INDEX

SR. CONTENT PAGE

NO. NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 COURSE OUTCOMES 2

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

4 HISTORY 4

5 FEATURES OF 7
MOBILE
TECHNOLOGY
6 CONCLUSION 9

7 REFERENCES 10
MOBILE GENERATIONS

Introduction to Mobile communication generations

1. INTRODUCTION

Any recent changes in the mobile telephone communication setup have been termed as generations.
The changes in mobile Telephony that includes the systems, functions, characteristics, and
interconnections required to create an electronic network that allows a telecommunications network
operator to provide services are called the mobile communication generations. In a mobile
communications system, data transmission and reception, information routing and data management are
aspects of mobile telephony.

A mobile phone (cellphone, etc.)[a] is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio
frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed- location
phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of
a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and therefore mobile telephones
are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile
phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messagIng, email,
Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth),
satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, video games and digital
photography. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile
phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.[1]

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2. COURSE OUTCOME

• Mobile communication has transfigure the way people use to communicate each other to exchange
information.
• From the very first technology 1G in which information was exchanged in form of basic voice signals

• The 2G came up with many add on features with new capacity and coverage capability.
• The 3G which was designed to achieve greater speeds with mobile broadband experience.
• 4G which is developed later which provide wide range of telecommunication services.
• This lead to the development of new research of communication given name 5G which willcome up
with much greater speed, exceptional applications, Quality of Service (QoS).

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Kumar Amit et. al. (2010), - Mobile communications systems revolutionized the way people

communicate, joining together communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short

time has been achieved in the history of wireless. Evolution of wireless access technologies is

about to reach its fourth generation (4G). Looking past, wireless access technologies have

followed different evolutionary paths aimed at unified target: performance and efficie ncy in

high mobile environment. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while

the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third

generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly “mobile

broadband” experience, which wil be further realized by the fourth generation (4G). The Fourth

generation (4G) will provide access to wide range of telecommunication services, including

advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly

packet based, along with a support for low to high mobility applications and wide range of data

rates, in accordance with service demands in multiuser environment. This paper provides a high

level overview of the evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks from 1G to 4G.

The contribution of this study is to highlight some new and unique specifications/features in the
mobile phones that are not much expensive and can attract different types of users having
different life status and education level.
The most corporate and finest way of communication is mobile phones. Mobile phones are under
development up till now. Various enterprises try to offer different and unique type of
specification/features to entice the users. Now a day almost every single mobile phone has common
specifications like power bank, SIM card, text messaging (SMS), multimedia messaging (MMS),
Internet, Bluetooth, Games, touch screen etc. A few of them are light weight while others are heavy
weight, similarly with the size. In this paper different generations of mobile phones as well as
proportional study of mobile operating systems are done. The contribution of this study is to
highlight some new and unique specifications/features in the mobile phones that are not much
expensive and can attract different types of users having different life status and education level as
well. Collapse.

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4. HISTORY:

Main article: History of mobile phones Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007
reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on
3 April 1973.
A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In
1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very
thin carbon microphone". Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications
from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II,
with developments taking place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been
traced in successive "generations", starting with the early zeroth- generation (0G) services, such as
Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service.
These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive.

The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. In 1983, it became the first commercially available handheld cellular
mobile phone.The first handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[11][12]
and Martin
Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kilograms (4.4 lb).[2] The first commercial
automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched in Japan by N ippon Telegraph and Telephone
in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.[13] Several other countries then followed
in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems could support far more simultaneous
calls but still used analog cellular technology. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first
commercially available handheld mobile phone.

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MOBILE GENERATIONS

In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja
on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the
incumbent 1G network operators. The GSM standard is a European initiative expressed at the CEPT
("Conférence Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications", European Postal and
Telecommunications conference). The Franco-German R&D cooperation demonstrated the technical
feasibility, and in 1987 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between 13 European countries
who agreed to launch a commercial service by 1991. The first version of the GSM (=2G) standard had
6,000 pages. The IEEE and RSE awarded to Thomas Haug and Philippe Dupuis the 2018 James Clerk

First Generation (1G) Technology

In this generation of technology, mobile communication is done only through an analog signal that has
been used to transmit the user data. The wireless industry has gone through a phase of digitization in
which many of the devices that users today use with a wired PC connect to the Internet. 1G technology
was primarily used and designed for voice communication purposes. The US Army began using VoIP
(Voice over IP) technology in the late 1980s to create a new way of communication for soldiers in
wartime, and this first generation of VOIP systems could be considered a breakthrough in the field of
communications.

Second Generation (2G) Technology

The first time the digital signal was used in mobile telephony to transmit signals was in the second
generation era of mobile communication. Mobile phones in this generation were capable of
transmitting audio and video. The technology was used in more than 60 countries and is already well
established in North America and Europe. 2G in a way revolutionized the mobile communication
industry although the network speed is limited to 64kbps lots of digital information was being shared.
GPRS technology was introduced it became very useful in transmitting more data through email and
other web services that use slightly more network speed. The text message SMS feature in 2G
technology was widely used and extremely popular at that time and it allowed many users to occup y a
frequency band which made it more efficient.

Third Generation (3G) Technology

In this technology true revolution took place where the network speed was increased up to 2Mpbs
which made high-speed browsing, gaming, email, and other web services possible to a vast segment of
the population. 3G technology has made a scenario where new mobile phones are developed and sold
with major advertising capabilities. This makes the users a core demographic and is very important for
the mobile service provider. Since all the existing mobile networks now have to run the latest
operating systems and hardware, the number of mobile phones has increased from about 600 million
in 1998 to nearly 10 billion today.
Fourth Generation (4G) Technology
After the 3G transition, the next evolution took place with the introduction of mobile broadband and
mobile data in the year 2011 where 4G was introduced. 4G was one step higher than the 3G which
was considered a revolution. With 4G, carriers can create a “super high speed” network so that even at
2G speeds it’ll be able to deliver fast, reliable downloads in just 30 seconds. The network speed in 4G
has been increased up to 100Mpbs. This technology made possible some of the things such as high-

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speed gaming, High-definition Mobile Television, Digital Streaming, HD Television services, Cloud
computing, etc. 4G offers faster data speeds at lower prices, in areas that are underserved by its
competitors, and offers a wider variety of cellular networks.
Fifth Generation (5G) Technology
The wireless evolution of 5G is solving the problem of resource allocation by means of cooperation
and coordination. Basically, 5G is the standard of wireless cellular technology, which was developed
by 3GPP. The 5G is following footsteps of the 3G and 4G technologies. 5G network is based on the
standards which was connecting wireless routers, smartphones, and other communication devices. 5G
is delivering a good improvement in latency, transmission speed, and flexible deployment. 5G delivers
additional capabilities as compared to the 4G wireless network. The below figure shows how
revolution is done from 2G to 5G network.

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MOBILE GENERATIONS

5. FEATURES OF MOBILE GENERATION :

The most-discussed 5G feature is increased speed and bandwidth. With a data rate of up to 10 Gbps, 5G
will bring a 10 times to 100 times improvement over the existing 4G LTE technology. Cellular is now
a potential technology for branch office automation because WAN connections finally have enough
bandwidth. For businesses, the real benefit of 5G might not be the actual bandwidth, but the pressure
that 5G exerts on market prices of incumbent WAN connectivity.
5G's low latency, under 5 milliseconds, is the other key benefit for WAN usage. Customers are using
MPLS or dedicated lines today primarily for low latency in line-of-business applications. 5G's low
latency may bring additional flexibility that lets businesses jettison some of their branch office MPLS
infrastructure in favor of the less expensive and more flexible 5G connections to branches. This is
especially true in retail or shared infrastructure or very remote environments.
5G density enables up to 100 times more connected devices in the same physical area that 4GLTE
operates today, while maintaining 99.999% availability. While this density may bring business
advantages for mobile workforces, the real benefit is increasing the size of the mobile customer market.
Mobile e-commerce is growing faster than retail and traditional computer- based e- commerce. More
customers than ever use mobile technologies to shop online, so greater density increases the overall
addressable market.
An estimated 90% reduction in power consumption for devices means minor power savings at the
smartphone level. But, from an infrastructure perspective, especially for IoT devices, the power savings
could be significant. Combining IoT devices with a cellular 5G communicationmeans lower power
overhead in design and actual consumption. Remote devices can be expected to last significantly longer
when running on battery alone. Some estimates even showthat a 10-year remote battery life may be
achievable for IoT-based sensor devices deployed inremote locations.
Security is always a concern for mobile devices and IoT devices because the latter live on theedge of
the corporate network. With 5G, stronger security than 4G LTE is available for designers, including
hardware security modules, key management services, over the air, secure element and others. This will
help ensure that the data transmitted over the 5G network is secure while also hardening network
endpoints.

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MOBILE GENERATIONS

The Future of 5G :

The future of 5G, the fifth generation of wireless communication technology, holds great promise for
transforming various industries and aspects of our daily lives. Here are some potential trends and
developments that could shape the future of 5G:

 Massive Internet of Things (IoT) Connectivity

 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)

 Edge Computing

 Industry 4.0.

 Enhanced Connectivity in Rural and Remote Areas

 Network Slicing

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6. CONCLUSION

Wireless communications globally is something that people can expect as technology

advances. Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and can make the world a lot more
efficient. It does have concerns though as with every other new advancement that is made in
today’s world. The issues with security regarding access to a person’s personal information
or the negative impact that it may seem to have on society are a few things that are holding
back the progress that wireless technology could be making. With more research and
experiments conducted, the problems associated with wireless communications can be
reduced and make it a more significant part of the world. Wireless technology will be very
important in the near future where the need for wires connecting individual devices seems to
be coming to an end.

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7. REFERENCES:
1) https://www.educba.com/mobile-communication-generations/
2) https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/cellular-generations

3) link: http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4851/3/03_review%20of%20literat
ure.pdf

4) video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3e1CoqQ9J0

5) https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/abacus/resources/article/the-evolution-of-cellular-networks/
6) https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline- from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-
cell-phones/

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