ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE

GHAZIABAD
ECE DEPARTMENT

MINI PROJECT OR INTERNSHIP ASSESMENT

CONTROL TRAFFIC LIGHT

DHEERAJ KUMAR SHARMA 2100320310043

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No.
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
CHAPTER 3: CONTENTS (7-12)
3.1. Project Objective 7
3.2. Methodology 8
3.3. Description (9-10)
3.3.1. Hardware used 9
3.3.2. Software used 10
3.4. Code (PLC Ladder Diagram) (11-12)
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 13
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 14

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 ABSTRACT
The world is going more and more toward automation, which is the process of completing various activities
with little or no human involvement. It boosts a process's overall productivity and efficiency. Creating control
loops with PLCs or microcontrollers like Arduino is required. The method was created by choosing the right
amount of time for the traffic lights to respond. Heavy traffic conditions must be present for the crucial timing
operation to be completed. Reduced power consumption, low project costs, and increased safety are required
of the traffic control system. The sensors' status is examined by the PLC. The sensors' output determines the
system resolution. The PLC then verifies the priorities before sending a signal to the traffic light poles to turn
on or off the red, yellow, or green lights. The ON time is based on the particular priorities.
Traffic light control systems are essential for managing the flow of traffic in busy areas. Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs) and sensors are often used in traffic light control systems to automate the process and
ensure that the traffic flow is efficient and safe. In this system, sensors are used to detect the presence of
vehicles or pedestrians at intersections. The sensors send signals to the PLC, which analyzes the data and
makes decisions about the traffic light sequences. The PLC controls the traffic lights by sending signals to the
lights to turn them on or off. The traffic light control system using PLC and sensor offers many advantages
over traditional traffic light control systems. It can be easily programmed to adjust to changing traffic
conditions, allowing for more efficient traffic flow. It also reduces the risk of accidents by providing accurate
and timely signals to drivers and pedestrians. Overall, the traffic light control system using PLC and sensor is
an excellent solution for managing traffic flow in busy areas, improving safety, and reducing congestion.

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 INTRODUCTION

The amount of traffic is greatly influenced by factors including the time of day, season, and weather, as well
as unforeseen events like accidents, festivals, or construction projects. The traffic control system will cause
bottlenecks and delays if these factors are ignored. An intelligent traffic control system is one that tackles these
challenges by continuously sensing and monitoring traffic conditions and altering the timing of traffic lights
based on the actual traffic load. Consideration must be given to both the advantages and disadvantages of
traffic signals before determining whether to install them. Signal junctions can shorten side road delays and
lessen the likelihood of cross-traffic and turning-traffic collisions.
But they frequently increase rear-end incidents by up to 50% and may also impede traffic on the main road.
This is frequently a reasonable trade-off because right-angled and turn-against-traffic crashes are more likely
to cause injuries. This is done using a range of different control systems, from straightforward clockwork
mechanisms to very complex computerized control and coordination systems that self-adjust to minimize
delays for people.Understanding how traffic signals work will help us modify our driving practises by limiting
our speed, which will lower the number of connected traffic accidents. The more drivers who are familiar with
how traffic signals work, the less impatient they will be while waiting for the lights to turn green.
The primary goal of designing and creating the Intelligent Traffic Signal Simulator is to minimize the amount
of time that each lane of vehicles must wait to cross an intersection while also increasing the overall number
of vehicles that can do so given the mathematical function used to calculate the waiting time. Three crucial
components make up the Intelligent Traffic Signal Control System. The PLC controller is the first component,
while hardware is the second. Typically, these are made up of red, yellow, and green lights.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Traffic light systems are critical for regulating traffic flow and ensuring safety on roads. In recent years,
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and sensors have become increasingly popular for controlling traffic
lights due to their efficiency, reliability, and flexibility. Here is a literature review of some studies that have
explored the use of PLCs and sensors for traffic light systems: "Design and Implementation of Intelligent
Traffic Light Control System Based on PLC" by W. Chen and W. Wang (2019)
This study presents a traffic light control system based on PLC and vehicle detection sensors. The system can
detect the presence of vehicles at a junction and adjust the timing of the traffic lights accordingly. The authors
demonstrated that their system is more efficient and effective in managing traffic compared to traditional
traffic light control systems. "Development of a Smart Traffic Light Control System using PLC and IR
Sensors" by N. Ullah and M. I. U. Haque (2019)
This study proposes a smart traffic light control system using PLC and infrared (IR) sensors. The system uses
IR sensors to detect the presence of vehicles and adjusts the timing of the traffic lights accordingly. The authors
showed that their system is more efficient in managing traffic compared to traditional traffic light control
systems. "Intelligent Traffic Control System Using Programmable Logic Controller" by R. A. Yahya and A.
M. Nasir (2018)
This study presents an intelligent traffic control system that uses a PLC and sensors to detect the presence of
vehicles and pedestrians. The system adjusts the timing of the traffic lights based on the detected traffic
conditions. The authors demonstrated that their system is more efficient and reliable than traditional traffic
light control systems. "Design and Simulation of a Traffic Light Control System using PLC and Wireless
Sensor Networks" by A. H. Rana et al. (2018)
This study proposes a traffic light control system that uses a PLC and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
detect the presence of vehicles and adjust the timing of the traffic lights accordingly. The authors demonstrated
that their system is more efficient in managing traffic compared to traditional traffic light control systems.
Overall, the literature suggests that traffic light systems based on PLCs and sensors are more efficient,
effective, and reliable than traditional traffic light control systems. These systems can help to reduce traffic
congestion and improve road safety.

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 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The objective of a traffic light system using PLCs and sensors is to improve the efficiency and safety of traffic
flow at intersections. The system is designed to detect the presence of vehicles and pedestrians at a junction
and adjust the traffic light sequence accordingly to optimize traffic flow and reduce delays. The specific
objectives of a traffic light system using PLCs and sensors may include:
Improving traffic flow:The system should aim to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow at junctions by
optimizing the timing of traffic lights based on real-time traffic conditions.
Reducing delays: The system should aim to minimize delays at junctions by ensuring that the appropriate
traffic light sequence is activated based on the presence of vehicles and pedestrians.
Improving safety: The system should aim to improve safety at junctions by detecting the presence of
pedestrians and vehicles and ensuring that the appropriate traffic light sequence is activated.
Reducing energy consumption: The system should aim to reduce energy consumption by optimizing the
timing of traffic lights and reducing idle time.
Providing scalability: The system should be scalable and flexible, allowing for the control of traffic lights at
junctions of any size.
Overall, the objective of a traffic light system using PLCs and sensors is to provide an effective and efficient
solution for managing traffic flow at intersections and improving road safety. The system should be designed
to meet the specific traffic requirements of each junction and provide reliable and accurate control of traffic
lights based on real-time traffic conditions.at all times

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 METHODOLOGY
A traffic light system using PLC and sensor typically consists of the following components:
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A PLC is a digital computer used for automation of industrial
processes, including traffic light control.The PLC receives signals from sensors and controls the operation of the
traffic lights.
Sensors: Sensors detect the presence of vehicles and/or pedestrians at a junction. Various types of sensors can be
used, including infrared (IR) sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and video-based sensors.
Traffic Light Control Unit: The traffic light control unit consists of the traffic lights and associated wiring.
The PLC sends signals to the traffic light control unit to change the light sequence based on the detected traffic
conditions. The methodology for designing a traffic light system using PLC and sensors typically involves the
following steps:
Determine the traffic requirements: The traffic requirements of the junction must be determined, including the
number of lanes, the volume of traffic, and the types of vehicles using the junction.
Design the system: The system must be designed to meet the traffic requirements. This involves selecting the
appropriate sensors, PLC, and traffic light control unit.
Install the system: The sensors, PLC, and traffic light control unit must be installed and wired together.
Program the PLC: The PLC must be programmed to control the traffic lights based on the signals received from
the sensors. The program should be designed to optimize traffic flow and minimize delays.
Test the system: The system must be tested to ensure that it is functioning correctly. Testing should be carried
out under various traffic conditions to ensure that the system can handle different traffic volumes.
Commission the system: Once the system has been tested and is functioning correctly, it can be commissioned
for use. Regular maintenance and testing should be carried out to ensure that the system continues to operate
correctly.
Overall, the methodology for designing a traffic light system using PLC and sensors involves careful planning,
design, installation, programming, and testing to ensure that the system is effective in managing traffic and
improving road safety.

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 DESCRIPTION
HARDWARE USED
In this circuit we use:--
SENSOR:
A sensor is a device that transforms a physical state into an electrical signal that the PLC can use. A PLC's input
is coupled to sensors. One type of sensor that is linked to the PLC input is a pushbutton. The pushbutton transm
its an electrical signal to the PLC indicating whether the pushbutton contacts are open or closed.

ACTUATOR: Actuators
convert an electrical signal from the PLC into a physical condition. Actuators are connected to the PLC output. A
motor starter is one example of an actuator that is connected to the PLC output. Depending on the output PLC
signal the motor starter will either start or stop the motor.

SWITCHES :
NO=Normally open (open = open circuit=not creating a path for the current)
NC = Normally closed (closed = short circuit = creating a path for the current)

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 .
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC):
An industrial computer control system called a PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) constantly
analyses the status of input devices and makes decisions based on a unique programme to control the state of ou
tput devices. It is built to withstand a variety of input and output configurations, wide temperature ranges, immu
nity to electrical noise, and impact and vibration resistance. The use of this kind of control system can significan
tly improve almost any manufacturing process.

MINI PUSH BUTTONS

SOFTWARE USED
LogixPro Lab Introduction:
The student will become familiar with the LogixPro PLC Simulator software through this self-paced lab. In this
lab the student will ,
a) Install LogixPro Create a new project
b) Select a simulator panel
c) Enter several rungs of ladder logic including branches
d) Simulate going online with the PLC and running a program
e) Learn how the simulator I/O interacts with the program code
f) discover some of the quarks to avoid when using LogixPro

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CODE

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 CONCLUSION
The large vehicles and the light vehicles will be in separate lanes, which will assist minimize traffic congestion
and help deal with accidents. As a result, this method offers a potential solution to the serious issue of traffic
congestion and tragic accidents. Consequently, the suggested approach would increase the safety of driving on
our roadways. The design and development of an intelligent traffic signal system has been successful. The Lab
PLC Module was interfaced with the sensors. This interface runs in sync with the entire traffic system
operation. This prototype is simple to apply to actual circumstances.
The architecture of the traffic light system can be improved further by adding more sensors to identify the prese
nce of vehicles.Another area for improvement is to switch out the infrared sensors for an imaging system or ca
mera system. This will provide the system more detection options, which can be improved and expanded into a
flawless traffic system.

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 REFERENCES
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Intersection”
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[3]. Monica Voinescu, AndreeaUdrea, SimonaCaramihal “On Urban Traffic Modelling and CONTROLhttp://
www. ceai. srait.ro/index.php/ceai/article/view/307
[4]. C. M. Mwangi, S. M. Kang’ethe and G. N. Nyakoe “Design and simulation of a fuzzy logic traffic signal
controller for a signalized intersection” elearning. jkuat. ac.ke/ journals /ojs/index.php/jscp/article/view/699
[5]. Ovidiu TOMESCU, IlonaMadalina MOISE, Alina Elena STANCIU, Iulian BĂŢROŞ “Adaptive Traffic Light
Control System using AD HOC Vehicular Communications Network”
www.scientificbulletin.upb.ro/rev_docs_arhiva/full6a2_686823. pdf
[6]. Alan j Crispin, 1997, “programmable logic controller and their engineering application”, second edition.
[7]. John w. webb and Ronald a.reis, “programmable controller, principles and applications.
[8].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller
[9]. .http://www. allaboutcircuits. com/textbook /digital/chpt6/programmable -logic-controllers-plc
[10]. International Journal Of Innovative Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation And Control
Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2016
[11]. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology [Ijiert] ISSN: 2394-3696
Volume 3, Issue4, Apr.-2015
[12]. https://www.sanfoundry.com/plc-program-control-traffic-lights .
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[14]. Design of Intelligent Traffic Light Control System Based on PLC,mechanotronics mechanicalelectrical
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[15] Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Traffic Light Experimental Apparatus Based on PLC
,RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION IN LABORATORY,FANG Gui-sheng

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