Module 2: Environment friendly and cost effective Building Technologies

INTRODUCTION

Eco-Friendly is the act of living with intent. The intent is focused on not
creating harm to environment through interactions.

What is mean by Eco – Friendly technology?

Eco-friendly technologies involved making use of alternative energy

source which is abundant to generate renewable energy, reducing the amount of
resource which is limited used through the conventional like fossil fuel.

There are various technologies and materials developed by various research

organizations, innovators and manufacturers in India that are beneficial in the
housing construction.

BRICKS

 The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size
and then by drying and burning these bricks.

 The bricks are prepared in various sizes.

 If bricks are large, it is difficult to burn properly and too heavy

 If bricks are small, more quantity of mortar is required.

 Hence BIS has recommended the bricks of uniform size.

 The average weight of the brick will be 3 to 3.50 kg

Rules for bonding

 For the getting good bond, the bricks should be

uniform size and to obtain uniform lap. The length of
the bricks should be twice its width plus one joint.

 As far as possible, the use of brickbats should be

avoided.

 It is preferable to provide header course on both the

sides of the wall. Brickbats

Types of Bonds

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:

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1. Stretcher bond

2. Header bond

3. English bond

4. Flemish bond

Other Types of bonds are:

 1. Facing bond

 2. Dutch bond

 3. English cross bond

 4. Brick on edge bond

 5. Raking bond

 6. Zigzag bond

 7. Garden wall bond

Types of closers

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English Bond

 English bond consists of alternate course of headers and stretches.

 In this English bond arrangement, vertical joints in the header courses

come over each other and the vertical joints in the stretcher course are
also in the same line.

 For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive course it is essential

to place queen closer, after the first header in each heading course.

Flemish Bond

 Flemish bond is another traditional pattern where stretchers and

headers are laid alternately in a single course.

 Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner.

 The queen closer id put next to the queen header in alternate courses to
develop the face lap

 Every header is centrally supported over a stretcher below it.

 Flemish bond is attractive aesthetically, but is weaker than English bond

for load bearing wall construction.

 It is often used for walls that are two bricks thick.

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Flemish bond is further divided into two different types

1. Single Flemish bond,

2. Double Flemish bond.

Single Flemish Bond

 This bond is a combination of English bond and

Flemish bond.

 In this work the facing of the wall consists

of Flemish bond and the backing consists of English
bond in each course.

 This type of bonding cannot be adopted in walls less

than one and a half brick in thickness.

 This bond is adopted to present the attractive

appearance of Flemish bond with an effort to ensure full strength in the
brick work.

 \
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Double Flemish bond

 In Double Flemish Bond, each course presents the same appearance both
in the front and back elevations.

 Every course consists of headers and

stretchers laid alternately.

 This type of bond is best suited from

considerations of economy and
appearance.

 This type of bonding is comparatively weaker than English bond.

Comparison of English bond and Flemish bond

1. The English bond is found to possess more strength than the Flemish
bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks.

2. The Flemish bond grants more pleasing appearance than the English
bond.

3. It is possible to make use of broken bricks in the form of a brickbats in

case of the Flemish bond. However more mortar will be required.

4. The construction with the Flemish bond requires greater skill compared to
the English bond.

RAT TRAP BOND

Rat trap bond is a modular type of masonry bond in which the bricks are
placed in a vertical position which creates a
cavity in the wall while maintaining the same
wall thickness as that of the conventional
brick masonry wall.

The purpose of using this type of masonry

bond is to reduce the number of bricks and
mortar required as compared to the English/Flemish bond because of the
cavity formed in the wall.

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Advantages of Rat Trap Bond

 The cavities in the masonry act as thermal insulators. Thus, the interiors
remain cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

 Rat Trap masonry uses fewer bricks and mortar reducing the cost of
masonry up to 30% when compared with conventional brick masonry.

 Walls constructed using rat trap masonry can be used as load-bearing as

well as a thick partition wall.

 Rat-trap bond when kept exposed, creates aesthetically pleasing wall

surface and the cost of plastering and painting may also be avoided.

 As this type of masonry has 30% of cavities, the dead load of the
structure is reduced which in turn reduces the structure supporting
members such as column and footing.

 In case of more structural safety, reinforcement bars can be inserted

through the cavity until the foundation.

CAVITY WALLS

 Cavity wall is constructed with two separate walls

for single wall purpose with some space or cavity
between them.

 These two separate walls are called as leaves of

cavity wall.

 The inner wall is called as internal leaf and outer

wall is called as external leaf.

 Cavity wall is also called as Hollow wall.

 For non-load bearing cavity wall, two leaves are

of equal thickness or sometimes internal leaf with more thickness is
provided.

 The cavity size should be in between 4 to 10cm. The internal and external
leaves should have at least 10 mm thickness.

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 The two leaves are interconnected by metal

ties which are generally made of steel and are rust
proof.

 Two leaves should be constructed simultaneously.

 Spacing should be uniform and maximum

horizontal spacing of wall ties is 900mm maximum
vertical spacing is 450mm.

 Cavity wall doesn‘t require any footings under it, just a strong concrete
base is provided on which cavity wall is constructed centrally.

 The cavity may be filled with lean concrete with some slope at top up to
few centimeters above ground level

Advantages of Cavity Walls

 Cavity walls give better thermal insulation than solid walls. It is because
of the space provided between two leaves of cavity walls is full of air and
reduces heat transmission into the building from outside.

 Economically they are cheaper than solid walls.

 Moisture content in outer atmosphere is does not allowed to enter because

of hollow space between leaves. So, they also prevent dampness.

 They also act as good sound insulators.

 They also reduce the weights on foundation because of their lesser

thickness.

 Outer Efflorescence is also prevented.

FERROCEMENT

Ferro-cement is a construction material

consisting of wire meshes and cement
mortar. Applications of ferro-cement in
construction are vast due to the low self-
weight, lack of skilled workers, no need of
framework etc.

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Properties of Ferrocement

 Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.

 Mesh may be metal or suitable material.

 Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is used.

 Strength depends on two factors quality of sand/cement mortar mix and

quantity of reinforcing materials used.

 As the steel percent is more, tensile strength and cracking resistance is

enhanced.

 It also ensures enhanced punching and shear resistance.

 Highly flexible

 Lightweight

 Water cement ratio is less, this forms impermissible density enhancing

durability.

Advantages

 Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.

 Fabricated into any desired shape.

 Low labour skill required.

 Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.

 Low construction material cost.

 Better resistance against earthquake.

Disadvantages

 Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.

 Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of

metal by mortar.

 It is difficult to fasten to Ferrocement with bolts, screws, welding and nail

etc.
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 Large no of labors required.

 Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time consuming.

Cost Effectiveness of Ferro-cement Structures

 The type of economic system.

 Type of applications.

 Relative cost of labor.

 Capital and local tradition of construction

procedure.

 Doesn‘t need heavy plant or machinery.

 Low cost of construction materials.

Applications of Ferro-cements in Construction

 Housing: Walls, Door and Window Frames, Roofs, Shelves

 Marine: Boats, Pipes

 Agricultural: Water Tanks, Pipes

 Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.

 Miscellaneous like Manhole Cover, Furniture

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ARCHES

Definition: An arch is a structure constructed in curved shape

with wedge shaped units (either bricks or stones), which are
jointed together with mortar, and provided at openings to
support the weight of the wall above it along with other
superimposed loads. Because of its shape the loads from above
gets distributed to supports (pier or abutment).

Different Components of an Arch

 Intrados: The inner curve of an arch is called as intrados.

 Extrados: The outer curve of an arch is termed as extrados.
 Crown : The highest part are peak point of extrados is called crown.
 Arcade: The row of arches in continuation is called arcade.
 Impost : The projecting course is provided on the upper part of a pier
or abutment to stress the springing line. This course is called impost.
 Span : The clear horizontal distance between the supports or
abutments or piers is termed as span of an arch.
 Rise : The clear vertical distance between the highest point on the
intrados and the springing line is called as rise.

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 Depth or Height: The perpendicular distance between the intrados of

arch to the extrados of arch is called depth of an arch or height of an
arch.
 Thickness : This is the breadth of soffit which is measured
perpendicular to the front and back faces of an arch.
 Pier and Abutment: The intermediate support of an arch is called as
pier. The end support of an arch is called as abutment.

PRECAST MEMBERS

 Precast concrete is prepared by casting concrete in reusable molds .

 Precast members are manufactured in factory under controlled
conditions to keep standard dimensions and tolerances.
 Then shipped to a construction site and installed quickly with less site
disruption, often in just a number of days.
 Precast is a time-saving alternative to site cast concrete (for example
precast concrete which must cure for about 30 days to gain its full
strength and stability) and reduces labor on-site and the risk of
weather delays.
 The properties of precast concrete, such as cost-effectiveness,
durability, adaptability, ease of use and maintenance.

Elements of precast buildings

 Precast footings
 Beams
 Columns
 Slab
 Shear walls
 Partition walls
 Connection between precast elements

Precast building v/s conventional building

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Precast concrete structural elements

A precast building is constructed by assembling and connecting various

prefabricated elements required in the building structure.

These elements are:

 Precast slabs

 Precast beams

 Precast columns

 Precast walls

 Precast foundation

Precast wall panels

 Precast concrete walls are constructed by casting concrete in a

reusable wall mold or form which is then cured in a controlled
environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place.
 The main function of the precast walls is to speed up the construction
process.

Advantages of Precast Concrete Walls

 Precast concrete walls act as thermal storage to delay and reduce peak
thermal loads.
 The precast concrete wall is used as an interior surface which saves
time and money by eliminating the need for separate stud framing and
drywall costs.
 The precast concrete wall can be used as load-bearing structures and
will save costs by eliminating the need for an additional structural
framing system.

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 Precast concrete walls can be designed to be reused for future building

expansions.
 Precast concrete‘s durability creates a low maintenance structure,
which stands up to harsh climate conditions.

Disadvantages of Precast Concrete Walls

 Higher Upfront Costs

 Transportation Can Be an Issue
 Precast Concrete is Hard to Modify Once Built
 You Have to Take Care When Handling Precast Concrete
 Improper Installation Could Cause Issues

Precast roof panels

Precast beam and column

 Precast beams and columns are ideal for a variety of structures

 Precast concrete is a versatile structural material and can be used as
the structural system of a building, bridge or other structure, from
multi-level apartment buildings to commercial structures and
everything in between.
 They can also be used below-grade for parking, ideal for tight building
sites.
 Beams and columns are available in various shapes and sizes for
virtually any structural or architectural requirement, as well as design
flexibility.
 Beams and columns have the strength necessary for heavy loads and
allow for fast installation, vibration resistant stability and moisture
resistance.

Precast beam

Beams are typically considered structural components and are made in one of
three key shapes:

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 Rectangular
 Inverted Tee Beams
 L-Beams

Precast columns

 Columns are typically used to support beams and spandrels in

applications such as parking structures and precast concrete
structural systems of all types.
 They generally are designed as multilevel components ranging
from a single story to six levels or more.
 Sizes and shapes can vary to satisfy both architectural and
structural requirements.

Advantages of Beams & column:

 Speed of construction. Pieces are cast off-site and delivered to you

when you need them.
 Versatility. Available in various shapes and sizes for any structural or
architectural requirements.
 Clear spans. Reduced column counts provide for larger open spaces.
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 Module 2: Environment friendly and cost effective Building Technologies

 Strength for heavy loads. Beams and columns are ideal for setting
hollowcore, for a total precast structure. Also provide vibration
resistant stability.
 Fire resistance. Beams and columns require no additional
fireproofing and provide intrinsic fire resistance.
 Durability. Precast beams and columns are resistant to nature, from
termites or hurricanes to high winds and seismic events. Also provide
moisture resistance.
 Efficiency. Savings in cost and time will keep your project on time
and on budget. Also contributes to lower heating and cooling costs
over the life of a structure.

Precast DOORS AND WINDOWS

Reinforced Cement Concrete, as an alternative base material for producing

door and window frames

WATER TANK

 Specification :
o Grade of concrete M25
o Grade of steel –Fe500
 Earth Pressure –
 Light duty tank can take surcharge load of 1Ton\sq.m.

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 Heavy duty tank can take a load of 40 Ton.(fire tender trucks can move
on it.)
 No Uplift – Tank is designed for no uplift even at fully submerged
conditions and even when tank is empty.
 External Coating- Coal tar epoxy paint, which is good resistance in
marine exposure and subsoil conditions. good chemical and abrasion and
water resistance.
 Internal Coating- Water proofing.

SEPTIC TANK

 A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for waste

water treatment through the process of biological decomposition and
drainage.
 A septic tank makes use of natural processes & proven technology to
treat wastewater from household plumbing produced by bathrooms,
kitchen drains,and laundry.
 A septic tank system has a relatively simple design. It is an
underground watertight container (mostly rectangular or round) made
of fibre glass, plastic or concrete.
 The Compartments in a septic tank and normally a T-shaped outlet
prevent the sludge and scum from leaving the tank and travelling into
the drain field area.
 Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF)
and only provide a basic treatment.
 In rural areas, it is used for the disposal of the night soil from the
restroom, but in urban areas, it is used for the disposal of both
wastewater and the night soil.

Objectives of Septic Tank

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 To create a storage or holding space for the collected sewage where

the solid wastes can be separated from the liquid manure.
 To break down the organic waste present in the sewage through
biological decomposition with the aid of the bacteria.
 Store the settled solids until they are removed or pumped out.

Importance of Septic Tank

 It is necessary to collect the wastewater and night soil from the

connected drains and toilets in the households that are generally not
connected to the municipal sewer systems.
 Septic tank efficiently treats the sewage before it is discharged to the
environment thereby preventing the environmental degradation and
pollution.
 Septic tank allows the wastewater to be replenished by natural means
and the treated water can also be re-used for purposes such as
industrial works, irrigation, groundwater recharge etc.
 Septic tanks are vital for safe disposal of the night soil, particularly
from the restrooms.

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Single Chambered Septic Tank

 When the sewage enters the septic tank, it gets separated into three
distinct layers: the sludge, clear zone, and scum.
 The solid particles present in the sewage that is heavier than the water
settle at the bottom of the tank. These settled solids are referred to
as sludge.
 The septic tank is designed in such a way that no oxygen is present at
the bottom of the tank thereby promoting the growth of only the
anaerobic bacteria. The anaerobic bacteria, in turn, digest the organic
matter in the sludge.
 Due to the decomposition, the particles become lighter and move
upwards to the middle of the tank, commonly referred to as the clear
zone.
 The clear zone is the layer that usually consists of the brown greyish
wastewater and anaerobic bacteria.
 The scum layer is the uppermost layer in the septic tank. It mainly
consists of suspended oil, grease, soap films, etc., lighter than water.
 The anaerobic bacteria also digest the matters present in the scum
layer. The digested particles become heavier than the water and thus
settle at the bottom of the tank.
 Bacteria inside the tank does it's best to break down the solid waste,
which then allows liquids to separate and drain away easily.
 For further treatment of the effluent water, an effluent filter may be
placed outside the baffle walls. The effluent is then discharged into the
drain field through the outlet and is thus absorbed into the soil.

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Alternate roofing systems

Filler slab

Filler slab is supposed to be a cost effective, efficient, simple and very

innovative construction technology for slab construction

Benefits

 As the name suggests, in a filler slab, part of concrete in the bottom of

the slab (in the tension zone to be specific) is replaced by filler
materials.
 The whole weight of the building is taken away by the self- weight of
the reinforced concrete
 In order to reduce the usage of concrete and self-weight of slabs,
usually preferred slabs are voided slabs or hollow slabs.
 Such slabs have benefits such as reduced weights, economical longer
spans, reduced floor-to- floor heights etc.
 Cost reductions in roofs/ floors are gained through the choosing of
filling a part of concrete in the tension zone with cheaper materials.
 In the context, with the use of waste material in building construction
and solving its disposal problem, a technology has been developed the
self- weight of the reinforced concrete.

Advantages of filler slab

 Due to the replacement of nonfunctional cement concrete with lighter

filler materials, dead load of the slab is reduced considerably.‘ The
reduction in weight as much as 20 to 30%.
 It is cost effective at least by 20% compared to the conventional RCC
slab due to the usage of less costly filler materials and decreased
amount of steel and concrete.

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 Filler slabs does not compromise on the strength or durability if

designed and constructed with stringent quality control.
 Filler slabs creates comfortable temperature conditions inside the
living rooms as the air pockets between the filler materials has heat
resistant property.
 The thermal comfort provided by filler slabs makes it an excellent
option in humid hot climatic conditions.
 When materials like cyber wastes like key boards, waste plastic
substances especially bottles are used as fillers, this method by default
does a waste management as the otherwise harmful substances to the
soil and earth are being reused.
 Filler slab reduces the carbon footprint of a building by around 20%.
 Correctly chosen patterns in the filler slabs increases the aesthetics of
the ceiling.

Disadvantages of Filler slabs

 The filler slab technology needs some experience. Unless we have

people, who have built a few similar homes, there are chances that you
mess up in its construction
 The rebars can corrode if it comes in contact with clay products that
are used as fillers. Enough care should be taken to ensure sufficient
cover to reinforcement.
 For the same reasons above, the slopes at the terrace have to be
meticulously planned and all the rain water down pipes has to be clog
free. Enough care to be taken to ensure maintenance of terrace.

Selection criteria of filler materials

 Filler materials should be non-reactive to cement and water and other

materials used like rebars.
 Its mandatory to ensure the water absorbed by the filler is minimal and
better to check this before construction.
 Local materials to be chosen to keep the costs in control.
 Light weigh materials to be preferred
 Ceiling patterns and the functional use of the room also decides the
material selection.

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 Any last-minute realization can in fact encourage a compromise and

you end up with corroded rebars and leaks after a few years.

Filler materials used

 Mangalore tiles
 Clay pans
 Bricks
 Waste bottles
 Coconut shells
 Thermocol
 Cyber wastes like keyboard
 Stabilized mud Blocks
 Terracotta tiles

Composite beam

 Composite beams are constructed from more than one material to

increase stiffness or strength (or to reduce cost).
 In this section, two-material composite beams will be examined.
 Of course, two materials can be arranged in multi-sections but only
two different types of materials will be used.

Advantages of composite beam

 Increased strength for a given cross sectional dimension

 Concrete and steel are utilized effectively.
 Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased beams
 There is a significant reduction in the construction time
 Low strength concrete can be used for in situ concrete
 No formwork is required when the beams are placed closely.

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 An increase in the cross-section area of the section results in higher

stiffness of the beam. As a result, beam bending and shear capacity
increases.
 Due to the higher stiffness, it reduces the deflection of prestressed
composite beams

Disadvantages of Composite Construction

 Designers need to pay more attention to the design procedures as they

are a bit complex than the usual method. The correct idealization of
the actional condition should be done during the design.
 Due to the composite slab, there will restrain resulting in an increase
of prestress losses (shrinkage of concrete, creep of concrete,
relaxation of steel, friction, anchorage slip) . Further, there could be a
restrain moment due to this action.
 Different shrinkages in the section could induce additional stresses.

Pre-engineered and ready to use building elements

 Pre-engineered buildings are modern adapted systems where the

building‘s structural members are manufactured at the factory and
assembled at the site.
 When these buildings are built with great efficiency, they can be 30%
lighter than conventional steel buildings.
 Generally, Pre-engineered buildings are steel structures; these are built
according to the structure‘s exact requirement, such as its size, height,
and width.
 Then these built-up sections are transported to the site and assembled
with bolted connections. This type of construction method is widely
adopted in industrial buildings, warehouses, Metro Station.

Components of Pre-engineered Building

 Pre-engineered buildings consist of different members

o Primary Frame
o Secondary elements
o Roof and wall panels
o Sandwich Panels

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 Primary Frame

1. Primary frames consist of trusses, column or castellated beams, etc.

these are built up of I-shaped steel members.
2. These frames are reinforced with wind bracing and connecting
bolts. Sometimes with anchor bolts.

 Secondary Elements

1. Secondary elements are cold-formed

structural members, available in different
shapes like C, Z, etc.—commonly known as
―Purlins.‖
2. These purlins are resistant to corrosion,
robust, lightweight, and they are easy to
mount. Purlins come in various lengths and thicknesses
 Roof And Wall Panels
1. Pre-engineered building components like roof and wall panels
come in Tin shades and curtain walls made of glass and roll-
formed steel sheets. Some special roofing sheets are used to
minimize energy usage.

 Sandwich Panels

1. These panels are made in three-layer, where one non-aluminum

layer is placed in between two aluminum sheets.

2. Some other components of sandwich panels

are bolts, insulation, mezzanine floors, skylight sheets, flashlights,
cage ladders, cable trays, ducts, cranes, etc.

Advantages of pre-engineered buildings

1. Quality Control

 The quality of pre-engineered building materials is easy to manage

as they are manufactured in a factory under controlled conditions.

2. Low Maintenance

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 The maintenance cost of pre-engineered buildings is significantly

less, as they are manufactured with high-quality paint for steel and
cladding.

3. Flexibility Of Expansion

 The pre-engineered building has flexible expansion options, which

means we can extend a building‘s length, height, and width in the
future.

4. Energy Efficient

 These buildings can be customized with polyurethane insulated

panels or fiberglass blankets to make them energy efficient.

6. Versatility

 The pre-engineered building systems come in various types of

fasciae, canopies, and metal wall panels, designed according to the
requirement.

7. Require Less Time to Construct

 Construction of a structure using a pre-engineered building method

consumes less time than the conventional method.

Disadvantages of pre-engineered building

1. Insulation Cost

 Insulating the whole pre-engineered building can cost you much.

2. Appearance

 These buildings are steel structures that are not much attractive as
they are left exposed.

3. Prone to Corrosion

 As we know, these are steel structures, and they are prone to

corrosion if the material or paint used is not of good quality, which
may reduce the life span of the steel structures.

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Applications

 Pre-engineered buildings can be adapted in different construction.

1. Labour Camps
2. Office Buildings
3. Workshops
4. Schools
5. Community Centre
6. Factories
7. House and Living shelters
8. Aircraft Hangers
9. Supermarket
10. Sports Halls
11. Petrol Pumps
12. Service Buildings
13. Warehouses

Difference between Pre-Engineered Building & Conventional Steel

Building

Properties Pre-Engineered Building Conventional Building

An easy and quick design, The conventional building has

as these are framed sections to be designed from scratch
Design
and connection designs, and with only fewer aids available
it is less time-consuming. to engineers.

Construction with a Pre-

Construction by the
Duration of Engineered Building
conventional building method
Construction system usually takes 6 to 8
usually takes 20 to 26 weeks.
weeks.

Simple and easy design and A large and heavy Foundation is

Foundation quick construction as they required in a conventional
are lightweight. building.

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In Pre-engineered Rigid Heavy frames in

Seismic buildings, the lightweight conventional building systems
Resistance frames offer higher are less resistant to seismic
resistance to seismic forces. forces.

In a Conventional building
The erection procedure in a system, the time and the cost
Erection Time and pre-engineered building cannot be estimated accurately,
Cost system is very quick, easy, but it is 20% more expensive than
and requires less equipment. PEB‘s. The process is very slow
and more equipment is required.
The overall cost of the Pre-
Engineered Building will be The conventional building cost
Overall Cost
30% lesser than the more
Conventional Building.
With the help of standard
Special design must be done for
design details, an outstanding
Architecture different projects, which results in
architectural design can be
high cost.
achieved.
Pre-engineered buildings are In a conventional building, the
Structural Weight 30% lighter in weight than structural members are heavier in
conventional buildings. weight.
Pre-engineered wood products

 A wide range of derived wood products are obtained by

binding and fixing of wood particles, boards, fibres' with
adhesives to form composites.

 There are different types of engineered wood products

such as plywood, particleboard, laminated timber, finger
joints, cross laminated timber etc.

Types of engineered wood product

Glued-laminated lumber

Cross laminated timber (CLT)

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

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Laminated strand lumber (LSL)

Parallel strand lumber (PSL)

Structural plywood.

Oriented strand board (OSB)

Wood I beam.

Pre-engineered steel and plastic

 A pre-engineered steel building is a modern technology where the

complete designing is done at the factory and the building components
are brought to the site and then fixed/jointed at the site and raised with the
help of cranes.

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Major Components of Pre-Engineered Steel Building

1. Primary Components

 Primary components of the PESB consists of mainframe, column, and

rafters-

 Main Frame: Main framing basically includes the rigid steel

frames of the building.

 Columns and Rafters: The PEB rigid frame comprises

tapered/straight columns and tapered rafters (steel plate fabricated
'I' or 'H' sections are referred to as built-up members). The frame is
erected by bolting the end plates of connecting sections together.

 Secondary Component:

 Purlins, Girts and Eave Struts: Purlins, girts and eave struts are
also known as secondary cold-formed members. There is no
welding involved in their preparation. They are prepared by press
bending the HR steel coil giving it the desired shape(Z- or C-
shape).

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 Bracings : Longitudinal cross bracing, used to provide lateral

stability to the structure against wind, seismic or other forces,
comprises of rods, pipes, angles or cables with an eye bolt and an
adjusting nut at both ends, located near the outer flange of columns
or rafters and attached at the web of the rigid frame.

 Sheeting or Cladding: Roof Panel and Wall Panel

 Accessories: As per the functional and architectural requirements,

accessories are supplied in ready to fit condition. Ventilation and lighting
systems should be properly designed in consultation with an expert.

Ridge Ventilators: Ridge ventilator is a type of ventilator

installed at the peak of a sloped roof which allows warm,
humid air to escape from the building.

Turbo Ventilators: Turbo ventilators are designed and engineered to exhaust

Industrial pollutants such as smoke, dust, poisonous gases,
humidity, fumes, heat and many more invisible irritants
from the covered area. Turbo ventilator provides a safe,
cool, healthier and more controlled environment by
removing the entrapped heat and industrial emission
ensuring the health of workers, thus contributing to an
increase in workers‘ productivity. Turbo Ventilators
provide energy free cooling and fresh air throughout the year.

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Polycarbonate Sheet: Polycarbonate sheets are

environment friendly green global product. Strip lights
can be combined into any architectural structure. It can
be used in all buildings to ensure uniform lighting.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGENCIES

 Low cost technology helps in reducing the cost of construction through

the use of locally available materials along with improved skills and
technology without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the
structure.

COSTFORD:Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development

 COSTFORD is dedicated to changing the social, economic, and political

position of marginalised and disadvantaged groups in society.

 COSTFORD focused heavily on improvement of housing and made

significant gains in providing alternative philosophy and technologies for
providing cost-effective, energy efficient.

 COSTFORD has steadily progressed in establishing capacity training

programmes for everyone, from all us

 Local Economic Development (LED) is a constant concern and

COSTFORD lays priority on resource identification, sourcing and
utilisation in such a manner that the local economy is benefited the
most. ections of the society, without gender differentiation.

 COSTFORD is also active in networking with other NGOs, government

agencies, and profit-making organizations interested in contributing to
positive social change.

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 COSTFORD works on a wide spectrum of activities in the community

for fostering societal change in the direction of greater equality, peace,
and therefore more sustainable ways of living, especially for marginalized
and disadvantaged groups.

COSTFORD’s mission is multi-faceted and includes:

 promoting local level planning and development for empowering

communities

 encouraging multi-disciplinary technical support teams

 supporting study of vernacular architecture along with research and

development in architectural design and construction technology

 serving as a conduit for transfer of technology appropriate for climate,

culture, and resources

 fostering human resource development at all levels with special attention

to women

 publishing and distributing educational material related to its philosophy

and technologies

 conducting seminars, workshops, exhibitions, training programmes, and

site visits

NIRNITHI KENDRA

 Nirmithi Kendra is primarily an organization to disseminate information

on low cost building technologies and materials.

 The Nirmithi Kendras are established under the Chairmanship of Deputy

Commissioner of district and Vice chairmanship of Chief Executive
Officer, Zilla panchayat.

NIRNITHI KENDRA FEATURES

 These centres take care of the following features:

 Technology transfer from ‗lab‘ to ‗land‘ (The programme intended

to improve the economic condition of small, marginal farmers and
landless agricultural labourers fast)

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 Skill Upgradation and training centre for the construction artisans

on cost effective and disaster resistant technologies.

 Building materials and component production centre using these

technologies.

 Construction centre using the trained work force and building

material products manufactured at the local level for various
building construction like housed, schools, health centres,
community centres, etc.

 Housing guidance, information and counseling centre for the local

population on all aspects of cost effective and disaster resistant
technologies.

 The building centres all over the country have played a major role
in all the above areas in the direction of providing housing at
minimum cost as compared to conventional technology using
purely steel, cement, wood, etc.

 Many projects were implemented with cost reduction ranging from

30% to 50% as compared to conventional methods.

 It is also seen that a few projects while showing considerable cost

reduction with better quality and durability have led to the need for
setting up of more number of building centres.

Reviewing the Activities

Training and Awareness Programme

Production of Cost Effective Building Materials
Construction of Low Cost Buildings

Cost Effective Construction Technologies and Building Materials

 Foundation

1. Arch foundation
2. Pile foundation
3. Random rubble stone masonry foundation
4. Block concreting to foundation
5. Size stone masonry foundation

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 Walling

1. Soil cement blocks or stabilized mud blocks for masonry by using

regular or interlocking blocks
2. Hollow concrete blocks for brick masonry
3. Solid concrete blocks for brick masonry
4. Rat trap bond masonry
5. Boulder block or ruble filler blocks for brick masonry
 Roofing

1. Filler slab roofing by using Mangalore tiles, bricks, cavity clay

tiles, coconut shells or filler materials
2. Jack arch roofing by using cavity clay tiles or wire cut bricks
3. Brick panel roofing over RCC joists
4. Cadapah slabs roofing over RCC joists
5. Mangalore tiled roofing over steel angle purlins and trusses
6. Ferro cement channel roofing
7. Brick vaults and domes
8. Micro concrete tiles (MCR) roofing over steel purlins and trusses
 Flooring

1. Clay tiles flooring

2. Cadapah slab flooring
3. Combination of tandoor and cadapah flooring
4. Ceramic tile flooring

 Joineries

1. RCC door and window frames

2. Pressed or angle iron frames
3. Tyfac shutters
4. Coir board shutters
5. Cement particle board shutters
6. Corrugate steel shutters
7. MS and GI sheet shutters

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 Training programmes in 16 to 20 trades in the following areas are

organized:
 Manufacture of soil cement blocks, boulder blocks, cement
concrete blocks,
 Production of cement door & window frames
 Production of ferro cement furniture
 Welding, domestic electrical wiring training
 Painting, bar bending, plumbing,
 Production of pre-cast elements, lintels etc
 Production of U shape Drainage slabs, Different Designer Paving
Blocks, Kerb stone, fencing poles etc.

Production site

Production of Ferro Cement Components & RCC window at Kendra

Premises

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Training Activities

Hands on Training for Construction Labourers and Masons – Skill

Development

Low Cost Sanitation units

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Bapuji Old Age home at Gokulam, Mysore

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