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T 7 Digital Audio

The document provides an overview of analogue and digital audio, detailing the processes of audio capture, storage, and playback. It explains key concepts such as Pulse-code Modulation (PCM), file size calculations, and various audio file formats and codecs, including uncompressed, lossless, and lossy formats. Additionally, it discusses the parameters affecting digital audio quality, such as sampling rate, bit depth, and bit rate.

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Lola Llido
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22 views20 pages

T 7 Digital Audio

The document provides an overview of analogue and digital audio, detailing the processes of audio capture, storage, and playback. It explains key concepts such as Pulse-code Modulation (PCM), file size calculations, and various audio file formats and codecs, including uncompressed, lossless, and lossy formats. Additionally, it discusses the parameters affecting digital audio quality, such as sampling rate, bit depth, and bit rate.

Uploaded by

Lola Llido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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T7 Digital Audio

1
Dolores Maria Llidó Escrivá
Analogue Audio

Analogue Audio: works with continuous signals


Capture – Store – Play

Audio 2
Digital Audio

Digital Audio: works with discrete signals


Conversion in capture and play (ADC / DAC)

ADC 01001011

01001011 DAC

Audio 3
Analogue – Digital Conversion
Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)
● Sample for digitize analogue signals
● Lossless encoding of audio data
● Used in phones, CD, DVD, HDMI and Blu-ray (LPCM)
Parameters
● Sampling rate
8, 44.1, 48, 96 KHz
● Bit depth
8, 16 or 24 bits / sample

FileSize(MB)=ChanelsNumber*SamplingRate*BitDepth*Duration

Audio 4
Digital Audio Player
A digital audio system starts with an ADC that
converts an analog signal to a digital signal.The
audio file is executed by player with a DAC that
runs at a sampling rate and converts at a known bit
resolution.
Parameters:
● Sampling rate
8, 44.1, 48, 96 KHz
● Bit Depth
8, 16 or 24 bits / sample
● Bit Rate
Number of bits transmited per unit of time
Usually measured in kbits/s
Audio 5
Exercises:
FileSize(MB)=ChanelsNumber*SamplingRate*BitDepth*Duration

How much storage space do you need to store 1”


of audio data with a sampling rate of 8KHz and a
bit depth of 8 bits/sample in mono.
Solution 8KBytes
Data: Filesize in Bytes
● 1 second
Filesize=1 channel*8khz*8bits/sample*1s=
● Sampling rate: 8KHz 1*8*1000 sample/s*8bits/sample *1s=
● bit depth: 8 bits/sample 64000bits * (1byte/8bits)=8000bytes =7,8 kBytes.
● channel : 1
Aprox 8KB

1KB=1024B
1B=8bits
And 3’ stereo?
Audio 6
Exercises:
FileSize=ChanelsNumber*SamplingRate*BitDept*seconds

How much storage space do you need to store


3 minutes of audio data on stereo with Sampling
rate 48KHz, bit depth 16 bits/sample

Solution : 32,96 MB

Audio 7
Exercises:

FileSize of an CD Audio file:


44,1 KHz , 16 bits/sample stereo
Tamaño fichero:

1 segundo=172KB : FileSize 2*(44100 /1s)* 16 bits= 172 KB

1minuto=10 Mbytes FileSize= 2*44100/1s * 16bits *(60s/1min)*(1 Byte/8 bits)* 1 M/(1024*

1024 )

Audio 8
Exercises: BitRate

What about the bitrate required reproduce a


digital audio in stereo with a sampling rate of
8KHz and a bit depth 8 bits/sample: ?
● Measures (kbits/s) 1kbit/s=1000bits/s

Bitrate=Filesize/duration
FileSize(MB)=ChanelsNumber*SamplingRate*BitDepth*Duration

BitRate=ChanelsNumber*SamplingRate*BitDepth

BitRate= 2chanel*8Kz*8bits=128Kbits/s
CD_BitRate: 2*48000*16=1,53Mbits/s

Audio 9
Digital Audio Storage

Specific storages
DAT (Digital Audio Tape)

Compact Disc (CD)


DVD Audio
Minidisc

Computers: hard drives, memories

File Formats
CODEC (Compressor – Decompressor)
Audio 10
Audio File Formats/Codecs

● A audio file format is a container structure for storing audio on a


computer. The difference between formats generally has to do
with storage space versus sound quality. Each file format can
require different codecs
● A codec is a device or computer program which encodes or
decodes a digital data stream or signal.

Major groups of audio file formats


● Uncompressed audio formats
● Lossless compression
● Lossy compression

Audio 11
Uncompressed Audio Formats

PCM: major uncompressed audio format


● Raw audio stored as .raw
● Stored as .wav on Windows or as .aiff on Mac OS
Adequate for storage of original recordings
BWF (Broadcast Wave Format)
● Created by the European Broadcasting Union as a
successor to WAV
● Extension of wav that includes a timestamp
reference for easy synchronisation with a separate
picture element

Audio 12
Lossless Compressed Audio Formats
They require much more processing time but are
more efficient in space usage
● Compression ratio of about 2:1
● Useful for storing original recordings:
○ Enable the original uncompressed data to be
recreated exactly
● Major Formats: ALAC – Apple Lossless, FLAC,
WavPack or Monkey’s Audio

Audio 13
Lossy Compression Audio Formats

● Used in multimedia applications, Internet,


video DVDs and digital television
● Compress to a 5% to 20% of the original
stream using psychoacoustics to identify
relevant data
● Major Formats:
○ WMA (Lossy Windows Media Audio )
○ MP3(Moving Picture Experts Group)
○ Ogg (Free Open - vobis codec)
○ AAC( Advanced Audio Coding)
○
Audio 14
MP3 / Ogg Vorbis

● Designed as part of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2,


1993, Copyrights!
● Selection of Bit rate → Quality
○ CBR or VBR (average bit rate)
● Reduces accuracy of certain parts of sound:
files 11 times smaller than a CD file, 128kbits/s
● Spread on the Internet (P2P)
○ 1999: Napster (mp3)
○ 2008: Spotify (ogg)

Audio 15
MP3 / Ogg Vorbis

Dire Straits
“Sultans of Swing”, length 5’50”
http://musicaq.biz/song.php?
id=U3VsdGFucyAgT2YgIFN3aW5nIC0gRGlyZSAgU3RyYWl0c3xodHRwOi8vd3d3Lmt1d28uY24veWlueXVlLzQyOTAzODM%2FZnJvbT1
tcQ%3D%3D

Format kbits/s MBytes


WAV 1411 61.8
Apple Lossless 1411 42.1
MP3 320 13.4
MP3 192 8.0
MP3 128 5.3

Audio 16
AAC - Advanced Audio Coding

● Designed to be the successor of


the MP3 format, 1997. Part of MPEG-2 and
MPEG-4 standards
● Generally achieves better sound quality than
MP3 at similar bit rates

Audio 17
HTML5 Audio support

HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files on a


web page. Formats
HTML5 tag: <audio>
● MP3:
● Ogg Vorbis
● wav

ACC not soported!!!

Audio 18
Codecs

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Opus_(audio_format)
19
Audio
QUESTIONS

1. Diferencia entre formato de Audio y CODEC


2. ¿Para qué sirven los formatos de audio con
compresión y sin pérdida?
3. ¿Cuales son los tres principales formatos de
compresión con pérdida?
5. ¿Qué parámetros pueden configurarse en el método
de muestreo Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)?
6. ¿Qué se entiende por Bit rate? ¿Cómo se relaciona
con la calidad del audio?

Audio 20

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