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Power Series

The document discusses power series, which are infinite series involving a variable raised to increasing powers. It explains the general form of power series, their representation as functions, and the concepts of radius and interval of convergence. Additionally, it provides examples and methods for finding the radius of convergence using the ratio test.

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Pauline Arana
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24 views10 pages

Power Series

The document discusses power series, which are infinite series involving a variable raised to increasing powers. It explains the general form of power series, their representation as functions, and the concepts of radius and interval of convergence. Additionally, it provides examples and methods for finding the radius of convergence using the ratio test.

Uploaded by

Pauline Arana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EnMath 5: Mathematics for CE

POWER SERIES
Power Series is a type of infinite mathematical series that involves terms
with a variable raised to increasing powers to infinite level.

𝒄𝒏 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒄𝟎 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
𝒏=𝟎

General Form of a Power Series


∞

𝒂𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒄)𝒏
𝒏=𝟎
Where:
an: coefficient of the nth term
x: variable of the series
c: center of the series, where the series is expanded around
n: term index, starting from 0 and going to infinity
We get a different function by replacing xx with −x−x:
We get a different function by replacing xx with −x−x:

Representation of a Function as a Power Series

∞ 𝒏
A power series 𝒏=𝟎 𝒄𝒏 𝒙 can be thought of as a function of x whose
domain is the interval of convergence.

From geometric series ∞ 𝒏


𝒏=𝟎 𝒓 , where the series converges when
|𝑟| < 1 and diverges otherwise

𝟏
When it converges, its value is
𝟏−𝒓
, thus:

𝟏 ∞ 𝒏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒙 = 𝒏=𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ as long as 𝒙 < 𝟏.

We get a different function by replacing x with −x :


𝟏 ∞ 𝒏
g 𝒙 = 𝟏+𝒙 = 𝒏=𝟎(−𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ as long as −𝒙 = 𝒙 < 𝟏
Examples:
Use a power series to represent each of the following functions f
𝟏
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏+𝒙𝟑

Solution:
∞ ∞
𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = = (−𝒙𝟑 )𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟑𝒏 = 1 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 9 + ⋯
𝟏 − (−𝒙)
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
𝟏
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟕+𝟐𝒙

Solution:
∞ 𝒏 ∞ 𝒏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟏 𝒏
𝟐𝒙 𝒏
(𝟐𝒙)𝒏
𝒇 𝒙 = = − = (−𝟏) = (−𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏
𝟕 𝟏 − − 𝟐𝒙 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝟕 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

∞
𝒏 𝟐 𝟑
(𝟐𝒙) 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 = − 𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟒 + ⋯
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝒏=𝟎
Radius of Convergence of Series
Consider the power series:
∞

𝒄𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝒏
𝒏=𝟎

The radius of convergence “R” is any number such that the power series
will converge for |x – a| < R and diverge for |x – a| > R. The power series
may not converge for |x – a| = R.

Interval of Convergence
The interval of all x values, including the endpoints (if required) for which the
power series converges, is called the interval of convergence of the series.

If the radius of convergence of the power series is R, then;

a – R < x < a + R (Power series converges)


x < a – R and x > a + R (Power series diverges)
Radius of Convergence of Series… cont…

Therefore, the radius of convergence of a power series will be half of the


length of the interval of convergence. If “R” is the radius of convergence, then
we can define the interval of convergence as (a − R, a + R).
Finding the Radius of Convergence

Example Find the radius of convergence for


∞
𝒏
𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒏
(−𝟏)
𝟒𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
Solution: using the ratio test

𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛+1 −1 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)𝑛+1 4𝑛
lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛 𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑛

𝑎𝑛+1 (−1)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑥 + 3 𝑛+1 1


lim = lim = (𝑥 + 3) lim = (𝑥 + 3)
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 4

Therefore, the radius of convergence = R = 1/N = 1/(¼) = 4


Video References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDM3s6h81Pg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTTK8qLFPI8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jloA_OtzG-I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvVmIbzRnzw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkfILYpkJS8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTTK8
qLFPI8

https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/m408s/C
urrentWeb/LM11-9-2.php

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cal
culus/Calculus_(OpenStax)/10%3A_Power
_Series/10.01%3A_Power_Series_and_Fu
nctions

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