CSE 271:

Systems Dynamics and Control

Components

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CSE 271 – Systems Dynamics and Control
Components
• Instructors
▪ Prof. Dr. Hossam Abdelmunim (Systems Dynamics)
Computer and Systems Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
E-mail: [email protected]

• Textbook
▪ “Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems" by Charles Close and
Dean Frederick, 2nd or 3rd editions

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Systems Dynamics: Introduction
• What is Control?
The ability to direct, suppress or change on purpose

Controlling
human hands

Controlling a
spaceship in the
space

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Systems Dynamics: Introduction
• Types of Control

- Manual:
Driving a car

- Automatic:
Autopilot

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Systems Dynamics: Introduction
• What is Automatic Control?
The process of making a system variable conform to a desired value

• Example: Maintain the liquid height in a water tank at a certain level

Manual Automatic

Actuator

Controller

Error
Actual Actual
Sensor
-
Required +

Required
(Reference)
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Systems Dynamics: Introduction
• To control the level of the liquid in the tank, we must understand how
the tank works

• This can be done by making a mathematical model of the tank

dynamics

• The model can be used to study the system using a computer

simulation

• A controller can then be designed to control the tank

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Systems Dynamics: Course Outline
• Introduction

• Translational Mechanical Systems

• Standard Forms for System Models

• Rotational Mechanical Systems

• Electrical Systems

• Analytical Solution of Linear Models

• Developing a Linear Model

• Hydraulic Systems

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Analysis of Dynamic Systems
• System or Process: Any collection of interacting elements for which
there are cause-and-effect relationships

• Dynamic System: A system with time-dependent variables (inputs and

outputs)

• Mathematical Model: A description of a system in equations

• Solving the Model: Find the output of the system when an input is
applied

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System Representation
• Any system can be represented as an input-output relationship

• Examples of Inputs: Force on mass, voltage on electric circuit, inflow of

a tank

• Examples of Outputs: Velocity of mass, voltage across a resistor,

outflow of a tank

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System Representation
• If we are interested in the internal dynamics of the system, we can
represent the system in terms of state variables (q1, q2, …, qn) in
addition to inputs and outputs

• Knowing the inputs and state variables is enough to determine the

future behavior of the system

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Types of Systems: Continuous vs. Discrete
• Continuous System: A system in which inputs, outputs and state
variables are defined over some continuous range of time

• Discrete System: Variables are determined at distinct instants of time

Continuous Discrete
f1(t) f2(kT)

t t
T
k = 0, 1, 2, …

• Hybrid System: Mixture of both 11

Types of Systems: Quantized vs. Non-quantized
• Quantized: Variables take finite number of different values

• Non-quantized: Variables take any value within some continuous range

Continuous and Non-quantized Continuous and Non-quantized
fa fb

t t

Continuous and Quantized Continuous and Quantized

fc fd

t t

fe Discrete and Quantized

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t
Types of Systems: Time-varying vs. Time-invarying
• Time Varying: System whose characteristics change with time
Example:
- A tank whose cross-section area is variable with time
- Mass of a rocket

• Time Invarying: Characteristics do not change with time

Input x(t) → Output y(t)

Input x(t + d) → Output y(t+d)

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Types of Systems: Linear vs. Non-linear
• Linear System: Systems that satisfy superposition

Input x → y
Input αx → αy

Superposition
Input x1 → y1
Input x2 → y2
Input x1 + x2 → y1 + y2

• Non-linear System: Doesn’t satisfy the superposition conditions

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Types of Systems: Linear vs. Non-linear
• Examples: Are the following systems linear or non-linear?
a. y(t) = ax(t)

If we input x1(t) → y1(t) = ax1(t)

If we input x2(t) → y2(t) = ax2(t)
If we input x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) → y3(t) = a(x1(t) + x2(t))
= ax1(t) + ax2(t)
= y1(t) + y2(t) → Linear
b. y(t) = ax(t) + b

If we input x1(t) → y1(t) = ax1(t) + b

If we input x2(t) → y2(t) = ax2(t) + b
If we input x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) → y3(t) = a(x1(t) + x2(t)) + b
≠ y1(t) + y2(t) → Non-linear
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Analogous Systems
• Systems that have same equations but use different symbols

Mechanical System Hydraulic System

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Applications in Mechanical Systems

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Applications in Electrical and Electromechanical Systems

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Applications in Fluid Systems

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