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MLM (Probability)

This chapter covers the fundamentals of probability, including definitions of theoretical probability, complementary events, and the classification of events as impossible or certain. It also discusses practical examples using a deck of cards and dice to calculate probabilities of specific outcomes. Additionally, it includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of probability concepts.

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DDO SANGAMVIHAR
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21 views10 pages

MLM (Probability)

This chapter covers the fundamentals of probability, including definitions of theoretical probability, complementary events, and the classification of events as impossible or certain. It also discusses practical examples using a deck of cards and dice to calculate probabilities of specific outcomes. Additionally, it includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of probability concepts.

Uploaded by

DDO SANGAMVIHAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER – 15

PROBABILITY
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A, written as P(A), is
defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
P(A) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment

COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS AND PROBABILITY


We denote the event 'not E' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So, P(E) + P(not E) = 1
i.e., P(E) + P( E ) = 1, which gives us P( E ) = 1 – P(E).

The probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an


impossible event.
The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure
event or a certain event.
The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of
all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

DECK OF CARDS AND PROBABILITY

A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each. They
are black spades (♠) red hearts (♥), red diamonds (♦) and black clubs (♣).

The cards in each suit are Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, Queens and
Jacks are called face cards.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 9 (ii) 10
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 36
(i) Let A be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9 then we have
n(A) = 4 i.e. (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9, P( A) =
n(S )
P( A) = 4 = 1
36 9
(ii) Let B be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10 then we have
n(B) = 3 i.e. (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
n(B)
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10, P(B) =
n(S )
P(B) = 3 = 1
36 12

One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) red
colour ace card (ii) a face card or a spade card (iii) a black face card
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 52
(i) Let A be the event of getting red colour ace card and we know that the number of red ace card is
2 then we have, n(A) = 2
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting red colour ace card, P( A) =
n(S )
2 1
P( A) = =
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a face card or a spade card and we know that there are 12 face
cards, 13 spade cards and 3 face cards are spade then we have, n(B) = 12 + 13 – 3 = 22
n(B)
Therefore, Probability of getting a face card or a spade card, P(B) =
n(S )
22 11
P(B) = =
52 26

(ii) Let B be the event of getting a black face card and we know that there are 6 face cards are black
then we have, n(C) = 6
n(C)
Therefore, Probability of getting a black face card, P(C) =
n(S)
6 3
P(C) = =
52 26

Questions for Practice


1. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the product of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 6 (ii) 12 (iii) 7
2. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will
come up at least once?
3. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy a
pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and
gives it to her. What is the probability that (i) She will buy it ? (ii) She will not buy it ?

4. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a king of red
colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the queen of diamonds.

5. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random. (i) What is the probability that the card is the
queen? (ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?

6. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ?
(iii) not green?iv)neither red nor green.

7. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii)
a number divisible by 5.

8. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a black ball? If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the
probability of drawing a black ball is now double of what it was before. Find x.

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