Internet :

● The internet is a global network of computers connected

to each other.
● It allows people to share information, communicate,
and access websites from anywhere in the world.
● It is like super highway of data that connects
● billions of devices worldwide.
● The concept of the internet began with U.S.
Department of Defence.
● ARPANET (1969): The first operational packet-switching
network, developed by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA).
● Email (1971): One of the earliest applications developed
for ARPANET
● As more computer & network began to connect , now they
needed common set of rules (protocol) to communicate
effectively.
● Therefore TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet
Protocol) were invented in 1970.
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is like the rules of
the road for sending data over the internet. It makes sure
that data travels safely and in the correct order from one
computer to another.
● IP Address: Each device connected to a network is
assigned a unique IP address, which helps identify it and
ensure that data is delivered to the right place.
● Versions:IPv4: Uses a 32-bit address scheme (e.g.,
192.0.2.1)
● IPv6: Uses a 128-bit address scheme (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
● The domain name system (DNS was also introduced
in this era.
● DNS (Domain Name System) is an essential system used
on the internet to translate human-friendly domain names
(like www.example.com) into machine-readable IP
addresses (like 192.0.2.1).

● 1991: The World Wide Web (WWW) :

● WWW is defined as the collection of different websites
around the world, containing different information shared
via local servers(or computers).
● It allows users to view and interact with websites using a
web browser.
● WWW was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and is
one of the most popular services on the internet.
 Components of the Web
There are 3 components of the web:
1. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
2. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP
3. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML):

1. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) :

● A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address used to
access resources on the internet, such as websites, files, or
images.
● It tells the browser how to find and retrieve that resource.
● A URL is essentially the web address you type in the
browser’s address bar to visit a website.
● Example :
● https://www.amazon.com
 Parts of URL :
● Protocol (https://):
This tells the browser how to connect to the website.
http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is like the method of
delivery.
https (HTTP Secure) is the same method but with
encryption for security.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) It’s the protocol that
web browsers and servers use to communicate and
transfer web pages, images, videos, and other content
over the internet.
●Domain Name (www.amazon.com):
● A domain name is the name of a website that people
type in their browser to visit it. For example, in
www.amazon.com, the domain name is amazon.com.
 Parts of a Domain Name:
● Name: The main part of the address (e.g., amazon in google.com).
● Extension: The part after the dot (e.g., .com, .org, .in).
● It’s easier to remember a name like amazon.com than a long
number like 142.250.190.46 (the website’s real address on the
internet).
● It gives your website an identity (e.g., a business can use its name
as the domain).
HTML :
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language
used to create and design web pages.
It provides the structure and layout of a webpage by using
elements represented as tags.
● 1993: The first popular web browser, Mosaic, was
released, allowing users to access graphical websites
easily.
● 1995: Major developments occurred, such as the creation
of Amazon, eBay, and the launch of Java and JavaScript,
enhancing the web's functionality.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol
used to transfer files between computers over a network,
like the internet.
It’s primarily used for uploading and downloading files
between a client (your computer) and a server.
To transfer files, the client connects to the server using an
FTP address (like a website URL) and may require a
username and password for access.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) began offering internet access
to the public.
ISP(Internet Service Provider) is a company or organization
that provides individuals and businesses with access to the
internet. ISPs offer various services like internet
connectivity, web hosting, and email services.
● MAC Address :
● A physical address that is permanently assigned to
your device's network hardware (like your Wi-Fi card
or Ethernet port) by the manufacturer.
● It is unique to the device and does not change.
● Purpose:
● Used to identify a device on a local network (like your
home Wi-Fi or office LAN).
● Helps devices communicate within the same network.
● Example:
● 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
Internet Connection: It's the link between
your device and the global network of
computers.
Types Of Internet
Connections
Wired Connection
● A wired connection means connecting devices(like- Computer,
Router etc.) to the internet using physical cables.
● Give more stable connection , because data travel through
cables ,without interference other device
1.Dial-Up Connection :
● Using a Phone Line: Dial-up connects to the internet through
your regular phone line.
● Modem:. The modem translates data so computer can
understand it.
● Speeds are usually around 56 kbps (kilobits per second)
2. DSL( Digital Subscriber Line) :
is a type of internet connection that uses regular telephone
lines to provide high-speed internet.
● A DSL filter is often installed on the phone line. This
device separates the low-frequency signals (used for
voice calls) from the high-frequency signals (used for
the internet).
● Cable internet is a type of internet connection that uses
the same cables as cable TV.
● These cables can send both TV and internet signals at
the same time.
● These cables are coaxial cables, which can carry both
TV and internet signals at the same time.
●.

Coaxial cables are made up of an inner

conductor, insulation, and an outer metal shield,
allowing them to carry high-bandwidth signals
for both TV and internet
Fibre optics is a technology that uses thin strands of glass to
transmit data as light signals.
Light Transmission: Data is converted into light signals and sent
through the fibre optic cables.
 Un-guided or Wireless Connection
● A wireless connection allows devices to
communicate over a network without the need for
physical cables.
● It uses radio waves or infrared signals to transmit
data between devices, enabling internet access and
data sharing.
Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) :
● Cellular networks that provide internet access
through mobile data on smartphones and other
devices.
● it uses cell towers to connect devices over vast
distances.
 Mobile Network(4G,5G)
● A mobile network is a wireless network that enables
mobile devices to connect to the internet and
communicate with each other.
● Mobile Devices: Smartphones, tablets, and other devices
connect to the nearest cell tower, allowing users to
access data and make calls.
●Satellites: Devices in space that communicate with
ground stations.
● Signals travel from Earth to satellites, which then relay
them back to different locations on Earth.
● Wide Coverage: Reaches remote areas without
traditional infrastructure.
 Hotspot
● A hotspot is a wireless access point that allows devices
like smartphones, laptops, and tablets to connect to the
internet.
● Types of Hotspots:
● Public Hotspots: Found in places like cafes, airports, and
parks, usually free to use.
● Private Hotspots: Created with your Smartphone, sharing
its mobile data with other devices.
 Internet services
● Internet services refer to various applications, tools,
and functions that allow users to access, share, and
transfer information over the internet.
1. Email (Electronic Mail)
● Email is one of the most widely used internet services.
● It allows users to send and receive text messages,
documents, images, and other files via the internet.
Examples: Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail
Advantages :
● Fast, reliable, and can be accessed from anywhere with
an internet connection
 2. World Wide Web (WWW)
● The World Wide Web is the system of interlinked hypertext
documents(websites) that can be accessed through web
browsers.
● Websites contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia
content.
● Examples: Google, Wikipedia, Amazon
3. Social Media
● Social media platforms allow users to connect, communicate,
share content, and build communities.
● These services are used for personal communication,
entertainment, and business promotion.
Examples:
● Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn
4. Search Engines
● Search engines allow users to search for information on
the internet.
● They index web pages and return results based on
keywords or phrases.
● Examples: Google, Bing, Yahoo
● Advantages: Helps users find information quickly and
efficiently by indexing the entire web.
5. Cloud Storage and File Sharing
● Cloud storage services allow users to store, manage, and
share data on remote servers accessed via the internet.
● These services are popular for personal use as well as for
businesses for data backup and collaboration.
● Examples: Google Drive , Amazon S3 (Simple Storage
Service)
 8. E-Commerce
● E-commerce platforms enable the buying and selling of
goods and services over the internet.
● These platforms also support payment gateways for online
transactions.
● Examples: Amazon, eBay, Alibaba
● Advantages: Convenience of shopping from anywhere,
variety of products, and often lower prices due to
competitive markets.
9. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
● VoIP services allow users to make voice and video calls
over the internet instead of using traditional telephone
networks.
● Examples: Skype, Zoom, Google Meet
Advantages:
● Cost-effective communication, especially for international
calls, and support for video conferencing.