KJ'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES
Trinity Polytechnic, Pune
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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UNIT: 05 Components of Transmission and Distribution Line (14 M)
Course: - Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution Course Code: 22419
Class: SYEE
Relevan
Que. Bloom’s
Questions ce to
No. Level
CO
1 1 State any four properties of conductor material used for overhead
conductor.
Marking ( Any Four point expected: 1/2 Mark each, Total 2 Marks)
Scheme
Following are the properties of conductor material:-
1. High conductivity :- Material should have high conductivity
2. High mechanical strength:- Material should have sufficiently high mechanical strength
3. Flexible :- Material should be flexible
4. Weight: - Material should be light in weight to reduce transportation & handling cost.
Answer
5. High resistance to corrosion:- Material should have high resistance to corrosion
6. Brittleness: - Material should not be brittle.
7. Temperature coefficient of resistance:- Material should have low temperature coefficient of
resistance.
COI402.5
8. Availability & cost: - Material should be easily available & less costly.
9. Scrap Value: - Material should have high scrap value.
2 1,2 State the different methods of improving string efficiency. Explain any
one method in detail.
Marking ( Methods : 2 Mark & Any one explanation: 2 Marks : Total 4 Marks)
Scheme
The Methods of Improving String Efficiency:-
1) By reducing value of ‘m’ or (‘k’) by using longer cross arm.
2) By Making of ‘m’ or (‘k’) equal to zero
3) By grading of Insulator.
4) By Using guard ring.
Explanation:-
1) By reducing value of ‘m’ or (‘k’) by using longer cross arm:-
Fig:-
The value of ‘m’ can be decreased by reducing value of shunt capacitance (C1) since
m = C1/C.
In order to reduce value shunt capacitance (C1) distance of string of insulator from tower
must be increased. i.e. by using longer cross arm. Due to this value of shunt capacitance
(C1) reduces.
Therefore value of m reduces Since
( )
As value of ‘m’ reduces there will be more uniform voltage distribution along a string of
suspension insulator. In this way string efficiency increases.
Limitation: COI402.5
Answer In practice there is limitation to increase length of cross arm as cost of tower increases. In
practice m= 0.1 is the limit which can be achieved by this method.
2) By Making of ‘m’ or (‘k’) equal to zero:-
If an insulating material or any non-conducting material of high strength is used for
connection between two disc insulators in a string instead of using steel part.
Than value of Shunt Capacitance (C1) becomes Zero,(Capacitance will not form)
therefore value of ‘m’ becomes zero (since m = C1/C) So string efficiency becomes
100%.
3) By grading Insulator :-
In this method, disc insulators of different dimensions are so selected that each
disc has different capacitance. The assembly in the string of suspension insulator
is made in such a way that the top unit insulator has fewer dimensions. (Less
capacitance) (C*A) and dimensions of insulators progressively goes on increasing
i.e. bottom unit has maximum capacitance due to large dimensions of insulators.
(Since Q=C/V i.e. V is inversely proportional to capacitance So as A Increases C
increases therefore voltage decreases)
In this way it equalizer potential distribution across the string and therefore
increase string efficiency.
This method has disadvantages that it requires disc insulator of different
dimensions in one string of suspension insulator. Practically it is not possible to
obtain such ration. But very high voltage transmission line (1200KV). This
method is used.
4) By Using guard ring :-
Guard ring is a metal ring electrically connected to conductor and surrounding the
bottom insulator.
Due to guard ring leakage current through all discs in a string is same. So, we will get
uniform voltage distribution along the string of suspension insulator, In this way string
efficiency increases.
3 3 Draw and explain the construction of underground cables.
Marking
( Diagram : 2 Mark & Explanation: 2 Mark, Total 4 Marks)
Scheme
Underground cables:
COI402.5
Answer
Explanation:-
i) Core or conductor:
It function is carry current.
Cable may have single or more than single core conductor.
Conductor are made up of copper or aluminium material
Cross section of conductor is directly proportional to current. (Cross section of
conductor depends upon current carrying capacity)
Conductor used is -
Annealed
Tinned
ii) Insulation:
Each core of conductor is provided with suitable thickness of insulation to avoid short
circuit between two conductors.
The thickness of insulation layer depends on magnitude of voltage for which it is
designed.
Commonly used materials for insulation are e.g.:-
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Polyethene
XLPE (Cross- linked polyethylene)
iii) Lead (Metallic) Sheath:
It is provided over insulation.
To provide the protection of core from entry of moisture, gases or other damaging
liquids (acids & alkaline) in the soil & atmospheric.
The metallic sheath is made up of lead or lead alloys recently aluminum is also being
used as a metallic sheath.
iv) Bedding:
Over the metallic sheath there is layer of bedding.
The function of bedding is protecting the metallic sheath against corrosion & from the
mechanical injury due to armouring.
It is made from fibrous material such as jute, hessian tape
v) Armouring:
This layer is over a bedding only for underground cable and not for overhead cable
Its function is to protect the cable from mechanical injury.
It covers the bedding, which consists of 1 or 2 layers of galvanized steel wire or steel
tapes
vi) Serving:
This layer is last layer which comes over armouring.
Its function is to protect armouring against rusting and it also helps for easy handling
of cables.
It is similar to bedding & consists of fiborous material such as jute.
4 3 Explain the shackle type insulator with neat sketch.
Marking ( Figure : 2 Mark, Explanation: 2 Marks, Total : 4 Marks)
Scheme
Shackle type insulator with neat sketch:
COI402.5
Answer
Explanation:
These insulators are clamped to the cross arms by one metal ‘U’ clamp with the help
of bolts, nuts & washers.
Function of Shackle insulator is to reduce excessive tension on line. Also on
supporting structure (pole).
Applications:
1) Shackle insulators are used in following circumstances when line is subjected
excessive tension. E.g. shackle insulators are used below 11 KV line & above 11 KV line
strain insulators are used
2) Shackle insulators are also used when line is going straight but in case of vertical
conductor configuration only
Each line of a 3 ph system is suspended by a string of 3 similar insulators.
If the voltage across the line unit is 17.5 kV, calculate the line to neutral
voltage. Assume that the shunt capacitance between each insulator and
5 2
earth is 1/8th of the capacitance of insulator itself Also find the string
efficiency.
Marking Any four points need 2 marks and benefits 2 marks
Scheme
Answer
COI402.5
List different transmission line components used for power transmission.
6 1
(any four)
Marking ( Any Four components are expected: 1/2 Mark each, Total 2 Marks)
Scheme
Following are the Transmission line components used for power transmission line:-
1. Supporting structure (pole) 10. Guarding wires
2. Line insulator 11. Continuous earth wire
3. Overhead conductor 12. Cables COI402.5
4. ‘V’ Cross arm 13. Fuses and Isolating switches
5. Top pin support 14. Different types of fabrication Clamp
(A-type, B-Type)
Answer
6. Two Pin Cross arm 15. Bird guards
7. Four pin cross arm 16. Vibration damper
8. Stay set (Stay wire of 7/8 or 7/10 SWG) 17. Jumpers
9. Lighting arrestors
7 2 Draw the diagram of pin type and suspension type insulators.
Marking Each diagram, 2 mark each
Scheme
i) Neat labelled diagram of Pin type Insulator :
Answer
COI402.5
Derive equation for string efficiency with 3 - disc insulators of suspension
8 3
type.
Marking Stepwise marks
Scheme
Derive equation of String of three Disc insulators of suspension type:-
COI402.5
Answer
\
(i) List the properties of line insulators in brief.
9 1
(ii) List the methods of Line Support Erection and explain in brief any one.
Marking (Any three properties are expected=3 Marks methods of Line Support Erection=3
Scheme Marks)
i) Following are the properties of line insulators:
A) Electrical Properties of insulating material:-
1. It should have high resistance.
2. It should have high breakdown voltage.
3. It should have high dielectric strength.
4. It should have low dielectric loss.
5. It should have low dielectric constant.
B) Mechanical Properties of insulating material:-
1) It should have high mechanical strength.
2) It should be tough and flexible.
3) It should be light in weight.
4) It should not be porous otherwise it increases moisture holding capacity which reduces
insulating property.
C) Chemical Properties of insulating material:-
1. It should not be hygroscopic (which absorbs moisture).
2. It should have high resistance to acid & alkaline (Chemicals).
3. It should have high resistance to oil.
Answer
D) Thermal Properties of insulating material:-
1. It should have high thermal conductivity. COI402.5
2. It should be non -inflammable.
3. It should withstand at high temperature.
4. It should have thermal Stability.
5. Co-efficient of thermal expansion should be low.
E) General Properties of insulating material:-
1. It should have longer life.
2. It should have low cost
ii) Following are the methods of Line Support Erection :
Following are steps require for Erection of pole :-
Step 1:
Preparation before Erection- Depends on type of pole e.g.
Wooden Pole :
Top & bottom portion of pole is covered by aluminum cap and underground portion
(1/6) of pole height is painted to increase life & remaining portion is well polished with
the help of varnish.
Cement Pole :
1/6 portion of pole height is No preparation is required like wooden pole and
steel pole
Steel Pole :
1/6 portion of pole height of steel pole which goes under ground is painted with
bituminous paint to protect pole from rusting. Also base plate of mild steel is welded at
bottom for better foundation.
Steel towers:
Are erected on site by constructing strong foundation (cement concrete foundation)
Step 2:
Prepare a pit on given marking.
Step 3:
Size of pit should be 2.5 feet X 2 feet and depth of pit 1/6 of the pole height.
Step 4:
Rest the pole on channel for smooth and gradual Erection.
Step 5:
Erect a pole in a prepared pit using accessories (such as rope, pole, tripod etc.) and
sufficient man power. Now a days machineries are used for Erection of pole.
Step 6:
After Erection of pole, check the alignment before concreting.
Step 7:
Now pour the concreting of ratio 1:4:8 in pole pit.
A 3-ph overhead line supported by 6 disc insulators, the potential across the unit is
10 11 KV. Assuming shunt capacitance between each Insulator and each metal link is
of 1/5th of capacitance of insulator. Calculate: (i) line voltage (ii) string efficiency.
Marking Stepwise marks
Scheme COI402.5
Answer
11 2 State and explain different types of conductors
Marking Any four 4 marks
Scheme
Copper: Copper has a high conductivity and greater tensile strength.
Aluminium: Aluminium has about 60% of the conductivity of copper; that means, for
the same resistance, the diameter of an aluminium conductor is about 1.26 times than that
of a copper conductor.
However, an aluminium conductor has almost half the weight of an equivalent
copper conductor.
AAC (All Aluminium Conductor)
It has lesser strength and more sag per span length than any other category.
Therefore, it is used for lesser span i.e. it is applicable at distribution level.
It has slightly better conductivity at lower voltages than ACSR i.e. at distribution
level COI402.5
Cost of ACSR is equal to AAC.
AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor)
Answer It has same construction as AAC except the alloy.
Its strength is equal to ACSR but due to absence of steel it is light in weight.
The presence of formation of alloy makes it expensive.
Due to stronger tensile strength than AAC, it is used for longer spans.
It can be used in distribution level i.e. river crossing.
It has lesser sag than AAC.
The difference between ACSR and AAAC is the weight. Being lighter in weight,
it is used in transmission and sub-transmission where lighter support structure is
required such as mountains, swamps etc.
ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
It is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum.
It may consist of 7 or 19 strands of steel surrounding by aluminium strands
concentrically. The number of strands are shown by x/y/z, where ‘x’ is number of
aluminium strands, ‘y’ is number of steel strands and ‘z’ is diameter of each
strand.
Strands provide flexibility, prevent breakage and minimize skin effect.
The number of strands depends on the application, they may be 7, 19, 37, 61, 91
or more.
If the Al and St strands are separated by a filler such as paper then this kind of
ACSR is used in EHV lines and called expanded ACSR.
Expanded ACSR has larger diameter and hence lower corona losses.
12 Define Sag and Span
Marking Each definition 2 Marks
Scheme
Sag:- Sag is defined as the different in level between points of supports and the lowest
point on the conductor.
Span:- The horizontal distance between two electrical supports is called the span.
COI402.5
Answer
13 2 State necessity or significance of sag
Marking Any four 1 Mark each
Scheme
Appropriate sag allows “swing of conductor” due to wind pressure if proper sag
provided then conductor line does not damage. COI402.5
If sag not decided properly then height of pole will be more which increases cost.
Answer Sag determines minimum ground distance from the ground to the lowest portion
of the conductor.
The tension is checked by keeping factor of safety =2 this gives correct value of
sag expected.
