C Programming Full Notes

Table of Contents

1. Variables, Data Types, and I/O

2. Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical

3. Control Structures: if, switch, loops

4. Functions

5. Arrays

6. Pointers

7. Dynamic Memory Allocation

8. Structures

9. File Handling

1. Variables, Data Types, and I/O

Variables in C store data, and each variable has a specific data type such as int, float, char, etc.

Common Data Types:

- int: For integers

- float: For floating-point numbers

- char: For single characters

Input/Output:

- printf: To display output

- scanf: To take input

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int age;

printf("Enter your age: ");

scanf("%d", &age);

printf("Your age is: %d", age);

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

float salary;

printf("Enter your salary: ");

scanf("%f", &salary);

printf("Your salary is: %.2f", salary);

return 0;

2. Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical

Operators in C allow you to perform operations on variables.

- Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

- Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 10, b = 20;

printf("Sum: %d", a + b);

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int x = 5, y = 10;

if (x < y) {

printf("x is less than y");

} else {

printf("x is not less than y");

return 0;

3. Control Structures: if, switch, loops

- if-else: Used for conditional execution.

- switch: Used for multi-way branching.

- Loops: while, for, do-while for repeating code.

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int number;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &number);

if (number > 0) {

printf("Positive number");

} else {

printf("Negative number");

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i;

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

return 0;

4. Functions

Functions in C are blocks of code that perform specific tasks.

Syntax:

return_type function_name(parameters) {

// function body

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

int main() {

int sum = add(5, 10);

printf("Sum: %d", sum);

return 0;

}
Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

void greet() {

printf("Hello, World!");

int main() {

greet();

return 0;

5. Arrays

Arrays in C store multiple values of the same type in a single variable.

Syntax:

data_type array_name[array_size];

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

float prices[3] = {9.99, 19.99, 29.99};

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("%.2f ", prices[i]);

return 0;

6. Pointers

Pointers in C store the address of variables.

Syntax:

data_type *pointer_name;

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
 int a = 10;

int *p = &a;

printf("Value of a: %d", *p); // Dereferencing pointer

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

float num = 10.5;

float *ptr = &num;

printf("Address of num: %p", ptr);

return 0;

7. Dynamic Memory Allocation

Dynamic memory allocation allows allocating memory during runtime using malloc and free.

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

int *p = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));

*p = 25;
 printf("Value: %d", *p);

free(p); // Freeing allocated memory

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

int n = 5;

int *arr = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

arr[i] = i + 1;

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

free(arr); // Free allocated memory

return 0;

8. Structures

Structures in C allow you to group variables of different types under a single name.

Syntax:

struct structure_name {

data_type member1;

data_type member2;

// ...
};

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Student {

char name[50];

int age;

};

int main() {

struct Student s1;

printf("Enter name: ");

scanf("%s", s1.name);

printf("Enter age: ");

scanf("%d", &s1.age);

printf("Name: %s, Age: %d", s1.name, s1.age);

return 0;

Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Point {

int x;

int y;

};

int main() {
 struct Point p1 = {10, 20};

printf("Point p1: (%d, %d)", p1.x, p1.y);

return 0;

9. File Handling

File handling in C allows you to read and write data to/from files.

Common functions:

- fopen: Opens a file

- fclose: Closes a file

- fprintf: Writes to a file

- fscanf: Reads from a file

Examples:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

FILE *fptr;

fptr = fopen("file.txt", "w");

fprintf(fptr, "Hello, World!");

fclose(fptr);

return 0;

Example 2:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

FILE *fptr;

char data[50];

fptr = fopen("file.txt", "r");

fscanf(fptr, "%s", data);

printf("Data from file: %s", data);

fclose(fptr);

return 0;