SQL (STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE) COMMANDS
DDL - Data Definition Language
DML - Data Manipulation Language
COMMANDS ROLES TYPES
1. CREATE TABLE CREATE A TABLE DDL
2. INSERT INSERT ROWS IN A TABLE DML
3. SELECT FETCH DATA DML
4. UPDATE MODIFY THE RECORDS DML
5. DELETE DELETE THE RECORDS DML
6. DROP DELETE A TABLE/COLUMN DDL
7. ALTER ADD/DELETE A COLUMN DDL
I. CREATE TABLE
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
NOTE: You cannot give space in the name of table
SYNTAX:
CREATE TABLE TABLENAME
(COLUMNNAME1 DATATYPE,
COLUMNNAME2 DATATYPE
);
EXAMPLE:
CREATE TABLE CLASSX
(ROLLNO INTEGER PRIMARYKEY,
NAME VARCHAR(20),
MARKS INTEGER,
ADDRESS VARCHAR(30)
);
CLICK ON EXECUTE
II. INSERT INTO
USED TO INSERT ROWS IN A TABLE
SYNTAX:
INSERT INTO TABLENAME
VALUES (VAL1, VAL2, VAL3);
NOTE: If datatype is char/ varchar use single quotes
EXAMPLE:
INSERT INTO CLASSX
VALUES(1,’NEHA’,99,’BULDANA’);
INSERT INTO CLASSX
VALUES(2,’NISHA’,88,’CHIKHLI’);
III. SELECT
SELECT COMMAND IS USED TO RETRIEVE A SUBSET OF ROWS
OR COLUMNS FROM ONE OR MORE TABLES
GO ON QUERY ----> CREATE QUERY IN SQL VIEW
SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMN1>,<COLUMN2>_____<COLUMNN>
FROM<TABLENAME>;
EXAMPLE 1:
SELECT NAME, MARKS FROM CLASSX;
THEN RUN QUERY OR F5
EXAMPLE 2:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX;
WHERE CLAUSE
QUERY ----> CREATE QUERY IN SQL
SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME1>,<COLUMNNAME2>
FROM<TABLENAME>;
WHERE CONDITION;
EXAMPLE 1:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX
WHERE MARKS>50;
EXAMPLE 2:
SELECT NAME, MARKS FROM CLASSX
WHERE MARKS>50;
THEN RUN QUERY OR F5
EXAMPLE 3:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX
WHERE MARKS>=70 AND/OR ADDRESS=”SECTOR B”;
EXAMPLE 4:
SELECT NAME, MARKS-10 FROM CLASSX;
RELATIONAL OPERATORS LOGICAL OPERATORS
< > = OR (11)
<= >= <> AND (&&)
NOT (!)
DISTINCT
IT SHOWS THE REPEATED VALUES ONLY ONCE
EXAMPLE:
SELECT DISTINCT ADDRESS FROM CLASSX;
BETWEEN OPERATOR
SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME>
FROM<TABLENAME>
WHERE COULUMNNAME BETWEEN START & END;
EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX WHERE MARKS
BETWEEN 40 AND 90;
ORDER BY CLAUSE
SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME>
FROM<TABLENAME>
WHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY<COLUMNNAME>;
EXAMPLE 1:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX ORDER BY NAME;
EXAMPLE 2:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX ORDER BY NAME DESC;
NOTE: USE DESC to sort in descending order
NOTE: By default ORDER BY arranges data in ascending order or
you can use ASD
IV. UPDATE COMMAND
USED TO MODIFY THE RECORDS
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
SYNTAX:
UPDATE TABLENAME
SET<COLUMNNAME>=<NEWVALUE>
WHERE CONDITION;
EXAMPLE 1:
UPDATE CLASSX
SET MARKS=55
WHERE NAME=’SONIYA’;
EXAMPLE 2:
UPDATE CLASSX
SET NAME=’PRIYA’
WHERE ROLLNO=3;
EXECUTE
V. DELETE COMMAND
IT CAN ONLY DELETE THE ROWS IN A TABLE AND CANNOT
CHANGE COLUMNS
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
SYNTAX:
DELETE FROM TABLENAME
WHERE CONDITION;
EXAMPLE:
DELETE FROM CLASSX
WHERE ROLLNO=3;
EXECUTE
VI. ALTER COMMAND
IT CAN ADD OR DELETE A COLUMN
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
SYNTAX:
FOR ADDING COLUMN
ALTER TABLE<TABLENAME>
ADD COLUMN<COLUMNNAME>
<DATATYPE><SIZE>;
EXAMPLE:
ALTER TABLE CLASSX
ADD COLUMN CONTACTNO INTEGER;
SYNTAX:
FOR DELETING A COLUMN
ALTER TABLE<TABLENAME>
DROP COLUMN<COLUMNNAME>;
EXAMPLE:
ALTER TABLE CLASSX
DROP COLUMN ADDRESS;
EXECUTE
NOTE: Whenever you change structure of table you have to
restart database
VII. DROP COMMAND
USED TO DELETE A COLUMN WITH ALTER COMMAND ALSO
USED TO DELETE A TABLE
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
EXAMPLE:
DROP TABLE CLASSX;
EXECUTE
