Summary

The project was submitted for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering during the Academic session 2022-23 from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University. The
project embodies result of the work and studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the
report do not form the basis for the Award of any other degree.
 KEC-354
MINOR PROJECT REPORT
on

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN USING AURDINO UNO

Submitted for partially fulfillment of award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted by
Shubham Kumar Pandey (2101920310153)
Vinay Kumar Singh (2101920310173)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Dipti Ranjan Pattanayak & Mr. Dharmendra Nishad
(Assistant Professor Deptt. of ECE)

Deptt. Of Electronics & Communication Engineering

G.L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Plot no. 2, Knowledge Park III, Gr.Noida
Session: 2022-23
 Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
[Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India & Affiliated to A.K.T.U (Formerly U.P.T.U), Lucknow]

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Vinay Kumar Singh have carried out the Minor project work presented in
this report entitled Title (Automatic temperature control fan using arduino uno) for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering during
the Academic session 2022-23 from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
(Formerly U.P.T.U), Lucknow. The project embodies result of the work and studies carried
out by Student himself and the contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of
any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

(Dr. Satyendra Sharma)

HOD, Deptt.of Ece
 ABSTRACT
In present scenario, availability of electricity is found to
reach crucial stage. To protect and safeguard one’s future
we need to save the energy. As a slogan suggest “One
unit saved is one unit generated”. The project is a
standalone automatic fan speed controller that controls
the speed of an electric fan according to our requirement.
Use of embedded technology makes this closed loop
feedback control system efficient and reliable. Arduino
microcontroller allows dynamic and faster control. Liquid
crystal display (LCD) makes the system user friendly.
The sensed temperature and fan speed level values are
simultaneously displayed on the LCD panel. It is very
compact as it is constructed by using few components
and can be interfaced for several applications including
air-conditioners, water-heaters, snow-melters, ovens,
heat-exchangers, mixers, furnaces, incubators, thermal
baths and veterinary operating tables. Arduino micro
controller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the
functions. The temperature sensor LM35 senses the
temperature and converts it into an electrical signal,
which is forwarded to the microcontroller. The sensed
and set values of the temperature are displayed on the
16x2-line LCD. The microcontroller drives Transistor
to control the fan speed. This project uses regulated
12V, 2A power supply. This project is useful in process
industries for maintenance and controlling of Boilers
temperature.
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
With the microcontroller is mainly a single chip microprocessor suited for control
and automation of advancement in technology, intelligent systems are introduced
every day. Everything is getting more sophisticated and intelligible. There is
machines and processes. Today, microcontrollers are used in many disciplines of
life for carrying out automated tasks in a more accurate manner. Almost every
modern-day device including air conditioners, power tools, toys, office machines
employ microcontrollers for their operation. Microcontroller essentially consists of
Central Processing Unit (CPU), timers and counters, interrupts, memory,
input/output ports, Analog to digital converters (ADC) on a single chip. With this
single chip integrated circuit design of the microcontroller the size of control board
is reduced and power consumption is low. This paper presents the design and
simulation of the fan speed control system using PWM technique based on the
room temperature. A temperature sensor has been used to measure the
temperature of the room and the speed of the fan is varied according to the room
temperature using PWM technique. The duty cycle is varied from 0 to 100 to
control the fan speed depending upon the room temperature, which is displayed
on Liquid Crystal Display.Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for
getting analog results with digital means. Digital control is used to create a square
wave, a signal switched between on and off. This on-off pattern can simulate
voltages in between full on (5 Volts) and off (0 Volts) by changing the portion of the
time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. The duration
of "on time" is called the steady voltage between 0pulse width. To get varying
analog values, we change, or modulate, that pulse width. If we repeat this on-off
pattern fast enough with an LED for example, the result is as if the signal is a steady
voltage between 0 and 5v controlling the brightness of the LED. In the graphic
below, the green lines represent a regular time period. This duration or period is
the inverse of the PWM frequency.
 CHAPTER-2
Circuit diagram and working

FIG 1.1(Aurdino UNO)

From the above Schematic diagram you can see the LM35 temperature sensor
Signal pin is connected to Arduino to A0 of Arduino and Vin and GND are connected
to 5V and GND respectively. LM35 gives analog output voltage which is
proportional to temperature and operates for a range of temperatures between -
55 to 150 degree Celsius.A 16X2 I2c LCD display is connected to 5V and GND with
Arduino 5V and GND and the I2c pins SDA and SCL of LCD module are connected to
A4 and A5 respectively. 12V DC fan is connected to pin 11 of Arduino,Arduino is
powered from the 12V external power supply may be from an adapter or a battery
to VIN and GND of Arduino. Use the power supply according to the fan power
consumption and Arduino consumption.
The 2N2222 NPN transistor acts as a controller switch which controls the speed of
the fan by using the signal from the Arduino. The IN4007 Diode acts as a protection
for the fan from being damaged.When the temperature exceeds the max temp the
5mm LED light glows.

WORKING
Temperature sensor LM35 senses the temperature and converts it into an electrical
(analog) signal, which is applied to the ATmega328 microcontroller of the Arduino
UNO Board. The analog value is converted into a digital value. Thus the sensed
values of the temperature and speed of the fan are displayed on the LCD. When
the temperature exceeds 30°C the fan starts rotating. A low-frequency pulse-width
modulation (PWM) signal, whose duty cycle is varied to adjust the fan’s speed is
used. An inexpensive, single, small pass transistor-like 2N222 or BD139 can be used
here. It is efficient because the pass transistor is used as a switch.
 CHAPTER-3
DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION
1) Aurdino UNO

2)lcd display
3)Fan
4)Diode
5)Temperature sensor
6)Transistor
7)Resistor
8)Capacitor
9)LED

Component name Specification

Transistor 2N2222

Diode 1N4007

LED 5v

Temperature sensor LM35

DC fan 12 V

Resistor 1 K OHM

Capacitor 10muF

LCD display 16*2

Table 3.1(component with their specification)

AURDINO UNO

FIG 3.1
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics papers.
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often
referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used
to write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Arduino
platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with
electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable
circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware
(called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you
can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a
simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally,
Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions
of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. The Arduino is
a microcontroller board based on the ATmega8. It has 14 digital -
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The
Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
 LCD DISPLAY(2*16)

FIG-3.2(2*16 display)

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display
module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices
like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly
preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main
benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations,
and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even
animations, etc.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. But the most used one is the
16*2 LCD, hence we are using it here. All the above mentioned LCD display will
have 16 Pins and the programming approach is also the same and hence
the choice is left to you.

DC FAN 12 VOLT

FIG 3.3(12 V)
The direct current fans, or DC fan(As shown in fig 3.3), are powered with a potential
of fixed value such as the voltage of a battery. Typical voltage values for DC fans
are, 5V, 12V(fig3.3), 24V and 48V. In contrast, the alternating current fans, or AC
fans, are powered with a changing voltage of positive and of equal negative value.

LM35 SENSOR

Fig 3.4(LM35)
LM35 is a temperature measuring device having an analog output voltage
proportional to the temperature.It provides output voltage in Centigrade (Celsius).
It(LM35) does not require any external calibration circuitry.The sensitivity of
LM35(fig3.4) is 10 mV/degree Celsius. As temperature increases, output voltage
also increases. E.g. 250 mV means 25°C.It is a 3-terminal sensor used to measure
surrounding temperature ranging from -55 °C to 150 °C.LM35 gives temperature
output which is more precise than thermist.

1N4007 (DIODE)

FIG 3.5(1N4007 DIODE)

A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is
the current should always flow fromtheAnode to cathode. The cathode terminal
can be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.For 1N4007
Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A.
Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse
current is 5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

2N2222 TRANSISTOR

FIG 3.6 (2N2222 TRANSISTOR)

2N2222 NPN transistor has been commonly used for switching and very high
frequency(VHF) amplifier applications. It is made of silicon material and specially
designed for low voltage, low to medium current, and low power amplifier
applications.
2N2222 provides a continuous dc collector current is 800mA. It means it has a high
collector therefore it is mostly used in that circuits where low to medium current is
required. It works on a high transition frequency value 250MHz with delay time
10ns, rise time 25ms, storage time 225ms, and fall time 60ms. It is friendly to use
and easily available online market in a TO-92 package.

RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements, or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity
 FIG 3.7(RESISTOR)

Capacitor
A capacitor is an energy storage device used to regulate voltage output. A
capacitor has two different measures or “ratings.” The first is the rating,
measured in microfarads and listed on the capacitor as uF. This first number
indicates the amount of energy the capacitor can handle at a certain voltage.

FIG 3.8(CAPACITOR)

LED
LED (Light Emitting Diode) is an optoelectronic device which works on the principle
of electro-luminance. Electro-luminance is the property of the material to convert
electrical energy into light energy and later it radiates this light energy. In the same
way, the semiconductor in LED emits light under the influence of electric field.
The symbol of LED is formed by merging the symbol of P-N Junction diode and
outward arrows. These outward arrows symbolise the light radiated by the light
emitting diode.
Now, the question arises how the semiconductor material in LED emits light? The
answer to this question lies in the construction and working of LED. The symbol LED
is described in the diagram below, the same symbol is used in electronics circuits.
FIG 3.9(LED)
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT

Arduino based temperature-controlled fan is implemented. Thus, here

fan speed has been controlled by using Pulse Width Modulation and
Arduino board according to the temperature sensed by the help of
Temperature. PWM technique is found to be the best technique for
controlling the fan speed using the sensed temperature. The system is
working properly. The speed of fan depends on the temperature and
there is no need for regulating the fan speed.

PROJECT CODE
LiquidCrystal lcd(7,9,10,11,12,13);

int tempPin = A0; // the output pin of LM35

int fan = 5; // the pin where fan is

int led = 3; // led pin

int temp;

int tempMin = 30; // the temperature to start the fan 0%

int tempMax = 60; // the maximum temperature when fan is at 100%

int fanSpeed;

int fanLCD;

void setup() {

pinMode(fan, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

pinMode(tempPin, INPUT);

lcd.begin(16,2);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

temp = readTemp(); // get the temperature

Serial.print( temp );

if(temp < tempMin) // if temp is lower than minimum temp

fanSpeed = 0; // fan is not spinning

analogWrite(fan, fanSpeed);

fanLCD=0;

digitalWrite(fan, LOW);
}

if((temp >= tempMin) && (temp <= tempMax)) // if temperature is higher than minimum temp

fanSpeed = temp;//map(temp, tempMin, tempMax, 0, 100); // the actual speed of

fan//map(temp, tempMin, tempMax, 32, 255);

fanSpeed=1.5*fanSpeed;

fanLCD = map(temp, tempMin, tempMax, 0, 100); // speed of fan to display on LCD100

analogWrite(fan, fanSpeed); // spin the fan at the fanSpeed speed

if(temp > tempMax) // if temp is higher than tempMax

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn on led

else // else turn of led

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

lcd.print("TEMP: ");

lcd.print(temp); // display the temperature

lcd.print("C ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1); // move cursor to next line

lcd.print("FANS: ");

lcd.print(fanLCD); // display the fan speed

lcd.print("%");

delay(200);

lcd.clear();

int readTemp() { // get the temperature and convert it to celsius

temp = analogRead(tempPin);

return temp * 0.48828125;

}
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT
Arduino based temperature-controlled fan is implemented. Thus, here fan speed
has been controlled by using Pulse Width Modulation and Arduino board according
to the temperature sensed by the help of Temperature. PWM technique is found
to be the best technique for controlling the fan speed using the sensed
temperature. The system is working properly. The speed of fan depends on the
temperature and there is no need for regulating the fan speed.
 Conclusion

The beauty of microcontrollers is that, we get very precise control over the
peripherals which are connected to it. In this paper the user just need to input the
threshold temperature in the program, the microcontroller will take care of rest of
the function.There are tons of non-microcontroller based automatic temperature
controller projects available around the internet, such as using comparator and
transistors. They are very simple and they do work well but, the problem arises
while calibrating the threshold level using preset resistor or potentiometer. We
have a blind idea while calibrating it and the user may need to do trial and error
method to find the sweet spot. These problems are overcome by microcontrollers,
the user just need to enter the temperature in Celsius in this project, so no need
for calibration. This paper can be used where internal temperature of circuit need
to be stabilized or saving it from overheating. We are connecting a CPU fan as
output. This setup can be used to control the internal ambient temperature of an
enclosed circuit. When the threshold temperature is reached the fan turns on.
When the temperature goes below threshold temperature fan turns off. So it’s
basically an automated process. We connected a relay for controlling devices which
runs on mains voltage such as table fan. When the room temperature reaches the
threshold temperature the fan turns on and turns off when the room cools down.
This may be the best way for saving power and this can be heaven for lazy people
who wish others to switch the fan ON when they feel warm.
Reference

1)Electronic component- D.V. Prasad

2)The microcontroller and embedded system-Mohammad Ali Mazid