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SQL Commands

The document outlines SQL commands categorized into DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language), detailing commands such as CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, and DROP. It provides syntax and examples for each command, illustrating how to create tables, manipulate data, and modify table structures. Additionally, it covers various SQL clauses like WHERE, ORDER BY, and DISTINCT, along with relational and logical operators.

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11 views

SQL Commands

The document outlines SQL commands categorized into DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language), detailing commands such as CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, and DROP. It provides syntax and examples for each command, illustrating how to create tables, manipulate data, and modify table structures. Additionally, it covers various SQL clauses like WHERE, ORDER BY, and DISTINCT, along with relational and logical operators.

Uploaded by

proaaditya110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL (STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE) COMMANDS

DDL - Data Definition Language


DML - Data Manipulation Language

COMMANDS ROLES TYPES

1. CREATE TABLE CREATE A TABLE DDL


2. INSERT INSERT ROWS IN A TABLE DML
3. SELECT FETCH DATA DML
4. UPDATE MODIFY THE RECORDS DML
5. DELETE DELETE THE RECORDS DML
6. DROP DELETE A TABLE/COLUMN DDL
7. ALTER ADD/DELETE A COLUMN DDL

I. CREATE TABLE

GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL


NOTE: You cannot give space in the name of table

SYNTAX:
CREATE TABLE TABLENAME
(COLUMNNAME1 DATATYPE,
COLUMNNAME2 DATATYPE
);

EXAMPLE:
CREATE TABLE CLASSX
(ROLLNO INTEGER PRIMARYKEY,
NAME VARCHAR(20),
MARKS INTEGER,
ADDRESS VARCHAR(30)
);

CLICK ON EXECUTE
II. INSERT INTO

USED TO INSERT ROWS IN A TABLE

SYNTAX:

INSERT INTO TABLENAME


VALUES (VAL1, VAL2, VAL3);

NOTE: If datatype is char/ varchar use single quotes

EXAMPLE:
INSERT INTO CLASSX
VALUES(1,’NEHA’,99,’BULDANA’);

INSERT INTO CLASSX


VALUES(2,’NISHA’,88,’CHIKHLI’);

III. SELECT

SELECT COMMAND IS USED TO RETRIEVE A SUBSET OF ROWS


OR COLUMNS FROM ONE OR MORE TABLES

GO ON QUERY ----> CREATE QUERY IN SQL VIEW

SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMN1>,<COLUMN2>_____<COLUMNN>
FROM<TABLENAME>;

EXAMPLE 1:
SELECT NAME, MARKS FROM CLASSX;
THEN RUN QUERY OR F5

EXAMPLE 2:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX;
WHERE CLAUSE
QUERY ----> CREATE QUERY IN SQL

SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME1>,<COLUMNNAME2>
FROM<TABLENAME>;
WHERE CONDITION;

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT * FROM CLASSX


WHERE MARKS>50;

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT NAME, MARKS FROM CLASSX


WHERE MARKS>50;

THEN RUN QUERY OR F5

EXAMPLE 3:

SELECT * FROM CLASSX


WHERE MARKS>=70 AND/OR ADDRESS=”SECTOR B”;

EXAMPLE 4:

SELECT NAME, MARKS-10 FROM CLASSX;

RELATIONAL OPERATORS LOGICAL OPERATORS

< > = OR (11)


<= >= <> AND (&&)
NOT (!)
DISTINCT
IT SHOWS THE REPEATED VALUES ONLY ONCE

EXAMPLE:
SELECT DISTINCT ADDRESS FROM CLASSX;

BETWEEN OPERATOR

SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME>
FROM<TABLENAME>
WHERE COULUMNNAME BETWEEN START & END;

EXAMPLE:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX WHERE MARKS
BETWEEN 40 AND 90;

ORDER BY CLAUSE

SYNTAX:
SELECT<COLUMNNAME>
FROM<TABLENAME>
WHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY<COLUMNNAME>;

EXAMPLE 1:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX ORDER BY NAME;

EXAMPLE 2:
SELECT * FROM CLASSX ORDER BY NAME DESC;

NOTE: USE DESC to sort in descending order

NOTE: By default ORDER BY arranges data in ascending order or


you can use ASD
IV. UPDATE COMMAND
USED TO MODIFY THE RECORDS

GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL

SYNTAX:
UPDATE TABLENAME
SET<COLUMNNAME>=<NEWVALUE>
WHERE CONDITION;

EXAMPLE 1:
UPDATE CLASSX
SET MARKS=55
WHERE NAME=’SONIYA’;

EXAMPLE 2:
UPDATE CLASSX
SET NAME=’PRIYA’
WHERE ROLLNO=3;

EXECUTE

V. DELETE COMMAND
IT CAN ONLY DELETE THE ROWS IN A TABLE AND CANNOT
CHANGE COLUMNS
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL
SYNTAX:
DELETE FROM TABLENAME
WHERE CONDITION;

EXAMPLE:
DELETE FROM CLASSX
WHERE ROLLNO=3;
EXECUTE
VI. ALTER COMMAND

IT CAN ADD OR DELETE A COLUMN


GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL

SYNTAX:
FOR ADDING COLUMN
ALTER TABLE<TABLENAME>
ADD COLUMN<COLUMNNAME>
<DATATYPE><SIZE>;

EXAMPLE:
ALTER TABLE CLASSX
ADD COLUMN CONTACTNO INTEGER;

SYNTAX:
FOR DELETING A COLUMN
ALTER TABLE<TABLENAME>
DROP COLUMN<COLUMNNAME>;

EXAMPLE:
ALTER TABLE CLASSX
DROP COLUMN ADDRESS;
EXECUTE

NOTE: Whenever you change structure of table you have to


restart database

VII. DROP COMMAND


USED TO DELETE A COLUMN WITH ALTER COMMAND ALSO
USED TO DELETE A TABLE
GO TO TOOLS ----> SQL

EXAMPLE:
DROP TABLE CLASSX;
EXECUTE

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