1. What is an Object?

• A class or struct definition is like a blueprint that specifies what the type can
do.
• An object is basically a block of memory that has been allocated and
configured according to the blueprint.
• A program may create many objects of the same class.
• Objects are also called instances, and they can be stored in either a named
variable or in an array or collection.

2. What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is a process of binding the data members and member functions
into a single unit.

3. What is Abstraction?
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and displaying the
essential features.

4. What are Access Specifiers?

There are 5 access specifiers,

• The public can be accessible outside the class through object reference.
• Private can be accessible inside the class only through member functions.
• Protected can be just like private but accessible in derived classes also through
member functions.
• Internal can be visible inside the assembly. Accessible through objects.
• Protected Internal can be visible inside the assembly through objects and in
derived classes outside the assembly through member functions.
5. What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is a process of deriving a new class from an already existing class.
6. How can you implement multiple inheritance in C#?
Using Interfaces, you can implement multiple inheritance in C#.

7. Are private class members inherited from the derived

class?
• Yes, the private members are also inherited in the derived class but we will not
be able to access them.
• Trying to access a private base class member in the derived class will report a
compile-time error.
8. What is Polymorphism?
• When a message can be processed in different ways it is called polymorphism.
• Polymorphism has many forms.
• There are 2 types of polymorphism.
o Compile time polymorphism is also known as Overloading
o Run time polymorphism also known as Overriding
9. What is method Overloading?
Creating multiple methods in a class with the same name but with different
parameters and different types is called method overloading.

10. When and why to use method Overloading?

• You have to use method overloading in situations where you want a class to be
able to do something, but there is more than one possibility for what
information is supplied to the method that carries out the task.
• You should consider overloading a method when you need a couple of
methods that take different parameters but conceptually do the same thing.

11. What is method Overriding?

• Overriding means to change the functionality of a method without changing
the signature.
• You can override a method in the base class by creating a similar method in
the derived class.
• This can be done by using virtual/override keywords.
 • The base class method has to be marked with a virtual keyword and you can
override it in the derived class using the override keyword.
• The derived class method will completely override the base class method i.e.
when you refer base class object created by casting the derived class object a
method in the derived class will be called.

12. What is a Constructor?

• Constructor is a special method of the class that will be automatically invoked
when an instance of the class is created.
• The main use of constructors is to initialize private fields of the class while
creating an instance for the class.
• When you have not created a constructor in the class, the compiler will
automatically create a default constructor in the class.
• The default constructor initializes all numeric fields in the class to zero and all
string and object fields to null.

13. Describe some of the key points regarding the

Constructor.
• A class can have any number of constructors.
• A constructor does not have any return type, not even void.
• A static constructor can not be a parameterized constructor.
• Within a class, you can create only one static constructor.
• There are 5 types of constructors,
o Default Constructor
o Parameterized Constructor
o Copy Constructor
o Static Constructor
o Private Constructor
14. What is a Private Constructor?
• A private constructor is a special instance constructor which is used in a class
that contains static members only.
• If a class has one or more private constructors and no public constructor then
other classes are not allowed to create an instance of this class this means you
 can neither create the object of the class nor it can be inherited by other
classes.
• The main purpose of creating a private constructor is to restrict the class from
being instantiated when it contains every member as static.
15. Can you create an object of class with a private
constructor in C#?
No, an object of a class having a private constructor can not be instantiated from
outside of the class.

16. What is the use of a private constructor in C#?

• It is used to stop the object creation of a class.
• It is used in Singleton class.
• It is used to stop a class from being inherited.
17. What is the use of a static constructor in C#?
• A static constructor is a special constructor that gets called before the first
object of the class is created.
• It is used to initialize any static data or to perform a particular action that
needs to be performed once only.
• The time of execution of the static constructor is not known. But, it is definitely
before the first object creation – maybe at the time of loading assembly.
18. What is Destructor?
• A Destructor is automatically invoked when an object is finally destroyed.
• The name of the Destructor is the same as the class and prefixed with a tilde
(~).
• A Destructor is used to free the dynamically allocated memory and release the
resources.
19. What are Namespaces?
Namespace allows the creation of a system to organize the code.
20. What are Virtual, Override, and New keywords in C#?
• Virtual is used to modify a method, property, indexer, or event declared in the
base class and allows it to be overridden in the derived class.
• Override is used to extend or modify a virtual/abstract method, property,
indexer, or event of the base class into the derived class.
• New is used to hide a method, property, indexer, or event of the base class
into the derived class.
21. What is the difference between Struct and Class in C#?
Struct and Class both are user-defined data types.

Category Struct Class

Type It is a type It is a reference type
Inherits It inherits from System. Value It inherits from System. Object
from type type
Usually used for smaller amounts Usually used for large amounts
Used for
of data of data
Inherited It can not be inherited to another
It can be inherited to other class
to type
Abstract It can not be abstract It can be abstract type
New No need to create the object with Can not use an object of a class
keyword a new keyword by using new keyword
Default
Do not have permission to create You can create a default
constructo
any default constructor constructor
r

22. What is Interface?

• An interface looks like a class, but it has no implementation.
• The only thing it contains is declarations of events, indexers, methods, and/or
properties.
• The reason interfaces only provide declarations is because they are inherited
by structs and classes, which must provide an implementation for each
interface member declared.
23. Why to use Interfaces in C#?
• Interfaces are mainly used in c# for,
 o Extensibility
o Implementation Hiding
o Accessing objects using interfaces
o Loose coupling
24. What is Implicit interface implementation?
• This is the most regular or obvious way to implement members of an interface.
• Here you do not specify the interface name of the members and implement
implicitly.

25. What is Explicit interface implementation?

• This is another way to implement members of an interface.
• Here you need to specify the interface name of the members.
• The constraint with explicit implementation is that an explicitly implemented
member can not be accessed using a class instance, but only through an
instance of the interface.
26. What is Abstract class?
• An abstract class is a special kind of class that can not be instantiated.
• So, the question is why do you need a class that can not be instantiated?
• An abstract class is only to be sub-classed (inherited from).
• In other words, it only allows other classes to inherit from it but can not be
instantiated.
• The key advantage is that it enforces certain hierarchies for all the sub-classes.
• In simple words, it is a kind of contract that forces all the sub-classes to carry
on the same hierarchies or standards.
27. Describe the Abstract class in detail.
• You can not create an object of Abstract Class.
• An inheritance between abstract to abstract classes is possible. You do not
need to implement abstract methods of the base abstract class into a derived
abstract class. You can implement it later in concrete classes.
• An abstract class can never be sealed or static.
• An abstract class can have abstract as well as non-abstract methods.
• The abstract keyword can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers,
and events.
 • Abstract members can only be declared inside an abstract class.
• An abstract member can not be static or private.
• An abstract method can not be marked virtual.
• A concrete class can not inherit more than one abstract class, in other words,
multiple Inheritance is not possible.
• Without an abstract class, you can not implement the Template Method
Pattern.
28. What is the difference between Abstraction and
Encapsulation?
• Encapsulation is wrapping, it's just hiding properties and methods.
• Encapsulation is used for hiding the code and data in a single unit to protect
the data from the outside world.
• Class is the best example of encapsulation.
• Abstraction refers to showing only the necessary details to the intended user.
29. Can the Abstract class be Sealed in C#?
• No, an abstract class cannot be a sealed class.
• Because the sealed modifier prevents a class from being inherited and the
abstract modifier requires a class to be inherited.
30. Can abstract classes have Constructors in C#?
Yes, the Abstract class can have a constructor in C#.

31. Can you declare abstract methods as private in C#?

No. Abstract methods cannot be private in C#.

32. Can abstract classes have static methods in C#?

Yes, the Abstract class can have static methods in C#.

33. Does the Abstract class support multiple Inheritance?

No, the Abstract class does not support multiple Inheritance.
34. Abstract class must have only abstract methods. Is it
true or false?
False. Abstract classes can have both abstract and nonabstract methods.

35. When do you use Abstract Class?

When you have a requirement where your base class should provide the default
implementation of certain methods whereas other methods should be open to
being overridden by child classes that time you have to use abstract classes.

36. Why can the Abstract class not be Instantiated?

• Because it has not fully implemented the class as its abstract methods can not
be executed.
• If the compiler allows us to create the object for the abstract class, then you
can invoke the abstract method using that object which cannot be executed by
CLR at runtime.
• Hence, to restrict the calling of abstract methods, the compiler does not allow
you to instantiate an abstract class.

37. Which type of members can you define in an Abstract

class?
You can define all static and non-static members including properties, fields,
indexers, and also abstract methods.

38. What is Operator Overloading?

• Overloaded operators are functions with special names the keyword operator
followed by the symbol for the operator being defined.
• Similar to any other function, an overloaded operator has a return type and a
parameter list.
39. Is it possible to restrict object creation in C#?
Yes, it is possible to restrict object creation in C# by using the following,
 • Abstract Class
• Static Class
• Private or Protected Constructor
40. Can you inherit Enum in C#?
• No, you cannot inherit Enum in C#.
• Because Enums are by default sealed. So, you can not inherit them.
41. Is it possible to achieve Method extension using an
Interface?
• Yes, it is possible to achieve Method extension using Interface.
• Most of the LINQ is built around interface extension methods.
• Interfaces were actually one of the driving forces for the development of
extension methods.
• Since they can not implement any of their own functionality extension
methods are the easiest way of associating actual code with interface
definitions.
42. Is it possible that a Method can return multiple values
at a time?
• Yes, it is possible that a Method can return multiple values at a time in C# by
using the following.
o KeyValue pair
o Ref or Out parameters
o Struct or Class
o Tuple
43. What is Constant?
• The constant is known as the “const” keyword in C#.
• It is also known as immutable values.
• These are known at compile time and do not change their values at run time
like in any function or constructor for the life of the application till the
application is running.
44. What is Readonly?
• Readonly is known as the “readonly” keyword in C#.
 • It is also known as immutable values.
• They are known at compile and run time and do not change their values at run
time like in any function for the life of the application till the application is
running.
• You can assay their value by constructor when we call the constructor with the
“new” keyword.
45. What is Static?
• The static keyword is used to specify a static member.
• It means static members are common to all the objects and they do not get
tied to a specific object.
• Static keywords can be used with classes, fields, methods, properties,
operators, events, and constructors
• But, static can not be used with indexers, destructors, or types other than
classes.
• Key points about Static keyword.
o If the static keyword is applied to a class, all the members of the class must be
static.
o Static methods can only access static members of the same class.
o Static properties are used to get or set the value of static fields of a class.
o Static constructors cannot be parameterized.
o Access modifiers cannot be applied to static constructors. Because it is always
a public default constructor which is used to initialize static fields of the class.
46. What is Static ReadOnly?
• Static Readonly type variable value can be assigned at runtime or at compile
time and can be changed at runtime.
• Such a variable's value can only be changed in the static constructor and can
not be changed further.
• It can change only once at runtime.

47. Can “this” be used within a Static Method?

• No, “this” cannot be used within a static method.
• Because the keyword 'this' returns a reference to the current instance of the
class containing it.
• Static methods (or any static member) do not belong to a particular instance.
 • They exist without creating an instance of the class and call with the name of a
class not by instance so you can not use this keyword in the body of static
methods.
48. What is the Design Pattern in .Net?
• Design Patterns in the object-oriented world is a reusable solution to common
software design problems that occur repeatedly in real-world application
development.
• It is a template or description for how to solve problems that can be used in
many situations.
49. What are the Types of Design Patterns?
• Creational Patterns: It mainly deals with the creation of Objects and Classes.
• Structural Patterns: It deals with Class and Object Composition.
• Behavioral Patterns: It deals with Class and Object communication. That
means they are concerned with the communication between class and objects.
50. What are the key Benefits of using Design Patterns?
• They give the developer a selection of tried and tested solutions to work with.
• They are language-neutral and so can be applied to any language that
supports object orientation.
• They aid communication by the very fact that they are well documented and
can be researched if that is not the case.
• They have a proven track record as they are already widely used and thus
reduce the technical risk to the project.
• They are highly flexible and can be used in practically any type of application or
domain.
51. What is the difference between Static class and
Singleton instance?
• In C# a static class can not implement an interface. While a single instance
class needs to implement an interface for some business reason or IoC
purpose, you can use the Singleton pattern without a static class.
• You can clone the object of Singleton but, you cannot clone the static class
object.
• Singleton object stores in the heap but, static object stores in the stack.
 • A singleton can be initialized lazily or asynchronously while a static class is
generally initialized when it is first loaded.

52. Can you serialize Hashtable?

• No, you can not serialize Hashtable.
• Because the .NET Framework does not allow serialization of any object that
implements the IDictionary interface.
53. Why is the Singleton pattern considered an Anti-
pattern?
• Singletons are not easy to handle with unit tests. You cannot control their
instantiation and they may retain state across invocations.
• Memory allocated to a Singleton can not be freed.
• In a multithreaded environment, access to the singleton object may have to be
guarded (e.g. via synchronization).
• Singletons promote tight coupling between classes, so it is hard to test.
54. What are Encapsulation and data hiding in C#?
• Encapsulation is a process of hiding the members from outside of class and is
implemented using access specifiers.
• Encapsulation is also called data (information) hiding.
• Encapsulation provides a way to preserve the integrity of state data. Rather
than defining public fields, private data fields should be defined.
• Well-encapsulated class should hide its data and the details of how it operates
on data from the outside world.
• Using this, the implementation of the method can be changed by the class
author without breaking any existing code making use of it.

55. What is the use of the Yield keyword in C#?

• The yield keyword helps you to do custom stateful iteration over .NET
collections
• There are two scenarios where the “yield” keyword is useful,
o It helps to provide custom iteration without creating temp collections.
o It helps to do state-full iteration.
56. How to catch multiple exceptions at once in C#?
You can catch multiple exceptions using condition statements in C#.

57. What is the use of the IDisposable interface in C#?

• The primary use of the IDisposable interface is to clean up unmanaged
resources.
• ”unmanaged” means things like database connections, sockets, etc.
58. What is Property in C#.net?
• Properties are members that provide a flexible mechanism to read, write, or
compute the values of private fields.
• In other words by property, we can access private fields.
• A property is a return type function/method with one parameter or without a
parameter.
• These are always public data members.
• It uses methods to access and assign values to private fields called accessors.
59. What are accessors?
The Get and Set portions or blocks of a property are called accessors.

60. What is Partial Class?

• A partial class is only used to split the definition of a class into two or more
classes in the same source code file or more than one source file.
• You can create a class definition in multiple files but it will be compiled as one
class at run time and also when you’ll create an instance of this class. So, you
can access all the methods from all source files with the same object.
• Partial Class can be created in the same namespace and it is not allowed to
create a partial class in different namespaces.
• You can use the “partial” keyword with all the class names that you want to
bind together with the same name of the class in the same namespace.
61. What is Sealed Class?
• A sealed class is used to restrict the inheritance feature of object-oriented
programming.
 • Once a class is defined as a sealed class, the class can not be inherited.
• A class, which restricts inheritance for security reasons is declared as a sealed
class.
• The sealed class is the last class in the hierarchy.
• A sealed class can be a derived class but cannot be a base class.
• A sealed class can not also be an abstract class. Because abstract class has to
provide functionality and here you are restricting it to inherit.
• If you have ever noticed, structs and enum are sealed.

62. What are Sealed Methods and Properties?

• The sealed method is used to define the overriding level of a virtual method.
• The sealed keyword is always used with the override keyword.

63. How to call the base class constructor from the

derived class in C#?
Use base keywords for this type of initialization.

64. What is a base keyword?

• The base keyword is used to access members of the base class from within a
derived class.
• Call a method on the base class that has been overridden by another method.
• Specify which base-class constructor should be called when creating instances
of the derived class.
• It is an error to use the base keyword from within a static method.

65. What are the Benefits of Three Tier Architecture?

• Reusability: You can reuse the middle layer with different user interfaces like
ASP.NET, windows, etc.
o You can also reuse your DAL with different projects.
• Maintainability: When you change in one layer due to the modular approach
it does not have a ripple effect on other layers.
o You have to do less amount of changes in another layer when you change the
logic of one layer.
66. What is the Difference between Design Patterns and
Architectural Patterns?
• Design Patterns
o They are well-known patterns for solving technical problems in a way that has
proven itself many times.
o They are common design structures and practices that make for creating
reusable Object-Oriented software.
o Design pattern examples are Factory Pattern, Singleton, Facade, State, etc.
o They can be used to solve smaller problems throughout the application, and
are much easier to inject, change, and add than the overall architecture.