CSE 109

Computer Programming

Lec Tasfia Sara

tasfi[email protected]
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Part A Contents

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Part B Contents

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 Reference Books
1. Teach Yourself C (3rd Edition) by Herbert Schidlt

2. Programming in Ansi C (6th Edition) by E Balagurusamy

3. C: The Complete Reference (4th Edition) by Herbert Schildt

4. C++: The Complete Reference (4th Edition) by Herbert Schildt

5. C Programming Language (2nd Edition) by Dennis M. Ritche

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Google Classroom Code:

2f3wts7

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 Assessment Strategy
Components Grading

Class Test 20%

Continuous Assessment Class Participation and Attendance 10%

(40%)
Mid Term 10%

Final Examination 60%

Total Marks 100%

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Introduction

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Introduce yourself
Redundantly, Inefficiently, Manually

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 Introduction, but better!
Steps:
1. Start by the leftmost column’s first bench student standing up.
2. Say the following: Name, School & College, Home District, Reason of
choosing EECE as your major. Then sit down.
3. Then, the student behind stands up and does step 2, then repeats this step
(step 3) if someone is behind. If no one is behind do step 4.
4. If there is a column to the right, the student on the right stands up and does
step 2, then do step 5. If there is no column on the right, do step 6.
5. Then the student in front stands up and does step 2, then repeats this step
(step 5) if someone is in front. If no one is in front, do step 4.
6. End
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 What is
programming?

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 What is programming?

A set of instructions followed sequentially to automate a

task that is redundant, repetitive, tedious, and has patterns

to complete it efficiently.
(this is not an official definition and you do not have to follow it word for word; just understand
the gist of it.)

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 What is Computer Programming?
● Series of instructions to a computer to accomplish a task
● Instructions must be written in a way the computer can understand
● Programming languages are used to write programs

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Why programming?

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Applications in Electrical Engineering

Robotics Arduino
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Applications in Electrical Engineering

Power Systems Raspberry Pi

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 Applications in general

ChatGPT Instagram Powerpoint Valorant

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Programming
Language

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Programming Language Examples

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So many languages!
What will we learn?

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C and C++

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Why C programming language?
● Mother of Programming Languages
● Hardware friendly
● Programs written in C can be easily adapted to different
platforms with little or no modification
● C is the go-to language for microcontroller programming,
used in industries like automotive, aerospace, and consumer
electronics.

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Computer Languages
● Human languages are known as natural languages. Unfortunately, computers do
not understand natural languages; as a result, we must communicate with
computers using computer languages.
● These languages are-
1. High Level Languages
2. Low Level Languages (Assembly Language)
3. Machine Language

Abstraction increases
Complexity decreases

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Machine Language
● Machine code, or machine language, is a system of instructions and
data executed directly by a computer's CPU. It is the lowest-level
programming language that can only be understood by computers.
● This type of language can be executed without the need for
translation by a compiler or an assembler.
● Machine Language example: “01001110101010”
● Consists of only binary digits
● Difficult for human usage

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Low Level Language
● A low-level programming language is a programming language
that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's
instruction set architecture.
● Assembly language is the best example of low-level language;
this is in between machine language and high-level language.
● Low-level languages can convert to machine code without a
compiler or interpreter.
● A program written in a low-level language can be made run
very quickly

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High Level Language
● A high-level programming language is a programming language that
provides strong abstraction from a computer's instruction set
architecture.
● A programming language that is closer to human languages is
considered a high-level language.
● High-level languages must use an interpreter or compiler to convert a
human-understandable program to computer-readable code (machine
code).
● Example: C, C++, Java, Pascal

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 Program Code Converters
● Interpreter- Interpreter converts a source code, usually on a
step-by-step, line-by-line, and unit-by-unit basis into machine
code. Used by Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl.
● Compiler- Compiler is basically a translator. It is a program
that compiles(translates) the whole source code into
executable instructions(machine language) that a computer
can understand. Used by C, C++.
● Assembler- Assembler normally converts assembly
language’s source code into machine language. Used by
assembly language.
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Compiler

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 Compiler
● High Level language or the source code is fed into a compiler
● Compiler translates the high level language to low level
language or machine language

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C Programming

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Standard Structure of a C Program
// Documentation
There are 6 basic sections responsible for the /**
proper execution of a program. Sections are * file: sum.c
mentioned below: * author: you
* description: program to find sum.
*/
1. Documentation
2. Preprocessor Section (header file) // Header file
#include <stdio.h>
3. Definition
// Definition
4. Global Declaration #define X 20

5. Main() Function // Global Declaration

int sum(int y);
6. Sub-Programs
// Main() Function
int main(void)
{
int y = 55;
printf("Sum: %d", sum(y));
return 0;
} 32

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Standard Structure of a C Program

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Standard Structure of a C Program

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Time for coding

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Task
1. Print “Hello World” using printf () function.
2. Print a number using printf () function.
3. Print your details in separate lines using printf() function.
Your details should contain:
i. Your name
ii. Your department name
iii. Your student ID
Iv. Your level

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How to take
user input?

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scanf Statement

declaring the variable

Because we are taking an integer input

memory address
of the variable
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Memory Address

▪ Think of it like trying to find a student in a classroom using their

student_id.
▪ If they are arranged randomly, need to check every student from
start to end one by one.
▪ If the student are arranged according to their student_id, it makes
the search alot more efficient.
▪ That’s why computers use addresses. To make searching information
easier.

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Memory Address
▪ Let’s assume computer memory looks like this 1 2 3 4
after running the following codes:
int a = 5; 1
int b;
2 a=5
▪ Here, address of a is 22, and address of b is 34.
▪ These numbers are called memory addresses. 3 b=
Actual memory addresses can be huge numbers garbage
and so used in Hexadecimal number system. value

▪ In an actual computer memory, things are a lot 4

more complex, this is a mere simplified analogy.

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What is ‘&’ (ampersand) ?
▪ The scanf function expects to receive in the address of the variable. It
can then store the input value into the memory address referred by
the variable. ‘&’ sign indicates the address of the variable.
▪ Every variable identifier indicates a value and the address it stores
the value at. Since just the identifier directly corresponds to the
value, an additional symbol (&) was used along with it to indicate the
address.
▪ ‘&’ reads as “address of”.

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More about scanf format string

● When you add text other than white space in a format string that you
pass as an argument to scanf, the user must type input exactly as it
appears in the format string.

● You are essentially requiring the user to type input in a very particular
way.

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More about scanf format string

In this given code:

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More about scanf format string

In this given code,

Another Input & Output:

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More about scanf format string

In this given code,

Expected Input & Output:

Input/Output with multiple variables

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Keywords

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Keywords
● Linguistically Keyword is a word which has greater significance.
● Keywords in C are words which has some special significant meaning
(which can not be changed) in C programming.
● There are 32 keywords in C. Each of them serves a special purpose.

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Identifiers

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Identifiers
● Identifier refers to the name of variables, functions and
arrays.
● It is a user-defined name.
● Identifier is a series of characters consisting of letters,
digits, and underscores that does not begin with digits.
● Both uppercase and lowercase are permitted.

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Rules for Identifiers
● An identifier can only have alphanumeric characters (a-z ,
A-Z, 0-9) and underscore (_).
● The first character of an identifier can only contain
alphabet(a-z, A-Z) or underscore (_).
● Identifiers are also case-sensitive in C. For example, name
and Name are two different identifiers in C.
● Keywords are not allowed to be used as identifiers.
● No special characters, such as semicolon, whitespace, slash,
comma etc are permitted to be used in or as identifier
● Should contain maximum 31 characters
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Example of Identifiers
● (EECE)
● EECE
● 22EECE
● EECE_MIST
● EECE MIST
● 123
● EECE22

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Example of Identifiers
● (EECE) invalid
● EECE valid
● 22EECE invalid
● EECE_MIST valid
● EECE MIST invalid
● 123 invalid
● EECE22 valid

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Data Types

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Data Types
● In programming everything we deal with is “Data”.

● There are various types of data. Like character, decimal

numbers, natural numbers etc.

● There are different data types for these.

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Data Types
To visualize the need for different data types we can see an
example:
● Suppose you have 3 material : sand, water, oxygen gas and
3 containers: 1 paper box, 1 bowl and 1 cylinder. You can
put one material in one container. What will you put in
which container?

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Data Types

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Data Types

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Data Types

Data Type Size Format

Characteristics Values Range Examples
Keywords (bytes) Specifiers

int Positive and 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 %d 0, 5, -15

long long negative whole 34359738368

numbers 8 -(2^63) to (2^63)-1 %lld
int (i.e. 2^35)

float Decimal/Fraction 4 Upto 7 digits after radical point %f 1.25

double all numbers 8 Upto 15-16 digits after radical point %lf 3.1416….

Letters, symbols, ASCII Chart Characters

char 1 %c ‘A’, ‘b’, ‘9’ etc.
digits (-128 to 127)

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ASCII TABLE

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ASCII TABLE
An interesting detail

The difference between numbers

assigned to the small case and the
large case of the same letter in the
ASCII chart is 32.

Example:

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Variables

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Variables
● A variable is data name that may be used to store a data value.
1. Variable names correspond to locations in the
computer's memory

2. Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value

3. Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it

replaces (and destroys) the previous value

4. A variable must be declared before it is used

5. Variable declaration format:

i. data_type variable_name;
ii. data_type variable1_name, variable2_name, variable3_name;

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Variables - Declaration Syntax

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Variable Declaration and Assignment

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
More Variations

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
More Variations

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
More Variations

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
More Variations

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
Common Mistakes

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Variable Declaration and Assignment
Common Mistakes

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Format Specifiers

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Format Specifiers in C
● The format specifier is used during taking input from an user
and showing output.
● It is a way to tell the compiler what type of data is in a
variable during taking input using scanf() or printing using
printf().

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Outputting Variable Syntax
and Format Specifiers….

declaring the variable

This is where the value in the variable giving the variable

gets pasted - a format specifier to printf
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Outputting Variable Syntax
and Format Specifiers….

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Outputting Variable Syntax

Notice the single quotation ‘

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Outputting Variable Syntax

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Effect of using incorrect format specifiers
#include<stdio.h>
int main() ▪ Output:
{
char var;
A
var= ‘A’;
printf(“\n%c”, var); 65
printf(“\n%d”, var);
}

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Effect of using incorrect format specifiers
#include<stdio.h>
int main() ▪ Output:
{
int var;
var= 1.3;
1
printf(“\n%d”, var);
} This is implicit typecasting

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Example: Printing Integer Value
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int var;
var = 7 + 8;
printf(“%d”, var);
printf(“\nResult is %d.”, var);
}

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Example: Printing float Value
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
float operand1, operand2, result;
operand1 = 2.1;
operand2 = 3.1;
result = operand1 + operand2;
printf(“\nResult of the addition operation is %f”, result );
}

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Example: Printing char Value
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
char var;
var= ‘A’;
printf(“\n%c”, var);
}

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Example: Printing char Value
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
char var;
var= ‘A’;
printf(“\n%c”, var);
printf(“\n%d”, var);
}

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Example: Taking Input and Printing float Value

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More with Format Specifier

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
float var=1.3143547;
printf(“\n%f”, var);
printf(“\n%.2f”, var);
}

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Why ampersand is used in scanf() function but
not in printf() function?
● Ampersand sign = &
● The scanf function
#include<stdio.h> expects to receive in the
int main() { address of our variable. It
float operand1, operand2, result; can then store the value
scanf(“%f”,&operand1 ); into our variable. & sign
scanf(“%f”,&operand2 ); indicates the address of
the variable
result = operand1 + operand2;
● The printf function directly
printf(“\nResult of the addition of %f prints the value stored in
and %f is %f”, result ); the variable. It does not
} need to print value from
the variable’s address
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 TASK
1. Take input of an integer number and print it
2. Take input of 3 integer numbers and print the sum of them
3. Take input of 2 integer numbers and calculate the sum,
subtraction, multiplication of them. Print each of them in new
lines.
4. Take input of 1 integer and 1 float number. Print the sum of
them.
5. Take input of 5 integer numbers , calculate their average and
print the average result.
6. Take a character input and print its corresponding ASCII
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