistor
VTH _ 8/ 39 _ -3
=R +R - .... -7.8x l0 A = 7.8mAfromDt:oB
TH BD 6 ,U + 20
EXAMPLE5.6
theore Determine th~ current through 2 n resist.or in the network in Fig. 5.10 (a) by (a) Thevenin's
m, (b) Norton s theorem.
SOLUTION

(A) Application of Thevenin's theore~

step. 8tep. 1 : Since we are interested in determining the current through 2 n resist.or, our first
18 to disconnect the 2 n resistor from t he original network as shown in Fig. 5.10 (b).
8tep 2 : Determination of Thevenin voltage V Th
VTh = open-circuit voltage between A andB
= voltage between A and B when R3 is removed from the circuit
By KVL in the outer path MANPQM of Fig. 5,10 (b),
. 12 - Rl - R2l - 6 = 0
ll . 12 - 1 XI - 1 XI - 6 = 0, I= 3 A
Y KVL in path MABQM, 12- Ri- Vrh = O
9
· 12- 1 x 3 - V7'h=0, Vrh== v
Step 3 : D etermination of Thevenin · tance RTh
· resis .
red 1'he 1 V h t ircuited. The network of Fig. 5 10 (b)
a Uee lo 2 and 6 V voltage sources are or -c d
8
n as Fig. 5.10 (d). The t.e •• then
a 8 that sltown in Fig. 5.10 (c), which can be re raw rnunals A and
t 'o
', ~~
0 ~ LI.,....•~~, ....
 ~ ELECTR
FUNDAMENTALS 0·-~
--
····•·..........-,-·· ...... . . ~ ····----.

t of Fi g 5. 10 d lo ok in g oa'.!.r,
l'h 1W ttt1 h\ ,ei fit tR nN
n," = rll •i 111 rnne.a of th e ne tw or_k
ma Js •.\B
na tv, or k f'rom the: t.e m1
R 1R" 1 :< 1 _
R
- R tfi,?n• = R ] ... 2 = - 1
""t'
1 = O. .> n
il'l1lc:1tf nc 'fu or k .,' "
:?11111 rirl I '}'I,, I ( fJ ,,, vq11 ee n te rm in al s AB is dr aw n by co n. ne ~,
,h
'J'ha l'h iWdn in 1ul \'t lla
nt na tw or k ba tw
Fig. 5. 10 (e).
!: •!it

wi th RTlt ilhown in
Aa
u,l lH •« Va, 111 11nria11
rr, nt th ro ug h 2 n re
sis to r
fr; nn mn ffo n ol cu ; -,,:n.. -
te a a.C.."":)sE tnr,..
Sf, J' Ii ,' /Jt
wn s rem oH ~d in ste p 1 is no w re co nn ec
nt
'l'hcs luruf • ctafdf m R:1 th
(d1 '111f11ula /\I I u" ~hnw
n in Fig . 5. 10 (/). re sis ta nc e R 3 is gi ve n by
t
rr t,n 1 1 , th ro ug h th e lo ad
lly Ohm't1 ltt w , th a cu
_ to tn l vo ltn ge =
'V7'1 = 9 = 3.6 A
,. Rs 0. 5 + 2
t.otnl resist.nnce Rr1t +
1
IH A l~
J
c,...---A
~
Jf'- /\,, _ '~~ ~ ~ , • -
-

~[
R
Ni -
( l) It V
6V
-
(b )
(a ) JJ
A

R1 R1

R1 1!2
SC
SC
B
(d )
(c)
RrH
Rm
, - - - - -~ ,-- -- -- o- -- -'.
A r --
0.5 G
05 0

9V
nv VrH

' - - - - -- - - n a
(e)

r - - - - - - - .A

12 V

B
(g) (h J
Pis. IS.IO.
pc,N ETWORK THEOREMS
............................................ .
..................................................................................... -.....................·..................................... 105
,..:........................

(B) Application of Norton's theorem

Step 1 : The 2 n resistor through which th .
riginal network of Fig. 5.10 (a). The t.erminals Ae c~nt 18 to be calculated is removed from the
0 (.g). an are then short-circuited as shown in Fig.
5'10 Step 2 : Determmation
. . of Norton current I
. . N
Norton current i N 1s the current
h AB
through AB when they are short-circuited. Therefore, IN is
·r w·t current I th
the short c1 c sc roug .
By KVL in the left-hand mesh 12-R111 = o
12 -1 X ] 1 = 0,
By KVL in the right-hand mesh 6-R~2 =0
6-lxh=Q l2=6A
By KCL at node A IN=/ 1 +12 = 12+6= 18A
Step 3 : Determination of Norton resistance RN
The 12 V and 6 V voltage sources are short-circuited as shown in Fig. 5.10 (c) which can be
redrawn as Fig. 5.10 (d) where the terminals A and B are taken out.
Norton resistance
RN= resistance of the network of Fig. 5.10 (d) looking back into the
network from terminals AB
R1R2 1x 1
=R1 II R2 = R1 + R2 1 + 1 = 0.5 n
Step 4 : Norton-equivalent network
The Norton equivalent network between terminals AB is drawn by connecting ths current
source IN in parallel with RN as shown in Fig. 5.10· (h).
Step 5 : Determination of current through 2 n resistor
The load resistor Ra that was removed in step 1 is now reconnected across the Norton's
terminals AB as shown in Fig. 5.10 (k).
By current-division rule in Fig. 5.10 (k),
I _ RN . IN= o. 5 x 18 = 3.6 A
L- RN+Ra 0.5+2

~L}'t, 7 . . tw k 0 ~ Fig. 5.11 (a) by Thevenin's theorem.

Determme the current I m the ne or
~~n~ . , h J is flowing is removed as shown m . 5.11 (b).
. Fig.
S tep 1 : The 3 n resistor through whic ......
8tep 2 : Determination of Theuenin voltage V Th Current source
,---- M l
a _'_.......A/\1\,~---~r--~-~~Mv--~a
. I
I
lU
Ul I
: 20
I
10 A 30 I
I
I
__-c:_~N-:;-_-_-_..
L----fL.-_-- _-_-__-1J~---ob
b
Fi1, (b)

Fi . 5.11 <a>
 · puNDAM~!.~~.?..g~--~-~~
·········· -~!.~!.~.~~. ~Nc1N~~
... ... . i:~,~
106 ···························"··•"······················•"···························· .......,.•
····••""""""····· resistor is transformed to a 10 X
2
d
1
. allel with ~ 11 (c). The current through 1 n (~ 20) n
Methoo A urrent sourc~ tn parshown in Fig, 5 The -current distribution is sho:esi_s~t b
The 1 c. h a 2 .n res1stor as terminals a - . nIn~
source in series wit ·rcuit between
~ero because of t~e otenl~~-hand mesh ..!Q. - - 2.5 A
5.11 (c). By J{VL m t e 10 - 2 J - 2 I - 20 == 0, I== - 4 -

voltage source
r---------, Q
I M I a
I
1n +
2n
2n 2n lOA
VTH
lOV I
20 V
I
I
L---_._-~-il_ _ ___,, b
N I
~--------j
Fig. 5.11 (d)
Fig. 5.11. (c)

V Th= open-circuit voltage between terminals a - b

By KVL in the right-hand mesh, 20 + 2 I - V Th = 0
Vrh = 20 + 2 I= 20 + 2 (- 2.5) = 15 V
Method 2

.
°= 5 A currentsourc
The 10 V voltage source in series with 2 n resistor is transformed to a 1
2 I
in parallel with a 2 n resistor as shown in Fig. 5.11 (d). The two current sources of 10 A ~~:A 8

supplying current in the same direction are equivalent to a single current source of lO + 5-
The equivalent resistance of two 2 n resistors in paraliel is 2 X ~ = 1 .0,
. . . : · 2+~ in~1
Therefore the ctrcmt m Fig. 5.11 (d) can be redrawn as in Fig. 5.11 (e). Since the ~;A~
ah- b a~e oFip.en, the current through 1 n resistor in parallel with the 15 A current source is
s own rn g. 5.11 (e).

o lQ
r-------.1\/V'--oa
15 A + +
lQ VrH

Fie, s.11. (e)

VTh-o · Fiar. 5.11 (f)
- pen-circuit voltage b t
By KVL. e ween a-b
in the right-h
.
an d mesh
~
+ 15 x 1 _ o x l '11' \.
- VTh =0
 ~?.~.
l'l NLf\\l1"" Tllfl1"E'1'1·~·-··· ..... :....................................................................................................... ............................................

~, ~
1
)urct' tnmsformntion, the 15 A current source in parallel with 1 n resistor of Fig. 5.11 (e)
5 1 15
,\;:1;1"fim1wd I<>~ 1 ' = V voltage source in se1ies with an 1 n resistor•• shown in Fig.
c:in lllU) ~inl't' tlH' tt,nmnals a n nd b are open, there is no current in the circuit of Fig. 5.11 (/). By
~.11 :
110
J\" 15 O, 1 0 >.. 1 - Vrh =0, Vrh =15 V

Mdlwd 3
The Th~wnin voltage may also be detem1ined by using superposition principle.
(a) Only JO \' source
in fht) circuit
nu~ 10 A current sow-oo is open-circuited as shown in Fig. 5.11 (g). By KVL in the Jett-hand mesh,
10 - 211 - 211 = 0, 11 = 2.5 A
By l\'VL in the right-hand mesh
+ 2 li - 0 x 1 - V1 = 0
V1 = 2 Ji = 2 x 2.5 =5 V
Ii 0
a 0
a
11 1n 2n 1n
+ +
10 V 2n QC V1 SC 2n 10 A . V2

b b
Fig. 5.11. (g) Fig. 5.11 (h)

(b) Only 10 A source in the circuit . . . . .

Th 10 y 1 · h t circui ted as shown in Fig. 5.11 (h). Smee the circwt 1s open
betw een the
e terminals
vo tageasource _orno- curren t through 1 n resistor. The two 2 n resistors are in
1s s 1s
- b, there
Para11eI• Their. eqmvalent
. .
resistance . 2+
1s x 22 = 1 n. Therefore, Fig. 5.11 (h) can be redrawn as
2
Fig, 5,11 (k).

By KVL in the right-hand mesh _ lO V

+ 10 X 1 - 0 X 1- V2 = 0, V2 - .
BY superposition principle, the open-circ
• ui t voltage_ between
V a - b 1s
Vab = V1 + V2 = 5 + 10 - 15
Also, VTh == Vab = 15 V
I ---.-~a
l!l 2n
/11 +
sb 2n oc ....__ RTH

L - ------------v b
Fir, 5.11 (1)
Fig. 5.11. (k)
~~ ·esistance Rrh . .
~ ~-~etermmaticm of Theuenm, . and the 10 A current source Is open.c1~cuited as
r1 o _/ · •
'~o~ «;~~'!jM\r. v_,~ .. . short-circuited
l ~g, 6.1]voJ1,age
(/\
source 1s
 11)~

' ...
T htl\'c\l\ 111 I c,,. 10 t1\11''0 t tw (-l•n th u•rminJt]fi a
L;.
V _,

fl,,.,. rosiei,,
· '•1nco '"' ,
nc,twor'k
]+1
. 11 2112
. /l'nt n,,twork . h d
S t«'P 4 : Tlit•111•11111 ('~/Wt' t network between termm aJ a a . JH th im hy ' .I.Jr r~:1
Tlw Thovmnn l,q~1vo o~ R aA shown in Fig. 5.11 (m,). , '1¥
y('1ltn~' tlO\lrCO V7'h in aerioA w1 th Th R'! 11
~a {,:, _J :~~ ,-- -✓ 7I
2n +
;
15 V 15 V Tl/ ,, ,,, "'
r ,l
~

L------~b
Fit, 5.11. (m) Fig. 5.11 rnJ

Step 5 : Determination of current throug h 3 n resistor

n
The load resistan ce of 3 which was remove d in step l ia now conne c~d acr,J~-~tr. r:
•h,.. ..
a - b of the Thevenin equival ent networ k of Fig. 5.11 (m) as shown in
Fig. 5.11 (nJ. By 0--·s
l= Vrh =~= 3A
Rrh +RL 2 + 3

ExAMPLE ~~
Dete ine the voltage across the 2 n resistor of Fig. 5.12 (aJ by using Norton'E t
'" ~
SoLUTIO N

S tep 1 : The 2 n resistor acr h' h

the original networ k of Fig ( ~s; ; le t?e vol t age is to be calcul ated is discr.;'"..::~~;:~,
Fig. 5.12 (b). 5 12
· · a· e- terrmn als a and b are then short.:c ireu,te tl as g.::.?1 •
2V
+ a 2V
~

ln // ,r.r-,.
ln ·
l Q
2Q
lo A 1n ~, I
'

b
Fie. s.12. (a)
Step 2 . D t .
. e erm.ma tion of Ni . Fit(. &.12. (b)
The current I th . orton curren t I
N rough th h N
(a) On.Ly 10 A ea ort cireuit rn
The 2 v curren.t source in th . . ay be det.enn ined by superp osition-
F. vo1tage source . e circuit
£ ' current divi . 11 short-circuited
r.ir,-,,~a r.,.., I ~ s1on rule as shown in Fig. 5.12 (c).
,, ~rrwou: ~~~~-················---········ 109.
...................................................................................................................
2V

Hl oc 10 h.N

Fie. 5.12. (c) Fit, G.12 (d)-

(b) Only 2 V voltage source in the circuit

'
The 10 A current source is open-circuited as shown in Fig. 5.12 (d). By KVL
-lwx 1 +2-12Nx 1=0, 12N= lA
Since 11N and Iw are in the same direction, by superposition principle,
IN= Im+ l2N = 5 + 1 = 6 A
Step 3: Determination of J:lorton resistance RN
The 10 A current source is open-circuited and the 2 V voltage source is short-circuited and
the load of 2 n is removed as shown in Fig. 5.12 (e).
RN= resistance between the terminals a - b of network of Fig. 5,12 (e)
=1+1=20
Step 4 : Norton equivalent network
The Norton equivalent network between terminals a - bis drawn by connecting the current
source/Nin parallel with RN as shown in Fig. 5.12 Cf). a
_ _ ___._ _-0a

h
SC 1n
RN
-+-RTH h 2 .Q 2n vL 2n
lU

Fig. 5.12 (f) Fit, 5.12 (g)

Fig. 6.12. (e)
Sttp 5 . Th .
d f ri that was removed in step 1 is now reconnected across
ttrnu · e 1oa res1stor o 2 ~~
Dal, 0 - bas shown in Fig. 5.12 (g).
By current division rule
I _ _Lx6=3A
i-2+2
V~ · · I n etwork
•taae across the 2 n resistor of the ongma
VL = [IflL = 3 x 2 = 6 V

n resistor in the network given in Fig. 5.13 (a) by

4ae mrrent Ji through t he 15

OPPO A57··,~
2024/09/30 16:30·:~.. . . e current through the 15 !l resistor, our firat step
~nn1~ 1_ng t~etwork of Fig. 5.13 (a) and to replace it hy a short
 ·········~~!?.~~.~.. !~ .~~..?.~.~L.. .....
Ec1R1cA
..........' -~.. Cl\.
~~_
I
... .
... ... ........ .. ' ~
..... ······. ·········· .·········· ... ......... ... .
na ] cir cu it ls
h t-c irc ui te d, th e on gi red
110 ................................ b ar e s or llceq '-
"l,,
-··-········ ter m in als a -
he a
. ·t W he n t
CJf CU l · 10 .Q
13 (b).
Fi g . 5.
10 V 20 n
15 P 1.~~1
20 n
20 n

b (b )
(a) a
a

10 n
20 .Q 20 .n - - - R.v
10 .Q
10 V
IN
h
SC (d)
b a
(c)

lA sn 15 !l
5! 2 RN

b
(/)
(e)
Fi g. 5.1 3.

No rto n Cu rr en t IN
Step 2 : Determination of e eq ui va le ~t r~s
• t (.'t't!'l
is fto
rc ui t is ze ro . Th er ef or e th
Th e resistance of th e
sh or t ci 13 (b ) 18 re uce
d sh or t-c irc ui t is ze ro . Th e ci rc ui t of Fi g. 5.
resistors of 20 n each an rton cu rr en t is gi ve n by '-
5.13 (c). Th eref ore th e No
IN= Is c = to ta l vo ltaan ge = 10 = 1 A
to ta l re si st ce 10 n.t'-
p 3 · De t · t · r· AT
Or ton -re sistan ce R N n 11 n·
Ste · ermina ion o J.V th e
left Of theuiv teralt'n 1
• Th e ne tw or k to
The 10 V It urce ts sh or t-c irc ui te d. th e eq
Fig 5 13 ( ) . vo age so to th at of Fig. 5.13 (d). Th us , R N is eq ua l to
of io ~, 2; ~s then reduce_d
.Q resistors in pa ra
an d 20
lle l.
1 1 1 1
w
+ 20 + 20 ' RN = 5 n ,,
RN =
·. nectJflr
Step 4: No
The N rton equivalent ne tw or k . wn by con
uivalent netw - b is dr a
source / i orton eq ) W ith R or k be tw ee n te rm in al s a tr
N n ParalJe 5. 13 (e) .
N as sh ow n in Fi g. J1 the
Step 5: D te . d bet>""'
The 15 e nn .m at io n of c n re si st or
t ur re nt th ro ug h 15
a - b 81 •h U resistor th _was removed in st ep 1 is no w re co nn ecte
own in Fig. 5,13 V)
 voRK TI-IE.OREMS
C. 11.,1£1). -- - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - -
~- ---·---------------- ------
By ,..,:rrrent--division rule IL== 5 x 1 r• 2- •
.......... 5 - 15 == 'J. 0 ~

~~ .. -
In t-he network shown 10 F\g. a.14 (a } determine a the v al:!£: of tn.G loa;: ~--i..:1.2.are -: ~v,=
~m power transfer and (b ) the power defr.,•ered to the foad -
• UDl

sournos ~ _
In order to aeterrrune maximum power transfer, Yre ~a\'e to cieten:mne th.-i:
•valent network.
=--=~ :'@Ii:

. t·....
eqtll
Deurmuw wn of V Tn
Di.;cnnnect the load resistor RL from the origina: ne0'.r0r~ as 3a-:v..11 in .?1g. E :-::: J -

Since the circuit is open between the terminals a - o, :be-:e :s ::o ~:n- ilirc~ R: arr:: :C=
C".!Ireilt through R 1 and R2 is the same By KVL in the :eft-har:.ci zes~,

-10 -liR~ -IJR::. = C

10 - 11 x 6 -I1 x 6 =:

I 1 -_ 10 _ 5.:.
19 - ,.. _ ...
~- 0
B\· KVL in the right-hand mesh
· 711 x s - ox 2 - r1r. = :.;
VTh = 6 Ji= 6 X 65 = 0- ,-

~lOV

(a)
r--1' / ✓-.__..,._-v A..r----v a
l R1 R3 I

I SC
~R
~·
L I_ _ _ . . . . ~ - - - - - . . . _ '

d)
(c) Fig. ~- 14 •

D
etennination of RTh .
. d The net,, ork o\· rig YX ...~ · 14 (b' i~
- redu ..~ t',-' tha
Th ·- short-c1rcu1te .
r1" 51-! \d.
n be redra" n n,; . g. - . ·• ( ') ltXlkin,. . back ,\t t~rmm..::.:~ ..~ -
-
iihcw . e 10 V voltage source J.:,
, n ln Fi' MtJ4 (c). Fig. 5._14 (c) ca et work of Fig. o.l~ c . o
~
~ • ~ . tance of then
= res1s 6
~ == 5 n
~ • 0 R 2-r6ll6==2-6-6
=R 3 +R1II 2
 FtJND~~ ~~~..?.~.. ~.~~~-~E,~L...........
.... ••••••••••••••
ENcr~I~
'~1:.tb
............................ ............ ~!\
........................... ·,,

112 .... _................................. 5n

........ ,..... R - ""
owor transfer Ri = Th - ]2
For nui.xinuun P ( Vrh .R
1 2 R - - R Th
PL nt8X = L Th - RTh + Th

EXERCISES
·t of Fig. P5.1 by using (a) s ource transform t' .
current I in the c1rcw
. a ion,,
6.1 ~tt\rnune the Norton's theorem. r<
Thevt\nin's theorem, ~c) --AJ\.A,---41~-rv v ,,----. l::
20 311
I
-
10 V sn
40 30
8V

fil. P6.l. Fif. P5.2.

5.2 Determine the current through 5 n resistor in Fig. P5.2 by using (a) Thevenin's theom:
Norton's theorem. ··
5.3 For the circuit shown in Fig. P5.3, draw the Norton's equivalent cir cuit at tenrunals ab
[/N= 3 A R,=:.
0
a
40 2n 111 3!2
+
12 V 10n 60 2V 3U 2A ~:.

b
Fi,.P6.3.
5.4 Find the Th . . Fig. P5.4.
everun eqwvalent net .
work at terminals ab of the network of Fig. p 5.4. :·
5.5 State Th . [V - 5 6 V. Rr1~ .
fi
.
.everun's and NOrton's th t l r,•
Th - ·
or tenn1nals ab in the network ~orems. Deduce Thevenin's and Norton's eqwvalen
A 100 n load resistor is c s own in Fig. PS.5. If.
the load curre t onnected across b U . ·t to c,1 .•
the load n and the Norton's . a · se the Thevenin's equivalent c1rcui dcl''
power. equivalent circuit to calculate the load voltage, an ,,r
V /'I ::: .
[h= 16 mA, VL== t. 6 '
Q

4 .u
... 2U .....

10 \'
8V ,3 0
---
Fi,. Ps.s. b
el'tnine the
- current through Fig. P5.6.
3 n l'esistm:...i &J'l
r
RJ( THEOREMS .
D:S:..~~~.~............................................................................................................................... 113

. Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equi . .. .......................... ,·

5,1 va 1ent circuits at te .
p5.7, rnunals ab for the network of Fig.
[vrn =5V, Rr,=RN=¼n. IN=~ A].
2n 2n
N--~--'V\/ \ r --...---....1'"\ o if il 6n

BQ 6Q
80 2n

Fig. PS.7.
Fi1. P6.8.
6.8 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits t t • •
· . a · enruna1s ab for the network of Fig. PS.8.

[vr,= 12 V, Rr,=RN=¾ Q, IN= ~8 A]

5.9 Find Vab for the network of Fig. P5.9.
6Q 8Q [-9 V]

+
6Q 12 n 3A 10n

b
Fig. P5,9.· Fig. P5.to.
S,IO Find the Thevenfo equi~a]ent network at terminals db for th~ network of Fig. P5.10.
. . [VTh = 5 V, Rr,1 === 5 !l]
511
· In the circuit of Fig. P5;i-1, a resistance RL is connected bet~een a a.n d b. What is t,he maximum
power that can b·e ·d~ii~e~ed to RL? · [5.625 W]

,··, . •. ',
.' \.:

f 2A

10 V
_: :):)::y};v >
...... : .. : ·. · . . · · . .- .: · .
rn . 4V
lQ

. . . ·, ,-: : '• ') . / ..... ... ; •...... L:

·:·=-
. ~- _::_,.~~-_.a....-.,____ _- J
. ... ·, · :. ··. :~ ·.: .. ~ :. ,- : .' '.: ·,' .. · ·. :- Fif. P5.12.
6 . ·. ··, ·~1,-.P,.1,u _.. ·· ·.: .·.· ... : ,. ... :.. ..
·l2 l)eetnun
t . ·. · · . .· · • · · . ·.... · · ·. ... . . . · · f F~ P5 12 by usi ng
. . .. ·• ... :· ·. ·.. •·: .. ·.•· . . ·, .· . :th e· networko ~,g. ,
(n) e curr_ en~ ·.th?~~~} ·? ·:~?.~l$~<?r l~ . . .
80
(b) urce tra~sformat:i~ns, ·. . ·.: .
·Thev · , ·I
• (c) )., e~n s theorem, . . ·. · [2 A]
"•la 1~ort
(!lg 11 ti •~~ eor~m., h ·
.
-
·. . nt source and calculate the current through '

I :4 ~ 0
~ ~ work of Fig. P5.13 to a single cun e
I • I
.
.
=~ ]
17A
[i
 FtJNOAM~~!::..~~--~-~~.0..~.~-A~.. ~~~-1-~.~EI{IN
1.1.4_••••--••• .... -•••••--•-•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••"•"••• .,.,.,.,.,.,. AF\, _ _ t-----.....- - ~ •

10 n 10 V
I,
I
50 an 2Q
Fd"l 5A
t 3A 1n
20V

Fi1. P5.14.
Fi1, P5.i3.
. e the current IL through the 2 n resistor of the networ,
6.14 Use Thevenin's theorem to detenrun [h:::5 A
shown in Fig. P5.14. . [/-?
Determine the current I in the ~etwork of Fig. P5.1 5. - ~

I l

an 5.Q
1 10 A 2n

Fig. P5.15. Fig. P5.16.

5.16 Use superposition theorem to dr.c ..nine I in the network of Fig. P5.16. [1 =f
5.17 State superpositjon theorem. Use superposition theorem to determine the current through t
2 n resistor in the network of Fig. P5.17. [~.
. r------- u
4n 2n
-0 a

av 30 4V N

Fqr. P5.17.
Fig. P5.18.
5,18 The network N of Fi P5 18 .
g. · contains energy . . • olt.lt
across the terminals a - bis 5 V Whe so~rces and resistances. The open circuit" . ·•
cu rrent isl A. Determine the cu~ent t: t~~ terminals a - b are shor~circuited, the short-Cl\
across a - b. a ows through a resistance of 5 n when it is conne:
5.19 Det,,rmina th !0-'
Th . ' e current through the 5
•vemn a theorem (b) Nort , h
n . .1\ .
resistor m the circuit of Fig P5 19 by us1n8
' on a t eorem. · ·[ ~,
5.20 < 20 A from b
o) F1nd the vnlue of R1 ln Fi 11
<bJ Find th . g. P6.20 necessary to obta·10
J .
• mnx1mum power in R maximum power in RL, .
/. , 1, ~

/}:jgf} [(a) 150!1:ibl fi