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5th Week

The document outlines a week 5 agenda for an analog and digital communications course, detailing examples related to audio and carrier signals, modulation index, and bandwidth calculations. It explains frequency modulation, its development to improve signal-to-noise ratio, and provides formulas for calculating frequency deviation and bandwidth in FM broadcasting. Additionally, it includes practical examples and calculations for modulation depth and frequency values in FM broadcasts.

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Yasmin Khalifa
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9 views27 pages

5th Week

The document outlines a week 5 agenda for an analog and digital communications course, detailing examples related to audio and carrier signals, modulation index, and bandwidth calculations. It explains frequency modulation, its development to improve signal-to-noise ratio, and provides formulas for calculating frequency deviation and bandwidth in FM broadcasting. Additionally, it includes practical examples and calculations for modulation depth and frequency values in FM broadcasts.

Uploaded by

Yasmin Khalifa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE347 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS
Week #5
Prof. Dr. Osman YILDIRIM
Head of Electrical – Electronics Engineering
[email protected]
[email protected]
Agenda

 Examples
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
The mathematical expression of an audio signal is Vm=10 Sin 6400πt.
This information signal is used to modulate a carrier with the mathematical expression
Vc = 20 Sin 60000πt.

a) Draw the audio signal.


b) Draw the carrier signal.
c) Find the modulation index and modulation percentage.
d) Draw the modulated wave to scale.
e) Draw the frequencies and amplitudes that will occur in the frequency spectrum.
f) What is the bandwidth occupied by this signal in the frequency spectrum?
g) If this signal is transmitted using an antenna with an impedance of 50 Ω, find the
total power.
(a)

10V

0V
micro sec
-10V

6400
fm = = 3200 Hz = 3.2 kHz
2

1
Tm = = 312.5 micro sec
3200𝐻𝑧
(b)
Carrier frquency:
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
fC = = 30000 Hz = 30 kHz.
𝟐

Period:
𝟏
TC = = 33.3 micro sec
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑯𝒛

Vc = 20 Sin 60000πt volt

20V

0V
micro sec
-20V
(c)

Modulation Index:

𝑽𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝑽
m= = = 0.5 (percentage: %50)
𝑽𝒄 𝟐𝟎𝑽
(d)
Vmax = VC + Vm = 20V + 10 V= 30V

And

Vmin = VC - Vm = 20V-10V = 10V

30V
10V

0V
-10V
-30V
(e)
Vc=20V

𝑚𝑉𝑐 10 𝑚𝑉𝑐 10
= = 5𝑉 = = 5𝑉
2 2 2 2

26.8kHz 30kHz 33.2kHz


(f)

BW = 2 fm = 2x 3.2 kHz = 6.4 kHz


(g) g)

𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Carrier Power: PC = = = = 4W
𝟐𝑹 𝟐𝒙𝟓𝟎𝜴 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝒄 𝟎.𝟓𝟐 𝒙 𝟒𝑾
Lower and Upper sideband powers: Pupper = Plower = = = 0.25 W
𝟒 𝟒

PT = 4W + 0.25 W + 0.25W = 4.5 W

or
𝑚2 𝟎.𝟓𝟐
PT = PC (1 + )= 4(1+ ) = 4.5 W
2 𝟐
Why was FM developed?

In high-power transmitters, a very small signal-to-noise ratio is desired. In


high-power amplitude-modulated transmitters, the signal-to-noise ratio
becomes large enough to cause problems.

To overcome this problem, frequency modulation was developed.


To solve this problem, frequency modulation has been developed.

There are two important signals for frequency modulation. These are the
low-frequency information and the high-frequency carrier signal.

The frequency of the unmodulated carrier is called the center frequency.


For example, if a 3 KHz information signal is subjected to frequency
modulation with a 100 MHz carrier, the 100 MHz carrier is the center
frequency.
In FM, the frequency of the carrier
signal changes according to the
amplitude of the information signal.

In the positive alternations of the


information signal, the carrier
frequency increases.

The highest frequency of the carrier


is obtained at the positive maximum
value of the information signal.
Since FM broadcasting transmitters may have adjacent channel frequencies outside
their frequency bands, a safety band of 25 kHz has been left at the lower and upper
parts of the ±75 kHz (150 kHz) band in civilian FM transmitters to prevent interference
between stations.

Thus, the bandwidth has been increased to 200 kHz.

25 kHz 75kHz fc 75kHz 25 kHz f

An FM transmitter band broadcasting at the carrier frequency fc


As in amplitude modulation, in frequency modulation, the modulation percentage is
an expression of how much of the carrier is modulated by the information signal.
This expression
∆𝒇
𝜷=
𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛

What is the frequency deviation in a 30% modulated FM broadcast?

∆𝒇 ∆𝒇
𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟑 =
𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛 𝟕 𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛

∆𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒙𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛 = 22.5 kHz


Bandwidth in frequency modulation

BW = 2(Δ𝑓+ fm)

Here, Δ𝑓 represents the frequency deviation and the frequency of the fm information
signal.

For example, if the frequency deviation is 12 kHz and the information frequency
(audio) is 3 kHz, the value of the bandwidth

BW = 2(12kHz+ 3kHz)= 30 kHz


Example

(a) Find the frequency deviation value of an FM broadcast with a 40% modulation
depth?
∆𝒇 ∆𝒇
𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟒 = ∆𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒙𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛 = 30 kHz
𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛 𝟕 𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛

(b) The center frequency of a carrier signal in an FM broadcast is 95 MHz.


If the frequency deviation value is 45 kHz, find the upper and lower frequency values
of the carrier signal.

∆𝒇 = 45 kHz and fc = 95,000 kHz

Upper frequency, fu = 95,000 kHz + 45kHz = 95,045kHz

Lower frequency, fl = 95,000 kHz - 45 kHz = 94,955 kHz


( c) Find the bandwidth of an FM station with a frequency deviation of 30kHz and an
information signal frequency of 5kHz.

BW = 2(𝜟𝒇+ fm) = 2(30kHz + 5kHz) = 70kHz

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