1.

Describe the difference types of decisions required in own role

Types of decisions may include:
 Strategic
 Tactical
 Operational
 Short term and long term
Decision-making is one of the cores functions of management. And it is actually a very scientific function with a
well-defined decision-making process. There are various types of decisions the managers have to take in the day to
day functioning of the firm. Let us take a look at some of the types of decisions(Van den Oever and Martin, 2015).
1. Strategic Decisions and Routine Decisions
As the name suggests, routine decisions are those that the manager makes in the daily functioning of the
organization, they are routine. Such decisions do not require a lot of evaluation, analysis or in-depth study. In fact,
high-level managers usually delegate these decisions to their subordinates. On the other hand, strategic decisions
are the important decisions of the firm(Fuertes et al., 2020). These are usually taken by upper and middle-level
management. They usually relate to the policies of the firm or the strategic plan for the future. Hence such
decisions require analysis and careful study. Because strategic decisions taken at this level will affect the routine
decisions taken daily.

2. Programmed Decisions and Non-Programmed Decisions

Programmed decisions relate to those functions that are repetitive in nature. These decisions are dealt with by
following a specific standard procedure. These decisions are usually taken by lower management.
For example, granting leave to employees, purchasing spare parts etc. are programmed decisions where a specific
procedure is followed.
Non-programmed decisions arise out of unstructured problems, these are not routine or daily occurrences. So,
there is no standard procedure or process to deal with such issues. Usually, these decisions are important to the
organization. Such decisions are left to upper management. For example, opening a new branch office will be a
non-programmed decision.
3. Policy Decisions and Operating Decisions
Tactical decisions pertaining to the policy and planning of the firm are known as policy decisions. Such decisions
are usually reserved for the firm’s top management officials. They have a long-term impact on the firm and require
a great deal of analysis.
Operating decisions are the decisions necessary to put the policy decisions into action. These decisions help
implement the plans and policies taken by the high-level managers. Such decisions are usually taken by middle and
lower management. Say the company announces a bonus issue. This is a policy decision. However, the calculation
and implementation of such bonus issue is an operating decision.

4. Organizational Decisions and Personal Decisions

When an executive takes a decision in an official capacity, on behalf of the organization, this is
an organizational decision. Such decisions can be delegated to subordinates. However, if the executive takes a
decision in a personal capacity, that does not relate to the organization in any way this is a personal decision.
Obviously, these decisions cannot be delegated.

5. Individual Decisions and Group Decisions

When talking about types of decisions, let us see individual and group decisions. Any decision taken by an
individual in an official capacity it is an individual decision. Organizations that are smaller and have an autocratic
style of management rely on such decisions. Group decisions are taken by a group or a collective of the firm’s
employees and management. For example, decisions taken by the board of directors are a group decision.
References:
Van den Oever, K. and Martin, X. (2015) ‘Business model change: Managerial roles and tactics in decision-
making’, in Business Models and Modelling. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 387–420[Accessed 20 09
2024].

Fuertes, G. et al. (2020) ‘Conceptual framework for the strategic management: a literature review—
descriptive’, Journal of engineering, 2020(1), p. 6253013[Accessed 21 09 2024].

2. Analyze the role of data, information and intelligence in making evidence-based decisions
to improve quality

The role of data, information and intelligence are very important for any company or organization. Let’s see
what roles these factors play in making evidence-based decision making(Shahmoradi, Safadari and Jimma,
2017):
1. Data is the raw form of information that is not in the context form. Data is the most important and main part
of the decision making that involves the measurements, values, operational points and many more things.
Data can be collected by different forms such as surveys, sensors which tells that is the information is
authentic or not. The sheer volume of data gives the patterns and trends after being analyzed properly that
then helps in the processing of decisions making.
2. Information is the processed form of data that gives some meaning and value. Information gives context to
the unprocessed data and makes it more understandable. Information also plays an important role in
customers satisfaction because when a customer demands any services from a company, it’s the information
that helps to convince them. Organizations analyze the information by trends and correlations and then uses
it further. Effective communications on the information makes sure that the stakeholders can understand it
and then take an act on it(Dhami et al., 2015).
3. Intelligence are the actionable steps that are taken in the bases on collected information and data. By
synthesizing the information and data, intelligence predicts the expected outcomes, risks and more options.
By converting intelligence into processes, organizations can make new strategies and can improve quality
over time. Due to intelligence, organizations can learn from their past mistakes and wrong decisions and
make further new decisions that can provide benefits to the company.
4. Merging the data, information and intelligence together can lead to the evidence-based decision making,
First of all, collecting and examining the data to identify the issues and new opportunities and helps in
making better decisions. Then transforming the collected data into useful information so that the decision
makers can make the reports, visualizations and summaries of the information for better understanding and
working. At last, using intelligence insights from the gathered information and data to make the decision
and start the processing and working of the project. Organizations can compare their current performance
with their past performances and can get better experiences.
In short, the role of data, information and intelligence is the most important and significant part of the evidence-
decision making process. The organizations that priorities these elements in their processing can do better
working, get beneficial outcomes and benefits.
References:
Dhami, M.K. et al. (2015) ‘Improving intelligence analysis with decision science’, Perspectives on
Psychological Science, 10(6), pp. 753–757[Accessed 21 09 2024].
Shahmoradi, L., Safadari, R. and Jimma, W. (2017) ‘Knowledge management implementation and the tools
utilized in healthcare for evidence-based decision making: a systematic review’, Ethiopian journal of health
sciences, 27(5), pp. 541–558[[Accessed 21 09 2024]].

3. Evaluate how own and others values and priorities influence decision making processes
Values and priorities are the main factors of decision-making processes and plays a significant role in it. So here
we discuss how these two factors affect the decision-making processes. In business and marketing fields, there
are many kinds of values like personal values, organizational values, cultural values and stakeholder values that
matters while making any decision(De Vente et al., 2016).
1. Personal values are the own guiding principles that guides us to make decisions and take beneficial
steps. It influences the decision-making processes such as if someone who values the innovative ideas
may prioritize creative ideas, someone who values the stability in his work may avoid the risky
decisions.
2. Organizational values are the guides and principles for an organization as a whole. It’s like a shared
culture within a company. It influences the decision-making processes such as if a company prefer
customer services, then I would take the decisions that enhance customer experiences and trust. If a
company takes decisions regarding their budget, personnel, profits, then they’ll compromise on their
moral values and efficiency of work(Bruch and Feinberg, 2017).
3. Cultural values are the believes, thoughts and behaviors of group of people or of the society. Cultural
values affect the decision making as the collective cultures prioritize the collective benefits and
decisions while the individual cultures only see their own benefits and priorities.
4. Stakeholder values are the interests of customers or investors. In stakeholder values, the decisions that
are beneficial for one group will be non-beneficial for the other group. The decisions that involve
stakeholder values are more likely prioritize and valued.
In conclusion, Values and priorities both influence the decision-making processes on both personal and
organizational level. By determining the influence of values on decision making processes it would be easy to
recognize either these values and priorities are worth taking or not and aligning values and priorities with
evidence-based data ensures more informed and effective decision-making.
References:
De Vente, J. et al. (2016) ‘How does the context and design of participatory decision making processes affect
their outcomes? Evidence from sustainable land management in global drylands’, Ecology and society, 21(2)
[Accessed 20 09 2024].
Bruch, E. and Feinberg, F. (2017) ‘Decision-making processes in social contexts’, Annual review of sociology,
43(1), pp. 207–227[Accessed 21 09 2024].
4. Explain how to enable others to contribute to the decision making.
1. Identify the decision and its purpose
Before you involve others in your decision-making, you need to have a clear idea of what decision you are
trying to make and why. What is the problem or opportunity you are facing? What are your objectives and
criteria for a successful outcome? Having a clear and specific decision statement and purpose will help you
communicate it to others and invite their input(Tindale and Winget, 2019).
2. Choose who to involve and how
Not every decision requires the same level of involvement and consensus from others. Depending on the
complexity, urgency, impact, and stakeholder interest of the decision, you may need to consult, collaborate,
delegate, or inform others. Choose who to involve based on their expertise, experience, role, and influence, and
how to involve them based on their availability, preference, and expectations. For example, you may use
surveys, interviews, focus groups, workshops, or online platforms to gather feedback or opinions from others.
3. Listen and learn from others
One of the benefits of involving others in your decision-making is that you can learn from their insights,
perspectives, and experiences. To do this, you need to listen actively and respectfully to what they have to say,
ask open-ended and probing questions, and appreciate their contributions. You also need to be open-minded and
willing to consider different ideas, options, and solutions, even if they challenge your own assumptions,
preferences(Stiggelbout, Pieterse and De Haes, 2015).
4. Evaluate and synthesize the input
After you have collected and listened to the input from others, you need to evaluate and synthesize it to inform
your decision. You can use various methods and tools to analyze, compare, rank, or score the input, such as
SWOT analysis, pros and cons lists, decision matrices, or criteria weighting.

References:

Tindale, R.S. and Winget, J.R. (2019) ‘Group decision-making’, in Oxford research encyclopedia of
psychology[Accessed 22 09 2024].
Stiggelbout, A.M., Pieterse, A.H. and De Haes, J.C.J.M. (2015) ‘Shared decision making: concepts, evidence,
and practice’, Patient education and counseling, 98(10), pp. 1172–1179[Accessed 22 09 2024].

5. Explain the importance of reviewing and evaluating decisions to improve quality

1. Continuous Improvement
Regular reviews and evaluations help identify areas of improvement. This continuous improvement process
ensures that the quality of care provided is always at its best.
2. Accountability
Reviewing decisions helps maintain accountability. It ensures that decisions made are in the best interest of
the individuals receiving care(Bujar et al., 2017).
3. Learning Opportunities
Evaluating decisions provides learning opportunities. It helps identify what worked well and what didn't,
which can be used to inform future decisions.
4. Risk Management
Regular reviews can help identify potential risks and mitigate them before they become significant issues.
5. Compliance with Standards
Regular evaluations ensure compliance with standards and regulations in the adult care sector(Kringos et al.,
2015).
6. Enhancing Trust and Confidence
Transparency in decision-making processes, achieved through regular reviews and evaluations, can enhance
trust and confidence among all stakeholders.
7. Staff Development
Regular evaluations provide insights into staff performance and areas for development. This fosters a
culture of continuous learning and professional growth, ultimately improving care quality.
8. Resource Optimization
By reviewing decisions and processes, organizations can better allocate resources, ensuring that they are
used effectively and efficiently to enhance service delivery.
9. Stakeholder Engagement
Involving stakeholders in the review process encourages their input and feedback, fostering a collaborative
environment that can lead to improved care strategies and overall satisfaction.
References:
Bujar, M. et al. (2017) ‘Evaluating quality of decision-making processes in medicines’ development, regulatory
review, and health technology assessment: a systematic review of the literature’, Frontiers in pharmacology, 8,
p. 189[Accessed 22 09 2024].
Kringos, D.S. et al. (2015) ‘The influence of context on the effectiveness of hospital quality improvement
strategies: a review of systematic reviews’, BMC health services research, 15, pp. 1–13[Accessed 22 09 2024].
6. Identify when decision need to be made
Decisions are key to ensuring efficient use of resources and maintaining momentum toward success. A decision
needs to be made when a problem or challenge is identified that affects progress, performance, or results. For
example, if goals aren't being met, a decision may be necessary to change strategies or find solutions(Kroening
and Strichman, 2016). Additionally, decisions are required when there's uncertainty or lack of clarity about
goals or direction, as setting a clear path forward is essential for success. Opportunities can also trigger
decision-making. When a new opportunity presents itself, such as a business deal, career advancement, or a
market change, deciding whether to pursue or decline is important. Time-sensitive situations, such as deadlines
or emergencies, often call for quick and effective decisions to prevent further issues(Klein, 2017). Lastly, if
resources like time, money, or manpower are being used inefficiently, a decision is needed to ensure they are
managed well. Recognizing these triggers helps ensure timely and effective decision-making to achieve long-
term goals.
References:
Klein, G.A. (2017) Sources of power: How people make decisions. MIT press[Accessed 22 09 2024].
Kroening, D. and Strichman, O. (2016) Decision procedures. Springer[Accessed 22 09 2024].
7. Gather data, information and intelligence to inform decision making

Step 1: Identify the information you need

Before you start gathering data, you need to identify what information you need. This could be anything from
market trends, customer behavior, competitor analysis, or internal business metrics(Pranjić, 2018).
 Market trends: Information about the current state of the market, including trends, growth rates, and
market size.
 Customer behavior: Information about how customers interact with your product or service.
Step 2: Choose your data collection method
There are several methods you can use to collect data, including surveys, interviews, observations, and
secondary data.
 Surveys: This involves asking a series of questions to a group of people. Surveys can be conducted
online, over the phone, or in person(Tien, 2017).
 Interviews: This involves having a one-on-one conversation with someone to gather detailed
information.
Step 3: Collect the Data
Once you've identified what information you need and chosen your data collection method, the next step is to
collect the data. This could involve conducting surveys, carrying out interviews and observing behaviors
Step 4: Analyze the Data
After collecting the data, the next step is to analyze it. This involves looking for patterns, trends, and insights
that can help inform your decision-making process. There are two data analysis techniques:
 Descriptive analysis: This involves summarizing the data to get a clear understanding of what it
represents.
 Inferential analysis: This involves making predictions or inferences about a larger population based on
a sample of data.
References:
Pranjić, G. (2018) ‘Decision making process in the business intelligence 3.0 context’, Ekonomska misao i
praksa, 27(2), p. 603[Accessed 23 09 2024].

Tien, J.M. (2017) ‘Internet of things, real-time decision making, and artificial intelligence’, Annals of Data
Science, 4, pp. 149–178[Accessed 23 09 2024].
8. Identify a range of potential solutions
1. Criteria matrix
A criteria matrix is a tool that allows you to rank and score each solution based on how well it meets a set of
predefined criteria. These criteria can be quantitative such as cost, time, or quality, or qualitative such as
customer satisfaction and feasibility. You can assign different weights to each criterion based on its importance,
and then calculate the total score for each solution(Griscom et al., 2017).

2. SWOT analysis
A SWOT analysis is a tool that helps you identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each
solution. By performing a SWOT analysis, you can highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each solution,
as well as the potential risks and benefits that may arise from implementing it(Seddon et al., 2020).

3. Decision tree
A decision tree is a tool that helps you visualize the possible outcomes and consequences of each solution. It
consists of a series of nodes and branches that represent choices, events, and results. You can also compare
different solutions by calculating their expected value, which is the sum of the value of each outcome multiplied
by its probability.

References:

Griscom, B.W. et al. (2017) ‘Natural climate solutions’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
114(44), pp. 11645–11650[Accessed 23 09 2024].
Seddon, N. et al. (2020) ‘Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and
other global challenges’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1794), p. 20190120[Accessed
24 09 2024].
9. Evaluate potential solution and draw conclusions
Steps in Decision Making
1. Identify the Problem: The first step in decision-making is to identify the problem or issue that needs to be
addressed. This involves gathering information and understanding the context of the problem.
2. Generate Potential Solutions: Once the problem has been identified, brainstorm potential solutions. These
could be based on past experiences, research, or innovative ideas(Yazdani et al., 2019).
3. Evaluate Potential Solutions: Evaluate each potential solution based on its feasibility, effectiveness, and
potential impact. Consider the resources required, potential risks, and the benefits of each solution.
4. Choose the Best Solution: After evaluating the potential solutions, choose the one that best addresses the
problem and aligns with the goals and values of the care setting.
5. Implement the Solution: Put the chosen solution into action. Monitor the implementation process to ensure
it is carried out as planned.
6. Review the Outcome: After the solution has been implemented, review the outcome to determine if the
problem has been resolved. If not, revisit the problem and consider other solutions.
7. Gather Feedback: Collect feedback from stakeholders involved in the decision-making and
implementation process. This helps in understanding the effectiveness of the solution from different
perspectives(O’Mara-Eves et al., 2015).
8. Refine the Solution: Based on the feedback received and any unexpected outcomes, make adjustments to
improve the solution. This step ensures the decision remains adaptable and effective.
9. Document the Process: Keep a detailed record of the decision-making process, including the problem
identified, solutions considered, and the rationale behind the final choice. This documentation can be useful
for future reference and organizational learning.

Drawing Conclusions
Drawing conclusions involves interpreting the results of the decision-making process. This includes assessing
whether the chosen solution effectively addressed the problem and identifying lessons learned for future
decision-making. Once you've followed the steps of decision-making and implemented a solution, it's important
to look at the results. You need to check if the solution worked. Did it solve the problem? Was it effective? If
yes, then the decision was a good one. If not, you might need to go back and try a different solution.

References:
O’Mara-Eves, A. et al. (2015) ‘Using text mining for study identification in systematic reviews: a systematic
review of current approaches’, Systematic reviews, 4, pp. 1–22[Accessed 24 09 2024].
Yazdani, M. et al. (2019) ‘A combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method for multi-criteria decision-
making problems’, Management decision, 57(9), pp. 2501–2519[Accessed 24 09 2024].
10.Involve individuals and others in the decision-making process and the implementation
of the outcome.
Involving individuals and others in decision making and implementing an outcome is very important point to
create a positive and supportive environment where people feel comfortable to share their opinions questions or
concerns and where they respect and appreciate each other’s contributions. First of all, we need to be cleared in
our purpose and objective. we should be clear and direct with our meaning. After clearing the purpose and
objective we should set our goals clearly. After that involve those relevant people who will be affected by the
decision and who’s input will be valuable. Ensure that you have different viewpoints skills set and experiences
because they make brainstorming easier and more productive. Allow people to speak up, provide a platform
where all voices can be heard(Elwyn, Frosch and Kobrin, 2015). All participants should feel respected there
should be no biasness. By surveys collect input to gather ideas and opinions. Engage in constructive that allow
different viewpoints. Assign the responsibilities on individual strength and expertise and ensure that everyone
understood all their responsibilities in making the outcome a success. Monitoring and evaluation is the main key
to have a positive outcome. Track the progress individually review the implemented procedure and make the
adjustments as required. After that celebrate success and acknowledge each contribution. Appreciate the role
each person played in the decision and implementation. after that gather the feedback and what can be improved
for future process. There are also benefits for involving other expertise viewpoints for the better decisions
because multiple perspective can lead us to more innovative and well-rounded solutions. We should encourage
the employees also to generate the ideas and make decisions(Härter et al., 2017). The relationship with the
employees should be very strong because it strengthens the relationships among team members or stakeholders.
This approach not only improve the decision making but also increase commitment to success full
implementation. But on the other hand, when we involve others in this system, we can get more innovative
ideas and information so the possibilities of the good and valuable outcomes would also increase but when the
implementation starts those involved are more excited to see the success of the project. When we add some
other individuals in our team, its their responsibility to take the security and working of the project as their own
work and should do their best for its success. By implementing this, you not only make better decisions but also
get more cultivate, motivated and eligible team for the organization.
References:
Elwyn, G., Frosch, D.L. and Kobrin, S. (2015) ‘Implementing shared decision-making: consider all the
consequences’, Implementation science, 11, pp. 1–10[Accessed 23 09 2024].
Härter, M. et al. (2017) ‘Shared decision making in 2017: international accomplishments in policy, research and
implementation’, Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen. Elsevier, pp. 1–
5[Accessed 23 09 2024].
11.Evaluate the decision and the decision-making process
To evaluate a decision and the decision-making process, the quality of the decision and the consideration that
how to process on it must be important. Some factors involve in this process such as Clarity of the object,
Information gathering, alternate consideration, timeliness, risks and benefits etc. Are we clear about the object?
This is the main thing to be focused on that an object on which we’re going to work on is clear, our goal is clear
is crucial for fostering collaboration and we have all information and knowledge on it because a good decision
will lead to the good outcomes(Ceballos, Lamata and Pelta, 2016). Information gathering includes that the
information we are using for the project is sufficient or not? Were the necessary points, data, summaries and
researches considered? How we gathered the information and what are the main resources of it? These points
much be considered while putting the information into process. Alternate considerations should always be in
mind while making a decision that either we explored all the alternate options and ways related to the decision
while finalizing our decision(Rezaei, 2015). There are always the pros and cons of everything. So, while
making a decision we should check all the pros and cons that how the decision will be effective and beneficial
for our project. Time management is the most important factor while working for an organization. While
making a decision, it should also be observed that was the decision is made without any delays in a timely
manner or not? Stakeholders’ requirement should be fulfilled more importantly. While making a decision, it
should be revised that all the concerns and demands of the stakeholders are fulfilling or not, are we serving the
right services or not? Sometimes, even a good decision-making process result in bad outcomes because of
insufficient knowledge and working on it. So, while making a decision, all the necessary factors should be
viewed.
References:
Rezaei, J. (2015) ‘Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method’, Omega, 53, pp. 49–57[Accessed 24 09
2024].
Ceballos, B., Lamata, M.T. and Pelta, D.A. (2016) ‘A comparative analysis of multi-criteria decision-making
methods’, Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 5, pp. 315–322[Accessed 24 09 2024].