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Linux Interview Q & A

1. What is the Linux kernel?

Ans: The Linux kernel is the core component of the Linux operating system. It manages system
resources, such as the CPU, memory, devices, and provides essential services for other software
to run on top of it.

2. What is the difference between Linux and Unix?

Ans: Linux and Unix are both operating systems, but they have different origins. Unix refers to a
family of operating systems that share similar principles and design concepts. Linux, on the other
hand, is an open-source operating system kernel inspired by Unix. While Linux is Unix-like, it is
not a certified Unix system.

3. What is a shell in Linux?

Ans: A shell is a command-line interpreter that allows users to interact with the Linux operating
system. It interprets user commands and executes them. The shell also provides features like
scripting, automation, and access to various system utilities.

4. What is the difference between a process and a thread in Linux?

Ans: A process is an instance of a running program that has its own memory space and resources. It is
managed by the kernel and can consist of multiple threads. Threads, on the other hand, are
lightweight execution units within a process. They share the same memory space and resources
of the parent process.

5. How do you find files in Linux?

Ans: The find command is commonly used to search for files in Linux. You can specify the starting
directory and various search criteria such as filename, size, permissions, and modification time.
For example, find /path/to/search -name "filename" will find files with the specified name within
the given directory.

6. What is the purpose of the grep command?

Ans: The grep command is used to search for specific patterns or regular expressions within text files
or command output. It can be combined with other commands using pipes (|) to perform
powerful text processing operations.

7. Explain the use of the chmod command.

Ans: The chmod command is used to change the permissions (read, write, execute) of files and
directories in Linux. It can be used to grant or revoke permissions for the owner, group, and
others. The permissions can be represented in either symbolic (e.g., chmod u+r file) or octal
notation (e.g., chmod 644 file).
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8. What is a symbolic link in Linux?
Ans: A symbolic link, also known as a symlink or soft link, is a special type of file that acts as a pointer
to another file or directory. It provides a convenient way to reference files or directories located
elsewhere in the filesystem. Symbolic links can be created using the ln -s command.

9. How do you check system resource usage in Linux?

Ans: The top command is commonly used to monitor system resource usage in real-time. It displays
information about CPU usage, memory usage, running processes, and more. Additionally, the free
command provides information about memory usage, while the df command shows disk space
usage.

10. Explain the role of the /etc/passwd file.

Ans: The /etc/passwd file is a system file in Linux that stores user account information. Each line in
the file represents a user and contains details such as the username, user ID (UID), group ID (GID),
home directory, and default shell. However, modern Linux systems typically use /etc/shadow for
password storage.

11. How do you check the network connectivity in Linux?

Ans: The ping command is commonly used to check network connectivity. By specifying an IP address
or domain name, ping sends ICMP echo requests to the target and waits for replies. It helps
determine if a host is reachable on the network.

12. How do you start, stop, and restart services in Linux?

Ans: The specific commands can vary depending on the Linux distribution, but commonly used
commands are systemctl start <service>, systemctl stop <service>, and systemctl restart
<service>. Replace <service> with the name of the service you want to control.

13. What is the purpose of the cron utility?

Ans: The cron utility allows scheduling and automating recurring tasks in Linux. It uses cron jobs,
which are commands or scripts that run at specified intervals or times. The crontab command is
used to manage and configure the cron jobs for individual users.

14. How do you manage software packages in Linux?

Ans: Linux distributions use package managers to manage software packages. Common package
managers include APT (used by Debian and Ubuntu), YUM (used by Fedora and CentOS), and
Pacman (used by Arch Linux). These package managers allow you to install, update, and remove
software packages with ease.

15. How can you secure a Linux server?

Ans: There are several measures you can take to secure a Linux server:

• Keep the system up to date with security patches and updates.

• Use strong and unique passwords for user accounts.

• Implement a firewall to control network traffic.

• Disable unnecessary services and ports.

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• Utilize secure protocols, such as SSH for remote access.

• Regularly monitor logs and audit system activities.

16. How do you create a backup in Linux?

Ans: There are various ways to create backups in Linux. One common method is using the tar
command to create compressed archive files. For example, to create a backup of a directory, you
can use the command tar -czvf backup.tar.gz /path/to/directory. There are also dedicated backup
utilities like rsync and borgbackup available.

17. Explain the use of the ssh command.

Ans: The ssh command is used to establish secure shell connections to remote systems. It provides
encrypted communication and allows you to log in to remote machines, execute commands
remotely, and transfer files securely between systems. The command syntax is ssh
username@hostname.

18. How do you monitor system performance in Linux?

Ans: Linux offers various tools to monitor system performance. Some commonly used tools include
top, htop, and glances for real-time monitoring of CPU, memory, and processes. Additionally,
tools like vmstat, iostat, and sar provide detailed information about system resource usage over
time.

19. What is the purpose of the /etc/fstab file?

Ans: The /etc/fstab file is a system configuration file that contains information about filesystems and
their mount points. It is used during the system boot process to automatically mount partitions
and network shares. The file specifies options like filesystem type, mount point, and mount
options.

20. How do you kill a process in Linux?

Ans: The kill command is used to terminate processes in Linux. By default, it sends the SIGTERM
signal to gracefully terminate a process. You can use the ps command to find the process ID (PID)
and then use kill PID to send the termination signal. For more forceful termination, you can use
kill -9 PID to send the SIGKILL signal.

21. What is the purpose of the grep command?

Ans: The grep command is used to search for specific patterns or regular expressions within text files
or command output. It scans the input and displays lines that match the specified pattern. It can
be combined with other commands using pipes (|) to perform advanced text processing
operations.

22. How do you check disk space usage in Linux?

Ans: The df command is commonly used to check disk space usage in Linux. It displays information
about the filesystems, their mount points, total size, used space, and available space. Adding the -
h option provides human-readable output with sizes in a more understandable format.
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23. What is a daemon in Linux?
Ans: A daemon is a background process that runs continuously and provides specific services in Linux.
Daemons are often started during the system boot process and perform various tasks, such as
network services (e.g., web server, database server), system monitoring, or scheduled tasks.

24. How do you create and extract compressed archives in Linux?

Ans: Linux provides various tools to create and extract compressed archives. The most commonly
used commands are tar, gzip, bzip2, and zip. For example, to create a tar archive and compress it
with gzip, you can use tar -czvf archive.tar.gz files. To extract the archive, use tar -xzvf
archive.tar.gz.

25. What is the purpose of the sudo command?

Ans: The sudo command is used in Linux to execute commands with administrative privileges. It
allows authorized users to perform system tasks or run commands as the root user temporarily.
This helps ensure security by restricting access to sensitive operations.

26. How do you check system logs in Linux?

Ans: Linux stores system logs in the /var/log directory. The most common log files include
/var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages, and /var/log/auth.log. You can use tools like less or tail to
view log files in real-time. Additionally, the journalctl command is used to view systemd journal
logs.

27. Explain the role of the chroot command.

Ans: The chroot command is used to change the apparent root directory for a process and its
children. It creates a restricted environment where the specified directory becomes the new root
directory. This is often used for security purposes to isolate processes and limit their access to the
rest of the filesystem.

28. How do you check the IP address of a Linux system?

Ans: The ip command is commonly used to check the IP address of a Linux system. By running ip addr
show or ip a, you can view the network interfaces along with their associated IP addresses.
Another command, ifconfig, can also be used, although it is being deprecated in favor of ip
command.

29. What is SSH key authentication in Linux?

Ans: SSH key authentication is a secure method of logging into a remote Linux system using
cryptographic key pairs. It involves generating a public and private key pair on the local system
and adding the public key to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the remote system. This allows
passwordless authentication for SSH connections.

30. How do you manage user accounts and groups in Linux?

Ans: User accounts and groups can be managed using commands like useradd, userdel, usermod,
groupadd, groupdel, and groupmod. These commands allow you to create new users, delete
users, modify user properties, create new groups, delete groups, and modify group settings.
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31. How do you check the system information in Linux?
Ans: The uname command is commonly used to check system information in Linux. By running
uname -a, you can view details such as the kernel version, hostname, processor architecture, and
operating system.

32. Explain the purpose of the /etc/resolv.conf file.

Ans: The /etc/resolv.conf file is used by Linux systems to configure DNS (Domain Name System)
resolution. It specifies the DNS servers that should be used for name resolution. It also defines
domain search suffixes and other DNS-related settings.

33. How do you mount and unmount filesystems in Linux?

Ans: The mount command is used to mount filesystems in Linux. By specifying the device or partition
to mount and the mount point directory, you can make the filesystem accessible. The umount
command is used to unmount filesystems when they are no longer needed.

34. What is the purpose of the ifconfig command?

Ans: The ifconfig command is used to configure and display network interface information in Linux. It
allows you to view and modify network interface settings, such as IP addresses, netmasks, and
network-related parameters. However, it is being deprecated in favor of the ip command.

35. How do you check the running processes in Linux?

Ans: The ps command is commonly used to check running processes in Linux. By running ps aux or ps
-ef, you can view a list of processes along with their process IDs (PIDs), resource utilization, and
other details. Adding the grep command can help filter specific processes.

36. Explain the use of the rsync command.

Ans: The rsync command is used for efficient file synchronization and data transfer in Linux. It can be
used to copy and synchronize files and directories locally or between different systems over a
network. rsync only transfers the differences between files, minimizing data transfer.

37. How do you check the disk usage of a directory in Linux?

Ans: The du command is used to check disk usage in Linux. By running du -sh /path/to/directory, you
can view the summarized disk usage of a directory, including its subdirectories. The -s option
provides a summary, and the -h option displays the sizes in human-readable format.

38. What is a runlevel in Linux?

Ans: Runlevels in Linux define different system states and configurations. They determine which
services and processes should be started or stopped during system startup. Common runlevels
include single user mode, multi-user mode, and graphical user mode. The default runlevel is
usually defined in the /etc/inittab file.

39. How do you find and kill a specific process in Linux?

Ans: The pgrep command is commonly used to find processes based on their name or other
attributes. Once you have identified the process ID (PID), you can use the kill command with the
PID to terminate the process. For example, kill PID or kill -9 PID (forceful termination).
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40. Explain the purpose of the /etc/passwd file.
Ans: The /etc/passwd file is a system file in Linux that stores user account information. Each line in
the file represents a user and contains details such as the username, user ID (UID), group ID (GID),
home directory, default shell, and more. However, modern Linux systems typically use
/etc/shadow for password storage.

41. What is the purpose of the cron and crontab files?

Ans: The cron and crontab files are used to schedule and automate recurring tasks in Linux. The cron
file, located in /etc/cron.d/ or /etc/cron.daily/, contains system-wide cron jobs. The crontab files,
accessed using the crontab command, are used to create and manage cron jobs for individual
users.

42. How do you change file permissions in Linux?

Ans: The chmod command is used to change file permissions in Linux. You can specify permissions
using either symbolic notation (e.g., chmod u+r file) or octal notation (e.g., chmod 644 file). The
symbolic notation includes options to grant or revoke permissions for the owner, group, and
others.

43. What is the purpose of the /etc/hosts file?

Ans: The /etc/hosts file is a plain-text file that maps hostnames to IP addresses on a local system. It is
used to resolve hostnames to IP addresses without the need for DNS (Domain Name System)
queries. Users can define custom mappings in this file for local hostname resolution.

44. How do you check the current directory in Linux?

Ans: The pwd command is used to print the current working directory in Linux. By running pwd, it will
display the absolute path of the current directory you are in.

45. Explain the use of the ln command in Linux.

Ans: The ln command is used to create links between files or directories in Linux. There are two types
of links: hard links and symbolic links (or soft links). Hard links create additional file entries that
point to the same data on the disk, while symbolic links are pointers to the target file or directory.

46. How do you search for files containing specific text in Linux?
Ans: The grep command is commonly used to search for files containing specific text in Linux. By
using the syntax grep "search_text" file_pattern, it will display lines from the specified file(s) that
match the search text.

47. What is the purpose of the history command in Linux?

Ans: The history command is used to display a list of previously executed commands in Linux. It
provides a history of the commands that were entered in the current session or from previous
sessions. You can use the !n syntax to repeat a specific command from the history by specifying
its line number.

48. How do you check the size of a file or directory in Linux?

Ans: The du command is commonly used to check the size of a file or directory in Linux. By running
du -sh file_or_directory, it will display the summarized disk usage of the specified file or directory.
The -s option provides a summary, and the -h option displays sizes in a human-readable format.
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49. What is the purpose of the alias command in Linux?

Ans: The alias command is used to create custom shortcuts or abbreviations for commands in Linux.
It allows you to define a new name or alias for a command and associate it with specific options
or parameters. This can help simplify frequently used or complex commands.

50. How do you monitor system resource usage in Linux?

Ans: Linux provides various tools to monitor system resource usage. Commonly used tools include
top, htop, and glances for real-time monitoring of CPU, memory, and processes. Additionally,
tools like vmstat, iostat, and sar provide detailed information about system resource usage over
time.

51. What is the purpose of the find command in Linux?

Ans: The find command is used to search for files and directories based on various criteria, such as
name, size, type, permissions, and more. It allows you to locate files and perform operations on
them, such as copying, moving, or deleting. The find command is highly flexible and powerful.

52. How do you check the system uptime in Linux?

Ans: The uptime command is used to check the system uptime in Linux. By running uptime, it will
display the current time, how long the system has been running, the number of logged-in users,
and the system load average over different time intervals.

53. Explain the use of the iptables command in Linux.

Ans: The iptables command is used to configure and manage the netfilter firewall in Linux. It allows
you to set up rules for filtering network traffic, performing Network Address Translation (NAT),
and implementing packet manipulation. iptables is a powerful tool for network security and
traffic control.

54. How do you check the size of a directory and its contents in Linux?
Ans: The du command is commonly used to check the size of a directory and its contents in Linux. By
running du -sh directory, it will display the summarized disk usage of the specified directory,
including all its subdirectories. The -s option provides a summary, and the -h option displays sizes
in a human-readable format.

55. What is the purpose of the chown command in Linux?

Ans: The chown command is used to change the ownership of files and directories in Linux. It allows
you to modify the user and/or group ownership of a file or directory. The ownership can be
specified using the username, group name, or their corresponding numeric IDs.

56. How do you check the available memory in Linux?

Ans: The free command is commonly used to check the available memory in Linux. By running free -h,
it will display information about the system's total memory, used memory, free memory, and
other memory-related statistics. The -h option displays sizes in a human-readable format.
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57. What is a shebang in Linux?

Ans: A shebang, also known as a hashbang, is a line at the beginning of a script file that specifies the
interpreter to be used for executing the script. It typically starts with #! followed by the path to
the interpreter. For example, #!/bin/bash specifies that the script should be executed using the
Bash shell.

58. How do you check the listening ports in Linux?

Ans: The netstat command is commonly used to check the listening ports in Linux. By running netstat
-tuln, it will display a list of all open ports and the corresponding services or processes that are
listening on those ports. The -t option filters TCP ports, -u filters UDP ports, -l lists only listening
sockets, and -n displays port numbers instead of service names.

59. What is the purpose of the /etc/shadow file in Linux?

Ans: The /etc/shadow file is a system file that stores encrypted user passwords in Linux. It provides
an additional layer of security by keeping the password hashes separate from the /etc/passwd
file. Only privileged users can access the /etc/shadow file.

60. How do you create a symbolic link in Linux?

Ans: The ln command is used to create symbolic links (also known as soft links) in Linux. By running ln -
s target link_name, it will create a symbolic link named link_name that points to the target file or
directory. Symbolic links are references to the target, not actual copies.

61. What is a Linux distribution, and what are some examples?

Ans: A Linux distribution is a version of the Linux operating system that includes a specific set of
software and tools. Examples include Ubuntu, CentOS, and Debian.

62. How do you create a new user in Linux? How do you grant that user sudo
privileges?
Ans: To create a new user, use the adduser command followed by the username. To grant sudo
privileges to a user, add the user to the sudo group using the usermod command.

63. How do you list the contents of a directory, and how do you recursively
list the contents of subdirectories?
Ans: To list the contents of a directory, use the ls command. To recursively list the contents of
subdirectories, use the ls -R command.
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64. How do you search for a file by name, and how do you search for a string
within the contents of a file?
Ans: To search for a file by name, use the find command. To search for a string within the contents of
a file, use the grep command.

65. How do you set environment variables in Linux, and how do you
temporarily set environment variables for a single command?
Ans: To set environment variables in Linux, you can use the export command. To temporarily set
environment variables for a single command, you can use the env command.

66. How do you view and navigate the filesystem hierarchy in Linux?
Ans: To view and navigate the filesystem hierarchy in Linux, you can use the cd command to change
directories, the ls command to list the contents of a directory, and the pwd command to display the
current working directory.

67. How do you create and edit a file in Linux using the command line?
Ans: To create and edit a file in Linux using the command line, you can use a text editor such as vi or
nano.

68. How do you create and extract tar, gzip, and bzip2 archives in Linux?
Ans: To create a tar archive, use the tar command followed by the -cf flag and the desired filename. To
extract a tar archive, use the tar command followed by the -xf flag and the archive filename. To create
a gzip archive, use the gzip command followed by the desired filename. To extract a gzip archive, use
the gunzip command followed by the archive filename. To create a bzip2 archive, use the bzip2
command followed by the desired filename. To extract a bzip2 archive, use the bunzip2 command
followed by the archive filename.

69. How do you schedule a task to run automatically in Linux using cron?
Ans: To schedule a task to run automatically in Linux using cron, you can use the crontab command to
open the crontab file and add a new entry specifying the schedule and command to be run.

70. How do you view and kill running processes in Linux, and how do you view
log files?
Ans: To view running processes in Linux, use the ps command. To kill a process, use the kill command
followed by the process ID. To view log files, you can use a text editor or the tail command to view the
end of a log file.
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71. What is Linux and How it is different from Windows ?
Ans: Linux is free and open source Operating System and it is Multi User operating System developed
by Linux Torvalds

Windows OS developed by Microsoft and it is single user operating system developed by Microsoft.

72. What is Linux Distribution

Ans: As linux is free and open source Operating system, many companies has taken linux source code
and modified according to their requirement and released into market. Those releases are called as
Linux Distributions.

Ex: Amazon Linux, Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat Linux, SUSE etc..

73. Can you explain Linux Architecture

Ans: Applications -> Shell -> Kernel -> Hardware

74. What is BASH?

Ans: BASH (Bourne Again Shell) is basically a command language interpreter. It was written by Brian
Fox for GNU OS and can be used in place of Bourne Shell. It is similar to Bourne Shell but includes some
additional features such as command-line editing that make it easier and more convenient to use. It is
the default user shell on most Linux installations. It is basically an interpreted and non-compiled
process that can also run in the terminal window. It is also capable of reading commands from shell
scripts

75. What is Kernel? Explain its functions.

Ans: A kernel is considered the main component of Linux OS. It is simply a resource manager that acts
as a bridge between hardware and software. Its main role is to manage hardware resources for users
and is generally used to provide an interface for user-level interaction. A kernel is the first program
that is loaded whenever a computer system starts. It is also referred to as low-level system software.

Its other main functions include:

Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
Storage Management
Manage access, and use of various peripherals that are connected to the computer.

76. What is Linux Loader ?

Ans: LILO (Linux Loader) is basically a bootloader for Linux that is used to load Linux into memory and
start the OS.
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77. What is swap space?

Ans: Swap space, as the name suggests, is basically a space on a hard disk that is used when the
amount of physical memory or RAM is full. It is considered a substitute for physical memory. Its main
function is to substitute disk space for RAM memory when real RAM does not have enough space to
hold all programs that are executing, and more space is required. In simple words, it can be used as an
extension of RAM by Linux.

78. What is Vi Editor ?

Ans: VI editor (Visual Editor) is basically a default text editor that usually comes with most of the Linux
OS. There are basically three types of modes used in VI editor as given below:

Command Mode/Regular Mode:

Insertion Mode/Edit Mode:
Ex Mode/Replacement Mode:

79. What are file permissions in Linux? Name different types of file systems in
Linux.

Ans: There are three owners in the Linux System i.e., user, group, and others. These owners have
three types of permissions defined as listed below:

Read (r): It allows the user to open and read the file or list the directory.
Write (w): It allows the user to open and modify the file. One can also add new files to the directory.
Execute (x): It allows the user to execute or run the file. One can also lookup a specific file within a
directory.

80. What is a Zombie Process?

Ans: Zombie Process, also referred to as a defunct or dead process in Linux, is a process that has
finished the execution, but its entry remains in the process table. It usually happens due to a lack of
correspondence between parent and child processes. This process occurs for the child process because
the parent process needs to read the status of the child process. Once it is completed using the wait
system call, this process is removed from the process table.

81. what is awk command ?

Ans. The awk command is a versatile text processing tool commonly found on Unix-like operating
systems. It takes input from files or standard input and performs various operations on it, such as
searching for specific patterns, extracting and manipulating data, and generating reports.

The basic syntax of the awk command is as follows:

$ awk options 'pattern { action }' input_file

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82. How to delete 2 months old files in Linux Machine ?

Ans. To delete files that are two months old on a Linux machine, you can use a combination of the find
command and the rm command. Here's an example command you can use:

$ find /path/to/directory -type f -mtime +60 -exec rm {} \;

83. How to check free space in Linux ?

Ans. To check the free space on a Linux system, you can use the df command (short for "disk free")

84. You need to transfer files securely between two Linux servers. How would
you set up and configure an encrypted SSH connection to ensure secure file
transfers?
Ans. To securely transfer files between two Linux servers, you can set up and configure an encrypted
SSH connection using the Secure Copy (SCP).

$ ssh-copy-id <REMOTE_SERVER>

85. How to check Linux version ?

Ans. To check the Linux version, you can use the lsb_release command or the uname command

86. How to display all users belongs to a group in Linux ?

Ans. To display all the users belonging to a specific group in Linux, you can use the getent command

$ getent group <groupname>

87. Which Linux machines are using in your project?

Ans. RHEL Based Linux Machines We are using in our project.
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Shell Scripting Interview Q & A

88. What is a shell script?
Ans: A shell script is a script written in a shell programming language, such as Bash, that is interpreted
by a command-line shell. It contains a series of commands that can be executed in sequence.

89. How do you define the shell to be used in a shell script?

Ans: The shell to be used in a shell script is defined by the shebang line, which is placed at the
beginning of the script. For example, #!/bin/bash specifies that the Bash shell should be used.

90. How do you pass arguments to a shell script?

Ans: Arguments can be passed to a shell script using positional parameters. Inside the script, these
arguments can be accessed using variables like $1, $2, etc., where $1 represents the first argument, $2
represents the second argument, and so on.

91. How can you get the number of arguments passed to a shell script?
Ans: The number of arguments passed to a shell script can be obtained using the special variable $#.
For example, echo $# will display the count of arguments.

92. How do you read input from the user within a shell script?

Ans: Input can be read from the user within a shell script using the read command. For example, read
name will prompt the user to enter their name, and the value will be stored in the variable $name.

93. How do you check if a file exists in a shell script?

Ans: The existence of a file can be checked using the -e flag with the test or [ command. For example, [
-e file.txt ] will return true if the file "file.txt" exists.

94. How do you iterate over a list of items in a shell script?

Ans: You can iterate over a list of items using a for loop.
For example:

for item in item1 item2 item3

do
echo $item
Done
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95. How can you redirect the output of a command to a file?

Ans: The output of a command can be redirected to a file using the > operator. For example, ls >
file.txt will redirect the output of the ls command to the file "file.txt".

96. How do you define and use functions in a shell script?

Ans: Functions can be defined in a shell script using the function keyword or simply by defining a block
of code.
For example:

function greet {
echo "Hello, $1!"
}
greet "John"
This will output "Hello, John!".

97. How do you handle errors or exceptions in a shell script?

Ans: Errors or exceptions in a shell script can be handled using the trap command to set up a signal
handler. This allows you to catch and handle specific signals or errors. Additionally, you can use
conditional statements like if-else to handle errors based on exit codes or specific condition

98. How do you check if a directory exists in a shell script?

Ans: You can check the existence of a directory using the -d flag with the test or [ command. For
example, [ -d directory ] will return true if the directory "directory" exists.

99.How can you pass the output of one command as an argument to another
command?
Ans: The output of one command can be passed as an argument to another command using command
substitution with the $() syntax. For example, command2 $(command1) will pass the output of
command1 as an argument to command2.

100. How do you compare strings in a shell script?

Ans: String comparison can be done using conditional statements such as if-else and the test or [
command. For example, [ "$str1" = "$str2" ] checks if str1 is equal to str2.

101. How can you get the length of a string in a shell script?
Ans: The length of a string can be obtained using the ${#string} syntax. For example, length=${#str} will
store the length of the string str in the variable length.
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102.How do you perform arithmetic operations in a shell script?

Ans: Arithmetic operations can be performed using the expr command or by using the $((...)) syntax.
For example, result=$((num1 + num2)) will store the sum of num1 and num2 in the variable result.

103. How do you check if a variable is empty in a shell script?

Ans: You can check if a variable is empty using conditional statements. For example, [ -z "$var" ] will
return true if the variable var is empty.

104. How do you read lines from a file in a shell script?

Ans: Lines can be read from a file using the while loop combined with the read command. For
example:

while read line

do
echo $line
done < file.t

Scenario Based Interview Questions

105. You are troubleshooting a Linux server that is experiencing high CPU usage.
How would you identify the processes consuming the most CPU resources and
take appropriate actions?

106. A Linux server is running out of disk space. How would you identify the
directories or files consuming the most disk space and free up space?

107. You need to schedule a task to run at a specific time every day on a Linux
system. How would you set up a cron job to accomplish this?

108. You want to restrict SSH access to a Linux server only to specific IP
addresses. How would you configure the firewall to allow SSH access from
specific IP ranges?

109. You suspect that a particular process is causing system instability on a Linux
server. How would you trace system calls and monitor the process to gather
diagnostic information?
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110. You need to configure a Linux system as a router to enable network traffic
between multiple subnets. How would you set up IP forwarding and configure
the necessary network settings?

111. A Linux server is experiencing slow network performance. How would you
diagnose network-related issues, such as latency or packet loss, and
troubleshoot them?

112. You have accidentally deleted an important file on a Linux system. How
would you attempt to recover the deleted file using command-line tools or
utilities?

113. You want to secure a Linux server by disabling unnecessary services and
closing unused network ports. How would you identify running services and
check for open ports?

114. You need to transfer files securely between two Linux servers. How would
you set up and configure an encrypted SSH connection to ensure secure file
transfers?

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