NAME: Jemanesh nega

ID NO: 118/2015

Section: A

4/4/2017

Bale robe, ethiopia

Q1 Define the internet and explain its origin, focusing on the ARPANET and it's
purpose?

The internet is a vast global network of interconnected computer networks that enables the
exchange of data, communication, and access to information. It functions using standardized
protocols, primarily the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), to facilitate data transfer across
diverse systems. The internet supports a range of services, including the World Wide Web
(WWW), email, file sharing, and streaming.

Origins of the Internet: ARPANET

1969: The first successful message was sent over ARPANET between UCLA and the
Stanford Research Institute (SRI). The message was "LO" (intended to be "LOGIN" but the
system crashed after the first two letters).

Packet Switching: ARPANET pioneered packet-switching technology, which breaks data into
smaller packets for efficient transmission, a foundational concept for the internet.

1971: The first email was sent over ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson, marking the beginning of
electronic communication.

ARPANET evolved over the next two decades, incorporating additional networks and
technologies, eventually transitioning to the modern internet when TCP/IP protocols were
standardized in 1983. This shift enabled seamless interconnection of various networks, giving
rise to the internet as we know it today.

Q2 Discuss the progression of internet development from the 1970s to the early public
availability in Ethiopia?

Early Internet in Ethiopia

1. Initial Steps:

Ethiopia's journey to the internet began in the mid-1990s. Before this, limited digital
communication existed primarily via networks like Fidonet.

In 1993, Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) initiated email services using a

rudimentary dial-up system.

2. Introduction of Full Internet Access:

In 1997, Ethiopia officially connected to the global internet, facilitated by ETC. This marked
the beginning of public access, though it remained limited to urban centers and institutions
like universities and government offices.

3. Challenges:

Access was constrained by:

Poor infrastructure.
High costs of connectivity.

Strict government control over telecommunications (ETC had a monopoly).

Internet penetration in the late 1990s and early 2000s remained one of the lowest globally.

4. Growth in Usage:

Over the years, investments in fiber-optic networks and the introduction of mobile internet (in
the 2000s) gradually increased access, although challenges like censorship and infrastructure
gaps persist.

The progression of the internet from the 1970s to public availability in Ethiopia reflects
broader global trends while highlighting unique regional challenges and milestones.

Q3 What is email, and how has it evolved as it communication tool?

Email, short for "electronic mail," is a method of exchanging digital messages between
people using electronic devices. It was first developed in the early 1970s and has become one
of the most widely used tools for communication globally. Emails can include text, images,
files, and links, and they are sent via the internet or private networks.

Evolution of Email as a Communication Tool

1. Early Development (1970s):

Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing email in 1971. He introduced the use of the "@"
symbol to route messages between users on different computers.

Initial usage was limited to academics and researchers using ARPANET, the precursor to the
modern internet.

2. Standardization and Growth (1980s):

Introduction of standardized email protocols, such as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),
facilitated interoperability between different systems.

Businesses began adopting email for internal communication.

3. Mass Adoption (1990s):

Emergence of user-friendly email clients like Microsoft Outlook and Lotus Notes.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like AOL and Yahoo offered email as part of their services,
making it accessible to the public.

Introduction of webmail services (e.g., Hotmail in 1996) allowed users to access emails via
browsers.
4. Enhanced Features (2000s):

Google’s Gmail revolutionized email in 2004 with features like larger storage, powerful
search, and conversation threading.

Improved spam filters and mobile apps made email more reliable and portable.

5. Integration with Other Tools (2010s):

Email became integrated with collaborative tools like calendars, task managers, and cloud
storage (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365).

Rise of security protocols like TLS and multi-factor authentication improved privacy and
safety.

6. Current Trends (2020s):

Email remains a critical tool for formal and business communication despite competition
from messaging apps.

AI and machine learning enhance features like spam detection, predictive typing (e.g.,
Gmail’s Smart Compose), and prioritization.

Innovations like encrypted messaging and privacy-focused services (e.g., ProtonMail)

address growing concerns over data security.

Q4 describe the steps to send and receive an email using Yahoo mail?

Here are the steps to send and receive an email using Yahoo Mail:

To Send an Email:

1. Log In to Your Yahoo Mail Account:

Open your web browser or the Yahoo Mail app. Enter your email address and password, then
click "Sign In."

2. Click on "Compose":

On the homepage of Yahoo Mail, locate and click the "Compose" button (usually at the top-
left corner).

3. Write Your Email:

In the "To" field, enter the recipient's email address.

Add a subject in the "Subject" field to summarize your email.

Type your message in the main text box.

4. Attach Files (Optional):

If you want to include attachments, click the paperclip icon and upload the file(s) from your
device.

5. Send the Email:

Once your email is ready, click the "Send" button.

To Receive and Read an Email:

1. Log In to Your Yahoo Mail Account:

Open Yahoo Mail and sign in with your credentials.

2. Go to Your Inbox:

After logging in, you’ll be taken to your inbox. If not, click on the "Inbox" folder in the
navigation pane.

3. Open an Email:

Locate the email you want to read. Click on it to view the full content.

4. Respond or Manage the Email:

To reply, click "Reply" or "Reply All" and type your message.

Q5 what is a web browser? list and describe at least three examples of web browser?

A web browser is a software application used to access and view websites on the internet. It
retrieves information from web servers and displays it on your device. Browsers support
multimedia content and allow users to interact with web applications.

Examples of Web Browsers

1. Google Chrome: Google Chrome, developed by Google, is one of the most widely used
web browsers. It is known for its speed, simplicity, and integration with Google's ecosystem.

2. Mozilla Firefox: Developed by Mozilla, Firefox is an open-source browser focused on

privacy and user control.

3. Microsoft Edge: Description: Microsoft Edge is the default browser for Windows 10 and
later, built on the Chromium engine.
Q6 Explain the process of translating a URE to an IP address and the role of DNS
servers?

Process of Translating a URL to an IP Address and the Role of DNS Servers

When you enter a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) like www.example.com in your web
browser, it needs to be translated into an IP (Internet Protocol) address because computers
and servers use IP addresses to identify each other on the network. This process involves the
Domain Name System (DNS). Here’s how it works:

1. Entering the URL

A user types a URL (e.g., www.example.com) into their web browser's address bar.

2. DNS Query Initiated

The browser checks its DNS cache to see if it has already resolved the IP address for this
domain recently.

If not found, the query is sent to the local operating system’s DNS resolver.

3. Checking the Local DNS Cache

The operating system checks its cache for the corresponding IP address.

If not found, the query is forwarded to the configured DNS server (often provided by the
ISP).

4. Querying the Recursive DNS Server

The recursive DNS server (typically your ISP’s DNS or a third-party DNS like Google’s
8.8.8.8) checks if it has the IP address in its cache.

If not, it forwards the query to other DNS servers in a hierarchical manner.

5. Communicating with the Root DNS Server

The recursive DNS server contacts a root DNS server, which provides information about the
top-level domain (TLD) server (e.g., .com, .org, .net).

6. Querying the TLD Server

The TLD server directs the query to the authoritative DNS server for the specific domain
(e.g., example.com).

7. Resolving the IP Address

The authoritative DNS server provides the IP address associated with the domain name (e.g.,
192.168.1.1).

This IP address is sent back to the recursive DNS server, then to the user’s browser.
8. Connecting to the Web Server

The browser uses the resolved IP address to establish a connection with the web server
hosting the requested website.

Role of DNS Servers:

1. Root Servers: Direct queries to the appropriate TLD servers.

2. TLD Servers: Point to the authoritative DNS servers for the specific domain.

3. Authoritative Servers: Provide the final IP address for the requested domain.

4. Recursive Servers: Handle the user’s request and simplify the process by caching results
for faster future queries.

This translation process allows users to access websites easily using memorable domain
names instead of complex numerical IP

Q7 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A URL is the web address that specifies the location of a resource on the internet. It tells the
browser where to find the resource and how to retrieve it.

Structure: It consists of multiple parts, such as:

Protocol (e.g., https://)

Domain name (e.g., www.example.com)

Path (e.g., /page)

Example: https://www.example.com/page

2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is a protocol that defines the rules for transmitting data between a web browser and a
web server. It facilitates communication over the web.

3. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

Definition: HTML is the standard markup language used to structure and format content on
web pages. It is the backbone of web design.

Features:

Defines elements like headings, paragraphs, links, images, and forms.

Works in conjunction with CSS and JavaScript to create visually appealing and interactive
websites.

Example:
<html>

<body>

<h1>Welcome to the Website</h1>

<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Q8 Define and provide examples of the following spamming, phishing, and hacking

1. Spamming

Spamming refers to the act of sending unsolicited, irrelevant, or excessive messages, often for
commercial purposes. These messages are usually sent in bulk and may appear in emails,
social media posts, text messages, or online forums.

Example:

A company sends you emails advertising products you never signed up for.

A social media account floods your inbox with promotional links or irrelevant messages.

2. Phishing

Phishing is a type of cyberattack in which attackers disguise themselves as a trustworthy

entity to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials,
credit card details, or personal identification.

Example:

You receive an email that appears to be from your bank, asking you to click on a link and
confirm your account information. However, the link leads to a fake website designed to steal
your data.

A text message claims you've won a prize and requests you to provide personal details to
claim it.

3. Hacking

Hacking involves gaining unauthorized access to computers, networks, or systems to steal,

alter, or manipulate data. Hacking can be ethical (performed by authorized individuals to
improve security) or malicious (to cause harm or exploit vulnerabilities).

Example:

Malicious: A hacker breaches a company's database to steal customer credit card details.
Ethical: A cybersecurity expert identifies weaknesses in a company's system to help improve
security measures.

If you'd like, I can go into more detail about any of these

Q9 Online the benefits of using the internet in communication and information

exchange?

The internet has revolutionized communication and information exchange, offering numerous
benefits:

1. Instant Communication

Speed: Messages can be sent and received instantly through email, messaging apps, and
video calls.

Global Connectivity: Allows communication with people worldwide, breaking geographical

barriers.

Example: A video call on Zoom connects colleagues across continents in real-time.

2. Easy Access to Information

Availability: Vast amounts of information on nearly any topic are readily accessible through
search engines like Google.

Real-time Updates: News, weather, and other updates are instantly available.

Example: A student researches academic material for an assignment using online libraries or
educational platforms.

3. Cost Efficiency

Reduced Costs: Communication via email or messaging apps is more affordable than
traditional methods like postal mail or long-distance phone calls.

Free Tools: Many platforms (e.g., WhatsApp, Skype) offer free messaging and calling
services.

Example: A business uses free online communication tools to collaborate with remote
employees.

4. Diverse Communication Methods

Multimedia Integration: Supports text, images, audio, and video for more dynamic
communication.

Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn allow sharing and discussing
ideas with a wider audience.

Example: An artist shares their work on Instagram to engage with a global audience.
5. Collaborative Opportunities

Teamwork Tools: Platforms like Google Docs or Microsoft Teams enable real-time
collaboration on projects.

Networking: The internet helps individuals and businesses connect with potential partners,
clients, and colleagues.

Example: A remote team collaborates on a shared document to finalize a project.

6. Educational and Professional Development

E-Learning: Online courses, webinars, and tutorials enhance knowledge and skills.

Job Opportunities: The internet facilitates job searching and professional networking.

Example: A learner uses platforms like Coursera or Udemy to complete an online

certification.

7. Convenient Information Sharing

File Sharing: Cloud storage services like Google Drive or Dropbox make it easy to share files
with others.

Wide Reach: Websites and blogs allow businesses and individuals to share information
globally.

Example: A company distributes its annual report to stakeholders via a shared online link.

Q10 Explain the concept and role of a "web cookie" in internet browsing?

A web cookie, or an HTTP cookie, is a small piece of data stored on a user’s device by a
website. Cookies are created when you visit a website and are used to remember information
about you, such as your preferences, login status, or browsing history. This allows the
website to provide a more personalized and efficient browsing experience.

Role of Web Cookies in Internet Browsing

1. Session Management

Cookies help websites remember your login status, shopping cart items, or preferences during
a browsing session.

Without cookies, you'd have to log in repeatedly or re-add items to your cart every time you
visit a new page.

Example: When you log into your email account, a cookie keeps you logged in until you log
out or close the browser.

2. Personalization
Cookies store user preferences, such as language, themes, or location settings.

They allow websites to tailor content or functionality to individual users.

Example: An e-commerce site remembers your currency preference and displays prices
accordingly.

3. Tracking and Analytics

Cookies track user behavior, such as pages visited, time spent, or interactions on a site.

This data helps website owners analyze user activity and improve their services.

Example: Google Analytics uses cookies to provide insights into website traffic and user
demographics.

4. Targeted Advertising

Cookies enable advertisers to show relevant ads based on a user’s browsing history and
preferences.

They are often used in retargeting, where ads for a product you viewed appear on other
websites.

Example: After searching for shoes online, you see ads for shoes on social media platforms or
other websites.

5. Enhanced Security

Certain cookies are used to enhance security by verifying users and preventing unauthorized
access during online transactions or account logins.

Example: A bank’s website uses secure cookies to validate your session while you perform
online banking tasks.

Types of Cookies

1. Session Cookies: Temporary cookies that are deleted when you close your browser.

2. Persistent Cookies: Stored on your device for a set period and used for long-term
preferences or login credentials.

3. Third-Party Cookies: Placed by external advertisers or analytics providers to track your

activity across multiple websites.
Q11 Describe the process of attaching is documents to us email in yahoo mail?

To attach a document to an email in Yahoo Mail, follow these steps:

1. Open Yahoo Mail

Go to Yahoo Mail and log in using your username and password.

2. Compose a New Email

Click the "Compose" button, usually located on the top-left side of the screen.

3. Enter Recipient and Message Details

In the "To" field, type the recipient's email address.

Add a subject in the "Subject" line.

Write your email message in the main body.

4. Attach Documents

Click the paperclip icon (attachment button), usually located at the bottom of the email
composer.

A file selection window will open. Navigate to the location of the document on your device.

Select the document you want to attach and click "Open" (or "Choose" depending on your
device).

5. Wait for the File to Upload

The document will upload to the email. You'll see it listed below the subject line or in the
email body once the upload is complete.

6. Review Attachments

Confirm the correct file is attached. You can click on the attachment to preview it.

7. Send the Email

Click the "Send" button to send the email with the attached document.
Q12 What is significance of hyperlinks in website navigation and how do they enhance
user experience?

Hyperlinks, or simply links, are clickable elements (text, images, or buttons) on a webpage
that allow users to navigate to other pages, websites, or resources. They are a fundamental
part of the web's structure and play a crucial role in website navigation.

How Hyperlinks Enhance User Experience

1. Ease of Navigation

Purpose: Hyperlinks enable users to quickly and easily move between pages or sections of a
website.

User Benefit: Reduces the effort needed to find information, making the website more
intuitive.

Example: A homepage includes hyperlinks to "About Us," "Services," and "Contact"

sections, simplifying access to key information.

2. Improved Content Accessibility

Purpose: Links make additional resources, references, or related content accessible without
cluttering the main page.

User Benefit: Users can dive deeper into topics of interest without losing their place on the
site.

Example: A news article includes hyperlinks to background information or related stories.

3. Enhanced Engagement

Purpose: Hyperlinks guide users to other areas of the website, encouraging them to explore
more content.

User Benefit: Keeps users on the site longer, which is beneficial for both user satisfaction and
business goals.

Example: An e-commerce site uses hyperlinks like "You may also like" to suggest related
products.

4. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Purpose: Internal and external links improve website structure and help search engines
understand content relevance.

User Benefit: Well-organized links make it easier for users to find relevant content through
search engines.
Example: A blog post links to authoritative sources or related internal posts, improving its
credibility and ranking.

5. Guiding Users Through Call-to-Actions (CTAs)

Purpose: Hyperlinks in CTAs (e.g., "Learn More," "Buy Now") direct users to specific
actions or pages.

User Benefit: Streamlines the user journey by providing clear, actionable steps.

Example: A "Sign Up" hyperlink on a landing page leads directly to a registration form.

6. Visual Cues and Usability

Purpose: Hyperlinks are often styled (e.g., underlined or colored) to stand out as clickable
elements.

User Benefit: Improves usability by clearly indicating where users can interact.

Example: A blue, underlined hyperlink signals users that clicking it will open a new page or
perform an action.

Q13 Explain the potential threats of an email virus and how users can protect
themselves?

Potential Threats of an Email Virus

An email virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that spreads through email
attachments, links, or embedded content. It can cause severe harm to individuals,
organizations, and devices.

Threats of an Email Virus

1. Data Loss and Corruption

Viruses can delete or corrupt files, making important data inaccessible.

They may also encrypt files as part of ransomware attacks.

2. Identity Theft

Some email viruses steal personal information like passwords, bank details, or social security
numbers, leading to identity theft or financial loss.

3. Unauthorized Access

Viruses can provide attackers with backdoor access to systems, allowing them to monitor
activity, steal sensitive information, or plant additional malware.
4. Spread to Other Systems

Infected emails can automatically send themselves to your contacts, spreading the virus to
colleagues, friends, or family.

5. Disruption of Business Operations

Organizations may face operational downtime, reputational damage, or legal consequences

due to data breaches or system infections.

6. Financial Loss

Direct costs (e.g., ransomware demands) and indirect costs (e.g., system recovery,
productivity loss) can be significant.

How Users Can Protect Themselves

1. Avoid Opening Suspicious Emails

Do not open emails from unknown senders, especially those with vague or urgent subject
lines.

Be cautious of emails claiming you've won prizes or need to verify account details.

2. Verify Attachments and Links

Avoid downloading attachments unless you're sure of the sender's legitimacy.

Hover over links to check their destination URL before clicking.

3. Use Antivirus Software

Install reputable antivirus or anti-malware software to detect and block threats.

Ensure it is updated regularly to recognize the latest threats.

4. Enable Email Filters

Use spam filters provided by your email service to block phishing or malware-laden emails.

Many email providers like Gmail or Yahoo automatically flag suspicious emails.

5. Keep Software Updated

Regularly update your operating system, browser, and email client to patch vulnerabilities.

6. Educate Yourself

Learn about common phishing tactics and red flags, such as poor grammar, mismatched
URLs, or unusual requests.

7. Backup Your Data

Maintain regular backups of important files to prevent loss in case of infection.

8. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Enable 2FA on your email account for an extra layer of security against unauthorized access.

9. Avoid Public Wi-Fi

Avoid accessing your email over unsecured public Wi-Fi networks without a VPN, as these
can be exploited by hackers.

10. Be Wary of Email Forwarding

Do not forward chain emails or attachments without verifying their safety.

Q14 what is a cache, and why is it important for web browsing efficiency?

A cache is a temporary storage system that saves copies of frequently accessed data, such as
website files, images, scripts, and other content, on a user’s device or browser. This allows
the browser to retrieve data locally rather than downloading it from the server each time a
website is visited.

Importance of Cache for Web Browsing Efficiency

1. Faster Loading Times

Cached data reduces the time it takes to load a website since the browser doesn’t need to
repeatedly download the same resources from the server.

Example: After visiting a website once, its logo and layout are stored in the cache, making
subsequent visits much faster.

2. Reduced Bandwidth Usage

Caching minimizes the amount of data that needs to be transferred over the internet, which is
especially beneficial for users with limited data plans.

Example: If an image is cached, it doesn’t need to be downloaded every time you refresh the
page.

3. Lower Server Load

By serving cached resources locally, the cache reduces the number of requests sent to the
website’s server, improving overall server performance.

Example: A popular website can handle more users simultaneously because cached resources
reduce server strain.

4. Enhanced User Experience

Faster page loads and smoother interactions lead to a better browsing experience.
Example: An e-commerce site that loads quickly encourages users to explore more and make
purchases.

5. Offline Access

Cached content can allow users to access some web pages or apps offline.

Example: A news app may display previously loaded articles even without an active internet
connection.

How the Cache Works

1. When you visit a website, your browser downloads its resources (e.g., HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, images).

2. These resources are saved in the cache on your device.

3. During future visits, the browser checks the cache for stored data and uses it instead of
downloading the files again, provided the content hasn’t changed.

Potential Downsides of Caching

Outdated Content: If the cached version is old, users might not see the latest updates.

Storage Use: Large caches can consume significant device storage.

Troubleshooting Issues: Corrupted cache data can cause websites to load improperly.

Q15 define a search engine and explain its primary purpose?

A search engine is a software system or online platform designed to help users find
information on the internet. It works by indexing websites and retrieving relevant results
based on the user’s query. Common search engines include Google, Bing, Yahoo, and
DuckDuckGo.

Primary Purpose of a Search Engine

1. Information Retrieval

The primary purpose of a search engine is to provide users with the most relevant and
accurate information based on their search queries.

Example: A user searching for "best restaurants near me" will receive a list of nearby dining
options.

2. Efficient Navigation

Search engines simplify access to vast amounts of online content by organizing it in a

searchable format, enabling users to navigate the web efficiently.

Example: Instead of typing specific URLs, users can find pages by searching for topics.
3. Content Discovery

Search engines help users discover new websites, services, and resources by suggesting
content that matches their interests or needs.

Example: A search for "online learning platforms" might introduce users to sites like
Coursera, Udemy, or Khan Academy.

4. Answering Questions

Search engines provide direct answers to user queries through features like snippets, maps,
and rich results.

Example: Searching for "weather today" provides the current weather conditions without
visiting another site.

5. Facilitating Research and Decision-Making

They assist in gathering data, comparing products, and exploring options for informed
decision-making.

Example: A user researching "best smartphones 2024" can compare reviews, specifications,
and prices.

How Search Engines Work

1. Crawling: Search engines use automated bots (crawlers) to scan and collect data from
websites.

2. Indexing: The collected data is organized and stored in a searchable database.

3. Ranking: When a query is entered, the search engine ranks results based on relevance,
quality, and other factors.

4. Displaying Results: The engine provides a list of results, often with additional features like
images, videos, or snippets.

Q16 compare and contrast downloading and uploading files in the context usage?

Downloading and uploading are two fundamental processes in the context of file transfer and
data exchange on the internet. Here's a comparison and contrast of their usage:

Downloading:

Transferring data or files from a remote system (such as a server) to a local device (e.g.,
computer, smartphone).

Direction: Remote → Local.

Examples of Usage:
Saving a document or image from a website.

Installing software from an online source.

Streaming content, where parts of the file are downloaded temporarily.

Primary Purpose: To access and use content locally, such as viewing, editing, or installing
files.

Common Tools: Web browsers, download managers, torrent clients.

Context: Usually associated with consuming or retrieving information.

Uploading:

Transferring data or files from a local device to a remote system (e.g., a server or cloud
storage).

Direction: Local → Remote.

Examples of Usage:

Adding photos to a social media platform.

Sharing files via cloud storage like Google Drive or Dropbox.

Submitting assignments on an online learning platform.

Primary Purpose: To share, backup, or make data accessible remotely.

Common Tools: Web browsers, FTP clients, cloud storage apps.

Context: Typically involves contributing or sharing information.

Q17 define the following terms: ISP ,World Wide Web(WWW), and home page

1. ISP (Internet Service Provider):

An organization or company that provides individuals and businesses access to the internet.
Examples include Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon. ISPs also offer additional services like
email, domain hosting, and web browsing.

2. World Wide Web (WWW):

A system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content accessed via the
internet. It uses web browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) to retrieve and display information
from servers using protocols like HTTP or HTTPS.

3. Home Page:
The main or introductory page of a website, often serving as the starting point for navigation.
It typically contains links to other sections of the site and provides an overview of the site's
content. It can also refer to the default page that loads when you open a web browser.

Q18 what is meant by " sessions" in the context of computer _user interaction, and how
does it work?

In the context of computer-user interaction, "sessions" refer to the duration or instance of a

continuous interaction between a user and a system, application, or website. A session begins
when the user logs in, initiates a connection, or starts an activity and ends when they log out,
disconnect, or close the application.

1. Initialization:

A session starts when a user accesses a system (e.g., logging into an account, visiting a
website, or launching an application).

A unique session ID is often generated to track and identify the session. This ID is stored in
cookies, URL parameters, or server memory.

2. Tracking and Management:

The session keeps track of the user's activities, such as navigation, input, or changes made
during the interaction.

Data can include login credentials, shopping cart contents, form inputs, or personalized
settings.

For web-based sessions, technologies like HTTP cookies, session tokens, or server-side
storage handle session tracking.

3. Security and Timeout:

Sessions often have timeouts for security purposes. If there's no user activity for a specified
period, the session ends to prevent unauthorized access.

Encrypted session IDs and secure storage mechanisms are used to protect against hijacking.

4. Termination:

A session ends when the user explicitly logs out, closes the application, or the system times
out due to inactivity.

At the end of the session, the temporary data is usually cleared unless explicitly saved.

Examples of Sessions in Action:

Logging into an online banking account and performing transactions.

Adding items to a shopping cart on an e-commerce website.

Playing an online multiplayer game where the session tracks your progress and actions.

Sessions are crucial for maintaining a seamless user experience, ensuring security, and
efficiently managing user interactions.

Q19 explain the structure of an HTML document based on the provided example

An HTML document has a well-defined structure that consists of several key elements that
help organize the content and define its layout. Below is a breakdown of the typical structure
of an HTML document:

1. <!DOCTYPE html>:

This declaration tells the browser that the document is an HTML5 document, ensuring the
proper rendering of the page.

2. <html> element:

The root element of the HTML document, which contains all other elements. The lang="en"
attribute specifies that the language of the content is English.

3. <head> element:

Contains meta-information about the HTML document that is not displayed on the webpage
itself. It usually includes:

<meta charset="UTF-8">: Specifies the character encoding (UTF-8) for the document.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">: Ensures the

webpage is responsive and works well on mobile devices by setting the viewport.

<title>: Sets the title of the webpage, which appears in the browser tab.

<link>: Links to external resources like stylesheets (e.g., styles.css for styling).

4. <body> element:

Contains the actual content of the webpage, including text, images, links, and other elements.

<header>: A section for introductory content, often including a site title or navigation.

<nav>: Defines navigation links to different parts of the site.

<main>: Represents the main content area, typically containing the central information of the
page.

<section>: Groups related content. In this case, one for "About Us" and another for "Our
Services."

<footer>: Contains footer content, such as copyright or additional links.

This structure ensures that an HTML document is both functional and accessible for users,
and it provides a clear layout for the browser to render the page appropriately.

Q20 what is the difference between system software and application software as
categorized in the example?

The main difference between system software and application software lies in their purposes
and functions within a computer system. Here’s a breakdown:

System Software:

Purpose: System software serves as a bridge between the hardware of the computer and the
application software. It helps manage the system resources and provides a platform for
running application software.

Examples:

Operating Systems (OS): Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, which manage
hardware resources, provide a user interface, and allow applications to run.

Device Drivers: Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware
components like printers, graphics cards, or network adapters.

Utility Programs: These are tools for system maintenance, such as antivirus software, disk
management tools, and file compression utilities.

Application Software:

Purpose: Application software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user.
These are programs that help users carry out particular activities, like creating documents,
browsing the web, or editing photos.

Examples:

Word Processors: Software like Microsoft Word or Google Docs is used for creating and
editing documents.

Web Browsers: Software like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari allows users to
browse the internet.

Media Players: Software like VLC or Windows Media Player for playing audio and video
files.

Games: Entertainment software such as Fortnite or Minecraft.