Unit : 3 Database Management and Mysql

Relational
Database
Model
Introductory
Database
Concepts of
Constraints
Database

Database
Management

Common Database
Database Languages
Operations & SQL

Database
Keys

Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL

DDL DML TCL Query

Operations in SQL

SELECT ALIAS ORDER BY

MATHS RELATIONAL LOGIC
OPERATION OPS OPS
IN / IS / LIKE /
NOT IN IS NOT NOT LIKE
DISTINCT GROUP BY HAVING
EQUI NATURAL CARTESIAN
JOIN JOIN PRODUCT
 Database Management System (DBMS)

Common Terminologies related to database:

 Data -> Raw facts or figures
 Database -> A collection of interrelated data.
 DBMS -> A collection of files and a set of programs allowing users to access/modify
these files are known as Database Management System.
 Data Redundancy - > Duplication of data.
 Data Security -> Protection of data against accidental/intentional disclosure to
unauthorized person or unauthorized modification/destruction.
 Data Privacy -> Right of individual/organization to determine when/how/what information
to be transmitted to others.

Need of using Database:

 Helps to store data in a structured manner
 Query in the Database (i.e. ask questions about the data)
 Sort and Manipulate Data in the Database
 Validate the Data Entered and check for inconsistencies
 Produce Flexible Reports
Advantage of using Database:
 Reduce data redundancy
 Control inconsistency
 Facilitates sharing of data
 Enforce standards
 Ensure data security
 Maintain integrity
Limitations of implementing Database:
 Compromise of Security and Integrity without good control
 Performance overhead
 Extra hardware required sometimes
 Complex system
Types of DBMS:
 Hierarchical DBMS
 Network Based DBMS
 Object Based DBMS
 Relational DBMS

RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

Relational Data Model is defined as a model of defining a database as a collection of
tables/relations i.e. arrangement of values in rows/tuples and columns/fields/attributes.
Common Terminologies related to Relational Data Model:
 Relation: Collection of data organized in rows and columns where each cell has atomic
value. (same as Table)
 Tuple: Row of a table (same as Record)
 Attribute: Column of a table (same as Field)
 Domain: Range of values (data types) allowed for an attribute
 Degree: No. of attributes/columns/fields in a table
 Cardinality: No. of tuples/rows/records in a table
 View: Virtual table (no physical existence) derived from one or more base table for ease of
query only.
 Referential Integrity: Property of database that requires every value of one attribute of a
Relation must be present in another attribute (same datatype) in a different (or the same)
relation.
Example:

In the above table STUDENT, degree = 7 and cardinality = 5.

Database Key
Key in a database is defined as a set of attributes to identify each record uniquely in a table. A Key
must be unique and not null.
Classification of Keys:

Key

Candidate Primary Key Alternate Key Foreign Key

 Key Key
 Candidate Key: Candidate key is defined as a set of minimum no. of attributes to uniquely
identify a record in a table. A table may have multiple candidate keys.
 Primary Key: The one candidate key chosen by Database Administrator for a table to
uniquely identify a record in a table is said to be Primary Key of that table. A table can have
exactly one Primary Key.
 Alternate Key: Candidate key(s) not chosen by Database Administrator in a table is/are
defined as alternate key(s). A table can have 0 or more alternate keys.
 Foreign Key: Foreign Key is a non-key attribute derived from primary key of some other
table. A table can have 0 or more foreign keys.

Data types in SQL

 Numeric data types: Used for representing number in a column
e.g. –
int(m) – Integer of maximum length m i.e. maximum number of digits allowed in m.
float(m,d), decimal (m,d), numeric(m,d) – Real number of maximum length m where
maximum number of digits permissible after decimal point is d and before decimal point is
m-d.

 Date & Time data types: Used to represent date, time, or both in a column. Data is enclosed
with quotes ‘ ’ or “ “.
e.g. - date, datetime, time

 String / Text data types: Used to represent text in a column. Data is enclosed with quotes ‘ ’
or “ “.
e.g. –
char(m) – Fixed length character of length m where 1 character takes 1 Byte in memory.
Memory space is wasted if text size is less than m.
 varchar(m) – Variable length character allowing maximum number of characters m. It
saves memory allocation for text having lesser size than m.

blob – Binary Large object for huge size text.

 NULL – NULL is said to be the absence of any value in a column. No arithmetic or

comparison operation can be performed on NULL value.

Classification of Database Language

Data Definition Language (DDL):

Data Definition Language (DDL) defines the different structures in a database like table, view,
index etc.
DDL statements are used to create structure of a table, modify the existing structure of the table
and remove the existing table.
e.g. - CREATE, ALTER, DROP
Syntax of DDL statements:
 CREATE TABLE table_name
(column_name datatype constraint)
 ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column datatype constraint (if any)
MODIFY column new_datatype new_constraint (if any)
DROP column
 DROP TABLE table_name

Data Manipulation Language (DML):

Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used to access and manipulate
data in existing tables.
The manipulation includes inserting data into tables, deleting data from the tables and modifying
the existing data.
e.g. – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Types of DML statements:

 INSERT record
INSERT INTO table_name(columns) VALUES (1 or more comma separated values)
 UPDATE one or more columns in already existing record(s)
UPDATE table_name SET column = value or expression
(comma separated if multiple columns updated) WHERE condition
 DELETE record
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition

Transaction Control Language (TCL):

Database ensures that a database transaction i.e. complete set of records involved in a transaction
either fully completed or not taken place at all to maintain data consistency. Transaction Control
Language (TCL) statements allows to save or revert database transactions.
e.g. –
COMMIT – Save the changes permanently in the database
ROLL BACK – Revert back the changes made in database

Query:
Query is a type of SQL commands which accepts tables (relations), columns (fields or attributes)
and conditions or specifications if any and display the output by means of a temporary table which
consists of data represented through fields and records.
Structure of Query:
SELECT < 1, multiple ( comma i.e. , separated) or all columns >
FROM < 1 table or multiple tables ( comma i.e. , separated) in case of join >
WHERE <condition on column(s)>
GROUP BY <1 column>
HAVING < condition on aggregate function on a column only if group by exists >
ORDER BY <0, 1 or more ( comma i.e. , separated) columns >
Note:
I. Among above SELECT and FROM are mandatory statements in a query and all other
statements are optional.
 II. SELECT statement contains one or more columns. * should be used to display all columns.
Functions or expressions on columns can also be done.
III. FROM statement contains multiple tables only if columns from more than one tables are
displayed through SELECT statement in case of product or join operations. Here records
can be fetched from multiple tables.
IV. WHERE clause may contain multiple conditions related with logical OR / AND operators.
Logical NOT operator can be used on a condition also.
V. GROUP BY clause is used if statistical records are to be displayed based on a field/column.
In this case SELECT statements should contain GROUP BY field and aggregate function
on another column at least. Once a group is formed individual records cannot be accessed
in the same query.
VI. ORDER BY clause can be used to arrange the output records in ascending (by default) or
descending order of values in one or more columns.
Order of execution of a query
Step 1: Identify table(s) with FROM clause
Step 2: Filter records using WHERE clause
Step 3: Form group if any using GROUP BY clause
Step 4: Filter groups using HAVING clause only if GROUP BY is used
Step 5: Arrange the output records in ascending or descending order using ORDER BY
Step 6: Display the fields mentioned in SELECT clause.

Database Constraints
Rules imposed on the values of one or more columns in the tables are called database constraints.
The database constraints are:
UNIQUE Ensures that all values in a column are different. No two records have
same values in that column.
NOT NULL Ensures that a column can never have NULL values.
PRIMARY KEY Uniquely identify a record. It is a combination of UNIQUE and NOT
NULL.
CHECK Specify the domain of values with certain criteria for a column.
DEFAULT Provides default value for a column when no value is specified.
REFERENCES / Ensures referential integrity between the foreign key of dependent /
FOREIGN KEY referencing table and primary key of independent / referenced table.

SQL STATEMENTS WITH EXAMPLES

Create two tables EMPL and DEPT as follows:
In DEPT table:
1. DEPT_ID is primary key
2. DNAME is not null
3. MAX_STRENGTH should be minimum 1
In EMPL table:
1. EID is primary key
2. ENAME is not null
3. HOMETOWN is ‘BANGALORE’ by default
4. SALARY is between 5000.00 and 300000.00
5. MGR_ID refers to EID of manager
6. DEPT_ID refers to DEPT_ID of table DEPT
A. Write DDL statement to create a database OFFICE and define two tables mentioned as above
under OFFICE database.
Create new database OFFICE in MySQL as following:
CREATE DATABASE OFFICE;
Work inside the database OFFICE as following:
USE OFFICE;
Note: By default, TEST database is used which is in-built database in MySQL. So no need to
create test. Only ‘use test;’ statement can be written to enter test.
DDL statement to create DEPT table is as following:
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2
CREATE TABLE DEPT CREATE TABLE DEPT
( (
DEPT_ID VARCHAR(4) PRIMARY KEY, DEPT_ID VARCHAR(4),
DNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL, DNAME VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
DLOC VARCHAR(20), DLOC VARCHAR(20),
MAX_STRENGTH INT(2) CHECK MAX_STRENGTH INT(2),
(MAX_STRENGTH >= 1) PRIMARY KEY(DEPT_ID),
); CHECK (MAX_STRENGTH >= 1)
);
Schema or structure of table DEPT is as follows:

DESC DEPT;

DDL statement to create EMPL table is as following:

CREATE TABLE EMPL

(
EID VARCHAR(6) PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
GEN CHAR(1) CHECK (GEN IN ('M', 'F', 'T')),
DOJ DATE,
HOMETOWN VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'BANGALORE',
SALARY DECIMAL(8, 2) CHECK (SALARY BETWEEN 5000 AND 300000),
MGR_ID VARCHAR(6) REFERENCES EMPL(EID),
DEPT_ID VARCHAR(4) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPT_ID)
);

or,
CREATE TABLE EMPL
(
EID VARCHAR(6),
ENAME VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
GEN CHAR,
DOJ DATE,
HOMETOWN VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'BANGALORE',
SALARY DECIMAL(8, 2) ,
MGR_ID VARCHAR(6) ,
DEPT_ID VARCHAR(4) ,
PRIMARY KEY(EID),
CHECK (GEN IN ('M', 'F', 'T')),
CHECK (SALARY BETWEEN 5000.00 AND 300000.00),
FOREIGN KEY(MGR_ID) REFERENCES EMPL(EID),
FOREIGN KEY(DEPT_ID) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPT_ID)
);

Schema or structure of table EMPL is as follows:

DESC EMPL;
Name of tables defined in current database so far.

SHOW TABLES;

B. Write DML statements to insert records in two tables.

DML statements to insert records in DEPT are as follows:

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES ('D01', 'FINANCE', 'MUMBAI', 20);

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES ('D02', 'ADMIN', 'KOLKATA', 15);

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES ('D03', 'IT', 'CHENNAI', 5);

DML statements to insert records in EMPL are as follows:

INSERT INTO EMPL VALUES ('E0001', 'RITU SEN', 'F', '2002-06-20', 'KOLKATA',
40000.00, NULL, 'D03');

INSERT INTO EMPL VALUES ('E0002', 'MALCOM RAY', 'M', '1998-11-12',

'BANGALORE', 50000.00, NULL, 'D02');

INSERT INTO EMPL(EID, ENAME, GEN, DOJ, HOMETOWN, SALARY, DEPT_ID)

VALUES ('E0003', 'SUNDAR P', 'M', '2008-12-09', 'BANGALORE', 40000.00, 'D01');

INSERT INTO EMPL VALUES ('E0004', 'ANISHA RAWAT', 'F', '2019-09-04', 'DELHI',
20000.00, 'E0001', 'D03' );

INSERT INTO EMPL VALUES ('E0005', 'SANA KHAN', 'F', '2017-08-31', 'DELHI',
30000.00, 'E0003', 'D01');

C. Write SQL statements for the following queries and display their outputs.

1. Display all the records from table DEPT.

SELECT * FROM DEPT;

2. Display name and salary of all the employeEs from table EMPL.
SELECT ENAME, SALARY
FROM EMPL;
 4. Display DNAME in ascending order of MAX_STRENGTH.

SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 OUTPUT

SELECT DNAME SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT FROM DEPT
ORDER BY ORDER BY
MAX_STRENGTH; MAX_STRENGTH ASC;

Note:
 Sorting in SQL is by default in ascending order of values be it numeric or alphabetical
order. Hence ASC is default keyword and need not be used in ORDER BY statement.
 In case of arranging the output of query in descending order of values DESC keyword must
be used in ORDER BY statement.

Comparison operators
= > < >= <= <> !=

4. Display name and gender of employees whose hometown is BANGALORE.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, GEN
FROM EMPL
WHERE HOMETOWN =
'BANGALORE';

5. Display the name of departments which are not located in KOLKATA.

SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 OUTPUT

SELECT DNAME SELECT DNAME
FROM DEPT FROM DEPT
WHERE DLOC <> WHERE DLOC !=
KOLKATA'; 'KOLKATA';

6. Display name of employees and salary in descending order of names where DEPT_ID is
not 'D03'.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
 SELECT ENAME,
SALARY
FROM EMPL
WHERE DEPT_ID !=
'D03'
ORDER BY ENAME
DESC;

7. Display EID, ENAME of employees whose DOJ is after January, 2015.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT EID, ENAME
FROM EMPL
WHERE DOJ > '2015-01-31' ;

[Note: DATE should be preferably mentioned in 'yyyy-mm-dd' format.]

Logical Operators
OR AND NOT
Logical operators are used in where clause. AND, OR are binary operations which require 2
conditions. NOT is unary operator which requires one condition only.
 AND : c1 and c2 → If both c1 and c2 are true the overall condition is true.
 OR : c1 or c2 → If at least one between c1 or c2 are true the overall condition is true.
 NOT : not c1 → If c1 is true the overall condition is false and vice versa.

BETWEEN: BETWEEN operator can be used as a substitute of and operation where the minimum
and maximum value is to be checked for a single column.

8. Display the records of those employees whose salary is between 35000 and 45000.
SOLUTION1 SOLUTION2
SELECT * FROM EMPL SELECT * FROM EMPL
WHERE SALARY >=35000 WHERE SALARY BETWEEN
AND SALARY <=45000; 35000 AND 45000;
 Checking a list of values

IN: IN operator is a substitute of OR operation(s) among equality checking of a single column with
multiple values.
NOT IN: NOT IN operator is used for non-equality checking of a column with multiple values.

9. Display name and hometown of employees who belong to departments 'D01' or 'D02'.
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, SELECT ENAME,
HOMETOWN HOMETOWN
FROM EMPL FROM EMPL WHERE
WHERE DEPT_ID = 'D01' DEPT_ID IN ('D01', 'D02');
OR DEPT_ID = 'D02';

10. Display EID and SALARY of employees whose half of salary is neither 10000 nor 20000.
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 OUTPUT
SELECT EID, SALARY SELECT EID, SALARY
FROM EMPL FROM EMPL
WHERE NOT (SALARY/2 = WHERE SALARY/2 NOT
10000 OR SALARY/2 = IN (10000, 20000);
20000);

Wildcard Characters

A string constant to be checked with a value stored in a column may have one or more characters
missing in case of sub string checking. Such placeholder can be of two types:
_ → Replacement or placeholder of exactly one character in the string constant value.
(underscore)
% → Replacement or placeholder of 0 or more characters in the string constant value.

LIKE: A string constant containing one or more wildcard characters can be checked for equality
with LIKE operator only, not =.
NOT LIKE: Likewise NOT LIKE operator checks inequality checking with a string constant
containing one or more wildcard characters. It cannot be done using <> or !=.

11. List the name of employees whose name starts with 'S' and have length at least 5.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPL
WHERE ENAME LIKE 'S____%';

[Hints: 4 underscores i.e. _ after S]

12. List the name of employees whose name ends with 'N' or does not contain 'M' in it.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPL
WHERE ENAME LIKE '%N'
AND ENAME NOT LIKE '%M%';

NULL checking
IS: IS is a special operator which is used to check absence of value i.e. NULL in a column as no
other comparison operator can be used on NULL values.
IS NOT: Likewise, IS NOT is used to check the presence of values i.e. NOT NULL in a column.
13. Print ENAME and DEPT_ID of employees who do not have manager i.e. MGR_ID is blank.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, DEPT_ID
FROM EMPL
WHERE MGR_ID IS NULL;

14. Print ENAME and DEPT_ID of employees who have manager i.e. MGR_ID is not empty.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, DEPT_ID
FROM EMPL
WHERE MGR_ID IS NOT NULL;

Display redundant or unique values

ALL: ALL keyword allows all the values occurring including duplicate values to be displayed in
output. SQL allows duplicate values in output. ALL is by default used in SQL, so need not be used
explicitly.
DISTINCT: By default, SQL does not remove any duplicate values in the output on its own.
Hence DISTINCT keyword is used along with a column where redundant values need to be
removed before displayed.
15. List the hometowns of all the employee (Including duplicate values).
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 OUTPUT
SELECT SELECT ALL
HOMETOWN HOMETOWN
FROM EMPL; FROM EMPL;

16. List the name of places which are hometown of any employee. (No duplicate values)
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT DISTINCT
HOMETOWN
FROM EMPL;

Aggregate functions

SUM( ) AVG( ) MAX( ) MIN( ) COUNT( )

Aggregate or statistical functions can be used on a group of records.

Using GROUP BY clause: Display outputs regarding each group formed by the GROUP BY field.
Without using GROUP BY clause: Display output corresponding to the overall table may or may
not be filtered by where clause.
For example, consider the following ITEM table:

GROUP BY: GROUP BY clause is used if statistical records of a table are to be displayed based
on a field. Once the group is formed individual records cannot be accessed in that query. Several
clusters or groups are formed based on the number of different values in the GROUP BY column
present in the table.
For example, if GROUP BY is applied on TYPE field of ITEM table 3 groups are formed – Crops
have 2 records, Leaves and Pulses have one record each.
Renaming field and table
AS is an optional keyword to rename a column a table in FROM clause or an expression on
column(s) in SELECT clause. If there is blank space in alias then it must be surrounded by ' ' or '' ''.
Column renaming is done for customized display of query output.
Table renaming is done for giving convenient names to the tables in join operations for
ease of access by programmers.
17. Display the number of distinct DLOC mentioned in table DEPT.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT DLOC) as 'NO. OF
LOCATIONS'
FROM DEPT;

18. Display the earliest and latest DOJ of employees as per EMPL.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT MIN(DOJ) 'EARLIEST', MAX(DOJ)
'LATEST'
FROM EMPL;

19. Display the number of employees of each gender GEN.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT GEN, COUNT(*) COUNT
FROM EMPL
GROUP BY GEN;

20. Display the total SALARY paid by each department.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT DEPT_ID, SUM(SALARY) 'TOTAL
SALARY'
FROM EMPL
GROUP BY DEPT_ID;

HAVING: It is a conditional statement used along with group by clause only. It compares the
values with the outcome of aggregate functions belonging to each group already formed by
GROUP BY clause.
Difference between WHERE and HAVING:

21. Display the hometowns and no. of employees belonging to them if the headcount per
hometown is at least 2.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT HOMETOWN, COUNT(EID) 'NO
OF EMPLOYEE'
FROM EMPL
GROUP BY HOMETOWN
HAVING COUNT(EID) >= 2;

22. Display the number of employees working in each DEPT_ID excepting 'D01' where no. of
employees in the DEPT_ID is more than 1.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT DEPT_ID, COUNT(*) AS 'NO OF
EMPLOYEE'
FROM EMPL
WHERE DEPT_ID != 'D01'
GROUP BY DEPT_ID
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

Cartesian Product
Cartesian product is performed on two tables and it produces all the combination of records in both
tables. It does not require any common column.
If tables A, B have m, n columns and p, q records respectively then resultant table A x B has m+n
columns and p x q records.
23. Perform Cartesian Product between EMPL and DEPT.
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2 SOLUTION 3
SELECT * SELECT * SELECT *
FROM EMPL, DEPT; FROM EMPL INNER JOIN FROM EMPL JOIN
DEPT; DEPT;
[RECOMMENDED
STATEMENT]
 JOIN
NATURAL JOIN: Natural join is a binary operator which works on two tables. They should have
one column which have same name and domain. It a combination of Cartesian product and a where
clause with equality checking on the common columns.
 Other conditions in that query are ANDed with the join condition.
 Natural join is mostly done on Foreign key field of one table and Primary key field of
another table.
 If tables A, B have m, n columns and p, q records respectively then resultant table has m+n
columns and minimum(p,q) records.

EQUI JOIN: Equi join is a join operation which works on the equality condition of values in two
columns from two tables having similar data type. NATURAL JOIN, EQUI JOIN are said to be
INNER JOIN.
24. Perform Natural Join between these two tables.
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM EMPL NATURAL JOIN FROM EMPL, DEPT
DEPT; WHERE EMPL.DEPT_ID =
DEPT.DEPT_ID;
[RECOMMENDED STATEMENT]

25. Display every ENAME and their corresponding DNAME.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, DNAME
FROM EMPL, DEPT
WHERE EMPL.DEPT_ID = DEPT.DEPT_ID;

26. List the name of employees who work in ADMIN department.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMPL AS E, DEPT AS D
WHERE E.DEPT_ID = D.DEPT_ID
AND DNAME = 'ADMIN';

27. Display no. of employees working in those departments whose DLOC is CHENNAI.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
 SELECT COUNT(*) 'NO. OF EMPLOYEES'
FROM EMPL AS E, DEPT AS D
WHERE E.DEPT_ID = D.DEPT_ID
AND DLOC = 'CHENNAI';

28. Display ENAME of employees who have manager along with that display ENAME of their
corresponding manager as well.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT E.ENAME 'EMPLOYEE', M.ENAME
'MANAGER'
FROM EMPL E, EMPL M
WHERE E.MGR_ID = M.EID;

29. Display ENAME and the amount of bonus to be paid to that employee where bonus = 5000 +
5% of SALARY.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
SELECT ENAME, SALARY,
5000 + 0.05 * SALARY 'BONUS'
FROM EMPL;

D. Write DML statements for the following purpose:

1. Assign DEPT_ID 'D03' to those employees who are presently working at 'D02'.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
UPDATE EMPL
SET DEPT_ID = 'D03'
WHERE DEPT_ID = 'D02';

SELECT * FROM EMPL;

2. Increase SALARY of all the employees by 10%.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
UPDATE EMPL
SET SALARY = 1.1 *
SALARY;

SELECT * FROM EMPL;

3. Delete the department 'D02' from DEPT table.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
DELETE FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPT_ID = 'D02';

SELECT * FROM DEPT;

E. Write DDL statements for the following purpose:
1. Add DPHONE field to table DEPT which should be a number of 10 digits and unique for each
department.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
ALTER TABLE DEPT
ADD DPHONE INT(10) UNIQUE;

DESC DEPT;

2. Drop the column MAX_STRENGTH from DEPT.

SOLUTION OUTPUT
ALTER TABLE DEPT
DROP MAX_STRENGTH;

SELECT * FROM DEPT;

3. Modify the datatype of SALARY in table EMPL to an integer of length 6 and drop the existing
check constraint.
SOLUTION OUTPUT
ALTER TABLE EMPL
MODIFY SALARY INT(6);

DESC EMPL;

Questions ;
Q. No. 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each

1. An attribute in a table is foreign key if it is the _________key in any other table.

a) Candidate b) Primary c) Unique d) Alternate
2. What is the domain of an attribute?
(a) The set of possible values that the attribute can take
(b) The name of the attribute
(c) The data type of the attribute
(d) None of the above
3. Which of the following is not a database constraint?
a. CHECK b. DEFAULT c. UNIQUE d. NULL
4. The data types CHAR (n) and VARCHAR (n) are used to create _______ and
_______ types of string/text fields respectively in a database.
a) Fixed, equal b) Equal, variable c) Fixed, variable d) Variable, equal
5. Which of the following is a DDL command?
A. UPDATE B. INSERT C. DELETE D. ALTER
6. Which command is used to open the database “SCHOOL”?
a. USE SCHOOL b. OPEN SCHOOL
 c. USE DATABASE SCHOOL d. SHOW SCHOOL
7. In the given query which keyword has to be inserted?
INSERT INTO employee______(1002, “Kausar”, 2000);
a) Value b) Values c) Values into d) Into Values
8. Which SQL statement is used to display all the data from PRODUCT table in the
decreasing order of PRICE?
a. SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ORDER PRICE BY DESC ;
b. SELECT * FROM PRODUCT PRICE ORDER BY DESC;
c. SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ORDER BY DESC PRICE;
d. SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ORDER BY PRICE DESC;
9. Which of the following function is used to FIND the largest value from the given
data in MYSQL?
a) MAX () b) MAXIMUM () c) LARGEST () d) BIG ()
10. Which keyword is used for aliasing a table?
a) ASC b) AS c) IS d) None of these
11. __________ aggregate function does not ignore NULL values in a column.
a) Min() b) Sum() c) Avg () d) Count ()
12. SELECT name FROM class WHERE subject_____NULL;
Which comparison operator may be used to fill the blank space in above query?
a) = b) LIKE c) IS d) <>
13. Which SQL statement is used to display all the data from ITEMS table where
INAME is ending with ‘L’?
a. SELECT * FROM ITEMS WHERE INAME LIKE ‘L%’;
b. SELECT * FROM ITEMS WHERE INAME LIKE ‘%L’;
c. SELECT * FROM ITEMS WHERE INAME LIKE ‘%L%’;
d. SELECT * FROM ITEMS WHERE INAME LIKE ‘_L_’;
14. Which join combines each row from the first table with every row from the
second table to make the result set?
a. CROSS JOIN b. OUTER JOIN c. INNER JOIN d. EQUI JOIN

State True / False for Q. No. 15 and 16

15. MySQL statement to delete a table STUDENT from the database SCHOOL is
DELETE TABLE STUDENT;
16. Where and Having clauses can be used interchangeably in SQL queries.

Q. No. 17 to 20 are ASSERTION ( A ) and REASONING ( R ) based questions.

Mark the correct choice as:
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation for A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion (A): A foreign key in the relational data model is a set of attributes in
one
relation that references the primary key of another relation.
Reason (R): Foreign keys are used to establish relationships between tables.

18. Assertion(A): DBMS is an application package which arranges the data in orderly
manner in a tabular form.
Reason(R): It is an interface between database and the user. It allows the users to
access and perform various operations on stored data using some tools.

19. Assertion(A): Aggregate function AVG() calculates the average of a set of values
and produces a single value as result.
Reason(R): The aggregate functions are used to perform some basic calculations
 like sum, max, min, etc on a set of numbers.

20. Assertion(A): While inserting records in EMP table, value of DateOfBirth field
must be enclosed withing quotes ‘ ‘.
Reasoning(R): Date is represented as char / varchar always.

Q. No. 21 to 30 are questions of 2 marks each

21. a) What do you mean by degree and cardinality of a table?
b) Consider the following table and find its degree and cardinality.

22. What do you mean by referential integrity? Explain with suitable example.

23. Write MySQL statement to create a table named REMEDIAL based on the
following specification:
Table: REMEDIAL
Attribute Data type Constraints
SNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
ROLL INT UNIQUE
FEES FLOAT
ADMN INT PRIMARY KEY

24. Write MySQL statements to do the following:

a. Enter into the database OFFICE and display the name of all the tables.
b. Display the structure of the table ‘EMPL’.

25. Consider the following table PLAYER:

PNO PNAME SPORTS COUNTRY SALARY
C001 VIRAT CRICKET INDIA 112
F003 RONALDO FOOTBALL PORTUGAL 1134
T007 ROGER TENNIS SWITZERLA 795
ND
B002 SINDHU BADMINTON INDIA 59
a. Suggest the most suitable Primary Key. Justify your answer.
b. Identify the alternate Keys.

26. Consider the table MOTOR having the following attributes:

VNO, MODEL, BRAND, PRICE

Write SQL statement for the following:

a. Modify the existing column MODEL as varchar(30) and NOT NULL.
b. Increase PRICE by 20% for the BRAND ‘TATA’
27. Categorize the following commands as DDL or DML:
INSERT, UPDATE, ALTER, DROP

28. A MySQL table, sales have 10 rows. The following queries were executed on
the sales table.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales;
COUNT(*)
10

SELECT COUNT(discount) FROM sales;

COUNT(discount)
6
Write a statement to explain as to why there is a difference in both the counts.

29. Explain Group by clause with a suitable example.

30. Distinguish between Natural Join and Equi Join.

Q. No. 31 to 40 – 3 marks question

31. Write output of the SQL queries based on the following table Employee:

(i) select name, project from employee order by project;

(ii) select name, salary from employee where doj like '2015%';
(iii) select min(doj), max(dob) from employee;

32. Write output of the SQL queries based on the following tables Projects and
Employee:

(i) select project, count(*) from employee group by project;

(ii) select pid, pname, eid, name from projects p, employee e where
p.pid=e.project;
(iii) select avg(salary) from employee where doj between '2018-08-01' and
'2018-08-31';
33. Write SQL statements to do the following:

i. Define CID in CUSTOMER table as Foreign Key that refers to CID i.e.
Primary Key of COMPANY table.

ii. Display the ‘CUSTOMER NAME’, ‘PRODUCT NAME’ who have purchased
any product from the ‘COMPANY NAME’ ‘SONY’.

iii. Increase the QTY by 15 for the products with PRICE below 40,000.

34. Consider the GAMES table and answer the following questions:

i. Identify the possible Candidate Keys in the above table.

ii. Suggest the most suitable column for Primary key of the above table. Give
reason behind your answer.
iii. Write down the Alternate Keys for the above table.

35. Consider a table STORE having attributes as following:

ItemNo –numeric
ItemName – character of size 20
Scode – numeric
Quantity – numeric

Abhay wants to do the following operations on the STORE table. Please help him
to do by writing appropriate SQL statements.
i. Insert the following record in the STORE table:
(2010, Notebook, 23, NULL)
ii. Add a new column price with data type as decimal.

iii. Remove STORE table from the database.

36. What do you mean b y CHECK constraint and DEFAULT constraint? Explain
with suitable example.
37. Consider the following tables and answer the questions below:
 i. What will be the degree and cardinality of the resultant table after performing
Cartesian Product between PRODUCT and CLIENT?
ii. What will be the degree and cardinality of the resultant table after performing
NATURAL JOIN between PRODUCT and CLIENT?
iii. Are these values same? What can be the reason for this?
38. i. Write down the purpose of using aggregate functions in MySql.
ii. Give example of any two aggregate functions and their purposes.
iii. Can we use aggregate functions without GROUP BY clause? Justify.

39. i. What is the significance of NULL value in database?

ii. Name the operator that can check for NULL value in a column.
iii. Name the SQL command to permanently save the changes caused by DML
statements in the database.

40. i. Name the aggregate functions valid on a column of DATE data type.
ii. Suggest a keyword for renaming an attribute or a table in MySql.
iii. Write down the syntax of representing the common column CODE while
performing Equi Join between two tables GAME and USER.

Q. No. 41 to 45 – 5 marks question

41. i. Differentiate between ‘WHERE’ clause and ‘HAVING’ clause in MySQL with
appropriate example.

ii. Consider the following table and find the output of the following queries:

a. select SEX, avg(SALARY) from TEACHER group by SEX;

b. select SUBJECT, count(*) from TEACHER group by SUBJECT

having count(*)>1;

c. select SUBJECT, min(SALARY) from TEACHER

 where TNAME not like ‘%Kumar’ group by SUBJECT;
42. i. Differentiate between DELETE and DROP in MySQL. Cite suitable examples.

ii. Consider the following tables – Bank_Account and Branch:

What will be the output of the following statement?

SELECT * FROM Bank_Account, Branch;
iii. Choose the correct option:
The above SQL query represents __________________ operation.
a. Outer join b. Natural join c. Equi join d. Cross join
43. Fill in the blanks with appropriate keywords in order to complete the following
SQL queries:
CAR
CID BRAND MODEL TYPE COLOUR PRICE
CO1 MARUTI SWIFT HATCHBACK WHITE 5,00,000
D32 HYUNDAI VERNA SEDAN BLACK 16,00,000
F32 TATA NEXON SUV RED 9,00,000
C29 KIA SELTOS SUV BLUE 17,00,000

i. Display all the databases present in MySQL of a system.

show ___________ ;

ii. Display the values in TYPE column of the table CAR after removing the
duplicate values from the output.
select ___________ TYPE from CAR;

iii. Display MODEL, PRICE, COLOUR from CAR whose COLOUR is neither
RED nor BLUE.
select MODEL, PRICE, COLOUR from CAR
where COLOUR _________ (‘RED’, ‘BLUE’);

iv. Display the total number of records present in CAR table.

select _________(CID) from CAR;

v. Display Discount on each CAR where Discount is 5% of the PRICE.

select MODEL, PRICE*0.05 _______ ‘DISCOUNT’ from CAR;

44. i. Write two advantages of using database.

ii. Distinguish between CHAR and VARCHAR data type. Which one is preferable
in general and why?
iii. Write down the significance of the data type NUMERIC(7,3).

45. i. What do you mean by Self Join. Give an example.

ii. Fill in the blanks with appropriate keywords for creating the table DRESS with
the following specifications:
 Default COLOR is ‘BLACK’.
 PRICE between 0 and 8000.
 CREATE _____(a)_____ DRESS
(
DCODE INT PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR(15),
COLOR VARCHAR(10) ____(b)____ ‘BLACK’,
PRICE DECIMAL(6, 2) _____(c)____ PRICE BETWEEN 0 and 8000
);

Q. No. 46 to 50 – Case Study based questions of 4 marks each

46. Consider the following tables ITEM and CUSTOMER and find the outputs of the
following queries:

i) SELECT ITEM_NAME, MAX(PRICE), COUNT(*) FROM ITEM

GROUP BY ITEM_NAME;

ii) SELECT CNAME, MANUFACTURER FROM ITEM, CUSTOMER

WHERE ITEM.ID=CUSTOMER.ID;

iii) SELECT ITEM_NAME, PRICE*100 FROM ITEM WHERE

MANUFACTURER="ABC";

iv) SELECT DISTINCT CITY FROM CUSTOMER;

47. Consider the tables ITEM and CUSTOMER and write the queries:

(i) Display the total PERIODS for each SUBJECT from SCHOOL table.
 (ii) Display TEACHERNAME, GENDER from the tables SCHOOL and ADMIN
whose DESIGNATION is ‘COORDINATOR’.

(iii) Display TEACHERNAME and DOJ in the descending order of CODE.

(iv) Display TEACHERNAME whose DOJ is in the year 2000.

48. Modern Public School is maintaining fees records of students. The
database administrator Aman decided that-
• Name of the database -School
• Name of the table – Fees
• The attributes of Fees are as follows:
Rollno – numeric
Name – character of size 20
Class - character of size 20
Fee – Numeric
PayDate – Date
Primary Key – (Rollno, Class)
Answer the following questions:

(i) Write the DDL statement to create database School.

(ii) Write the SQL statement to create Fees table in School database with the
above-mentioned specifications.
(iii) Write SQL statement to display all the table names in School database.

49. Consider the table Fees mentioned in Q. No. 48 and answer the following
questions:

i. Insert the following record into the table

Rollno-1201, Name-Akshay, Class-12th, Fee-350, PayDate-24 JUNE 2019

ii. Increase the second quarter fee of class 12th students by 50.
iii. Delete the record of student with Rollno-1212
iv. Aman wants to display the schema (structure) of Fees table. Which command
will he use from the following:
a) CREATE b) ALTER c) SHOW d) DESCRIBE

50. Sagar, a cloth merchant creates a table CLIENT with a set of records to maintain
the client’s order volume in Qtr1, Qtr2, Qtr3 and their total. After creation of the
table, he has entered data of 7 clients in the table.

Based on table CLIENT, write SQL statements for the following:

i. Write the statements to Update a record present in the table with data for
Qtr2 = 200, Qtr3 = 600 , total = sum of all Qtrs where the Client_ID is C660.
ii. Delete all records where total is between 500 to 900.
 iii. Make changes in ClientName with data type varchar(20) and not null
constraint.
iv. Remove the column Total from the CLIENT table.
_________

SOLUTIONS
1. B 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. d
6. a 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. b
11. d 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. False
16. False 17. a 18. a 19. b 20. c
21. a) Degree - no. of attributes in a table, Cardinality – no. of records in a table.
b) Degree – 4, cardinality – 6
22. Foreign key of one table refers to the Primary key of another table.
23. CREATE TABLE REMEDIAL
(
SNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
ROLL INT(5) UNIQUE,
FEES FLOAT(7,2),
ADMN INT(5) PRIMARY KEY
);
24. a. USE OFFICE;
b. DESC EMPL; or DESCRIBE EMPL;
25. a. PNO as unique throughout table and not null.
b. PNAME, SPORTS, SALARY.
26. a. ALTER TABLE MOTOR MODIFY MODEL VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL;
b. UPDATE MOTOR SET PRICE = PRICE * 1.20 WHERE BRAND = ‘TATA’;
27. DML - INSERT, UPDATE
DDL - ALTER, DROP
28. Count(*) will return the number of records in the table sales. Count(discount) will
return the number of records having not null values in the discount field of sales
table.
29. GROUP BY clause is used if statistical records of a table are to be displayed based
on a field. Groups are formed based on the number of different values in the
GROUP BY column present in the table.
30. In Natural Join the common attribute between two tables appears only once. Where
as in Equi Join the common attribute appears as it is i.e. twice. Hence these
common attributes are accessed as table_name.attribute in the query to resolve the
conflict.
31. i.
Name Project
Ranjan P01
Muneera P01
Alex P02
Akhtar P04
Satyansh P04
ii.
Name Salary
Ranjan 150000
Akhtar 125000
iii.
min(DOJ) max(DOB)
2015-01-21 1996-11-15
32. i.
Project count(*)
P01 2
P04 2
P02 1
ii.
PID PName EID
P01 Road 102 Carpenting E01
P04 Footover Bridge K-13 E02
P01 Road 102 Carpenting E03
P02 Civil Lines Parking E04
P04 Footover Bridge K-13 E05

iii.
avg(Salary)
135000

33. i. ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER

ADD FOREIGN KEY(CID) REFERENCES COMPANY(CID);

ii. SELECT CU.NAME, CO.PRODUCTNAME

FROM COMPANY CO, CUSTOMER CU
WHERE CU.CID = CO.CID AND CO.NAME = ‘SONY’;

iii. UPDATE CUSTOMER SET QTY = QTY*1.15 where PRICE<40000;

34. i. Candidate keys - GCode, GameName, PrizeMoney, ScheduleDate

ii. Primary key - GCode as not null and unique for each game.
iii. Alternate key - GameName, PrizeMoney, ScheduleDate

35. i. INSERT INTO STORE VALUES (2010, ‘Notebook’, 23, NULL);

ii. ALTER TABLE STORE ADD PRICE DECIMAL(10,2);
iii. DROP TABLE STORE;

36. CHECK – Ensure that the attribute contains only permissible set of values.
DEFAULT – Ensure the default value is inserted if no value is mentioned.
e.g. -
CREATE TABLE STOCK
(
SNO INT PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR(15) DEFAULT ‘BANGALORE’,
PRICE FLOAT(7,2) CHECK (PRICE BETWEEN 0.00 AND 10000.00)
)
37. i. After Cartesian product, Degree = 8, Cardinality = 25
ii. After natural join, Degree = 7, Cardinality = 5
iii. No, because cartesian product is the all-possible combination of tuples between
two tables. Where as Natural join selects only those tuples for whom the values of
the common attributes are same.

38. i. Aggregate functions perform calculation on a set of values, and returns a single
 value. If used with GROUP BY clause, it returns one value for each group.
SUM() - returns the total sum of a numerical column
MAX() - returns the largest value within the selected column

ii. Yes. Then it returns a single value for the selected attribute by considering all the
records in that table.
39. i. NULL is said to be absence of any value in an attribute. NULL cannot participate
in any operation.
ii. IS
iii. COMMIT
40. i. MAX(), MIN(), COUNT()
ii. AS
iii. SELECT * FROM GAME G, USER U WHERE G.CODE=U,CODE;

41. i. WHERE clause allows to filter data from individual rows of a table based on
certain conditions. In contrast, the HAVING clause allows to filter data from a
group of rows in a query based on conditions involving aggregate functions.
ii.
a)
SEX AVG(SALARY)
M 68666
F 65000

b)
SUBJECT COUNT(*)
Computer Science 2

c)
SUBJECT MIN(SALARY)
Computer Science 75000
English 55000
Economics 71000

42. i. DELETE is used for deleting records from a table. DROP is used to delete the
entire schema of any database object like table.
e.g. –
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE ROLL = 5;
DROP TABLE STUDENT;
ii.
E_CODE NAME E_CODE LOCATION
E01 ASHISH E05 MUMBAI
E02 SURESH E05 MUMBAI
iii. d. Cross join
43. i. databases
ii. distinct
iii. not in
iv. count
v. as
44. i. Data integrity, data security
ii. Char data type stores data of fixed length, whereas the Varchar data type stores
variable length data. Varchar is preferable as it is more flexible for data of any size.
iii. It can represent 7 digit real number with 3 digits in the right of decimal point.
45. i. A self-join is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself.
 SELECT * FROM EMP A, EMP B where A.ID = B.ID;
ii.
(a) TABLE
(b) DEFAULT
(c) CHECK
46. i.
ITEM_NAME MAX(PRICE) COUNT(*)
Personal Computer 37000 3
Laptop 57000 2

ii.
CNAME MANUFACTURER
N Roy PQR
R Singh XYZ
R Pandey COMP
C Sharma PQR
K Agarwal ABC

iii.
ITEM_NAME PRICE*100
Personal Computer 3500000
Laptop 5500000

iv.
City
Delhi
Mumbai
Bangalore

47. (i) SELECT SUM (PERIODS), SUBJECT FROM SCHOOL

GROUP BY SUBJECT;

(ii) SELECT TEACHERNAME, GENDER FROM SCHOOL, ADMIN WHERE

DESIGNATION = ‘COORDINATOR’ AND SCHOOL.CODE=ADMIN.CODE;

(iii) SELECT TEACHERNAME, DOJ FROM SCHOOL ORDER BY CODE

DESC;

(iv) SELECT TEACHERNAME FROM SCHOOL WHERE DOJ LIKE ‘%2000’;

48. i. CREATE DATABASE SCHOOL;
ii. USE SCHOOL
create table Fees
(
Rollno numeric(5),
Name varchar(20),
Class varchar(20),
Fee Numeric(7,2),
PayDate Date,
Primary Key(Rollno, Class)
);
iii. SHOW TABLES
49. i. INSERT INTO FEES VALUES(1201, ‘Akshay’, ‘12th', 350, ‘2019-06-24’);
ii. UPDATE TABLE FEES SET FEE = FEE+50 WHERE CLASS=’12th’;
 iii. DELETE FROM FEES WHERE ROLLNO =1212;
iv. d) DESCRIBE
50. i. UPDATE CLIENT SET Qtr2 = 200, Qtr3 = 600, Total = Qtr1+Qtr2+Qtr3
WHERE Client_ID = ‘C660’;
ii. DELETE FROM CLIENT WHERE Total between 500 AND 900;
iii. ALTER TABLE CLIENT MODIFY ClientName VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL;
iv. ALTER TABLE CLIENT MODIFY DROP Total;

Interface of Python with an SQL database

Connecting SQL with Python

A Python library - mysql connector is required which provides connectivity from Python to Mysql.
There are mainly six steps that must be followed in Python environment to create a database
connectivity application. Steps for Creating Database Connectivity Applications:-

1. Import the package required for database access.

2. Open a connection to database.
3. Create a cursor instance.
4. Execute a query.
5. Extract data from result set or make the changes permanent.
6. Clean up the environment.

To establish the connection, write codes in script mode:

1. Import the Library
import mysql.connector
2. connect() statement to create a connection to the Mysql server and returns a Mysql connection
object mydb and pass three parameters, if required then also pass database parameter.
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='password')
3. Creating cursor object of a class cursor which allows python code to execute sql commands.
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
4. execute() statement with sql query to execute SQL query from python.
mycursor.execute(“sql query”)
5. To read the data from the table of database using fetchone()/ fetchmany()/ fetchall() methods
as per requirement and store in a resulset.
 myresult = mycursor.fetchall()

To save the current transactions of inserting, updating and deleting data we use:
mydb.commit()
6. close() to close the connection and clean up the environment
mydb.close()

Code For Creating A Mysql Database Through Python

import mysql.connector
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost", user="john", password="john")
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE mydatabase")

Code For Creating A Table In Mysql Through Python

import mysql.connector
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="john",password="john",
database="mydatabase")
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE customers (name VARCHAR(255), address
VARCHAR(255))")

Code For Inserting Data In A Mysql Table Through Python

import mysql.connector
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost", user="john",password="john",
database="mydatabase")
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES (%s, %s)"
val = ("Mary", "ABC")
mycursor.execute(sql, val)
mydb.commit()

Code For Displaying Data From A Mysql Table Through Python

import mysql.connector
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="john", password="john",
database="mydatabase”)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM customers")
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
for x in myresult:
print(x)

Code For Deleting A Record From Mysql Table Using Python

import mysql.connector
mydb =
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost", user="john",password="john",
database="mydatabase")
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
sql = "DELETE FROM customers WHERE name = 'XYZ'"
mycursor.execute(sql)
mydb.commit()

Code For Updating A Record From Mysql Table Using Python

import mysql.connector
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost", user="john",password="john",
database="mydatabase")
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
sql = "UPDATE customers SET address = 'Canyon 123' WHERE address = 'Valley 123'"
mycursor.execute(sql)
mydb.commit()

mycursor.rowcount: To count total number of records affected by the execute method.

print(mycursor.rowcount)
 Mind Map – Python MySql Connectivity

1 Mark Questions (MCQ)

1. To establish a connection with MySQL from Python which of the following functions is used?
(a) connection()
(b) connect()
(c) open()
(d) cursor()

2. execute() method can execute ________ .

(a) DDL statements
(b) DML statements
(c) DDL and DML statements.
(d) Select statement only

3. To establish a connection between Python and sql database, connect() is used. Which of the
following arguments may not necessarily be given while calling connect()?
(a) host
(b) database
(c) user
(d) password

4. What is the purpose of the `rowcount` attribute in Python-Mysql database connectivity?

(a) Number of rows affected by the last executed command
(b) Total number of rows in the database
(c) Total number of columns in the database
(d) Number of tables in the database
5. Which method is used to retrieve N number of records
(a) fetchone()
(b) fetchall()
(c) fetchmany()
(d) fetchN()

6. To make the changes made by any SQL Queries permanently in database, which function is used
after execution of the query?
(a) save()
(b) commit()
(c) execute()
(d) dump()

7. How is dynamic insertion of values achieved in SQL queries?

(a) Using execute()
(b) Using dynamicValues()
(c) Using ‘%s’ format specifier or format()
(d) Using insertValues()
8. _______ it is a pointer or iterator which points towards the resultset of the SQL query.
(a) cursor
(b) rset
(c) temp
(d) None of these

9. To get all the records from result set, you may use ___________.
(a) cursor.fetchmany()
(b) cursor.fetchall()
(c) cursor.fetchone()
(d) cursor.execute()

10. Which of the following is not a valid method to fetch records from database in python.
(a) fetchmany()
(b) fetchone()
(c) fetchmulti()
(d) fetchall()

11. Which attribute of cursor is used to get number of records stored in cursor (Assumeg cursor
name is mycursor)?
(a) mycursor.count
(b) mycursor.row_count
(c) mycursor.records
(d) mycursor.rowcount

12. Which of the following package must be imported in Python to create a database connectivity
application?
(a) mysql.connector
(b) mysql.connect
(c) sql.connector
(d) sql.execute

13. Which of the following method reflects the changes made in database permanently?
(a) <connection>.done()
(b) <connection>.final()
(c) <connection>.reflect()
(d) <connection>.commit()

14. Which method of cursor class is used to fetch limited rows from the table?
(a) cursor.fetchsize(SIZE)
(b) cursor.fetchmany(SIZE)
(c) cursor.fetchall(SIZE)
(d) cursor.fetchonly(SIZE)

15. Which method of cursor class is used to get the number of rows affected after any of
the Insert/update/delete database operation executed from Python?
(a) cursor.rowcount
(b) cursor.getaffectedcount
(c) cursor.rowscount
(d) cursor.rcount

16. Which of the following component acts as a container to hold the data returned from the query:
(a) table
(b) cursor
(c) resultset
(d) container

17. To get the next record from the result set, we may use .
(a) cursor.fetch(next)
(b) cursor.fetchmany()
(c) cursor.fetchall()
(d) cursor.fetchone()

18. SQL command is passed to which function to run after establishment of the connection
between python and database
(a) cursor()
(b) execute()
(c) connection()
(d) fetchall()

19. Which of the following function is used to close the connection between python and database?
(a) cursor.close()
(b) is.close()
(c) connection.close()
(d) execute.close()

20. Which is the correct statement about fetchone()

(a) Fetch the next row of a query result set, returning a single tuple, or None when no more data is
available
(b) Fetch the First row of a query result set, returning a single tuple, or None when no more data is
available
(c) Fetch the current row of a query result set, returning a single tuple, or None when no more data
is available
(d) None of the above
Ans:
1 (b)
2 (c)
 3 (b)
4 (a)
5 (c)
6 (b)
7 (c)
8 (a)
9 (b)
10 (c)
11 (d)
12 (a)
13 (d)
14 (b)
15 (a)
16 (c)
17 (d)
18 (b)
19 (c)
20 (a)

2 Marks Questions
1. Which method we use to establish the connection and clear the connection?
Ans: connect() and close() methods with connection object.

2. Which statement we use to access the MySQL module?

Ans: import mysql.connector

3. What are the difference between fetchone() and fetchmany()?

Ans: fetchone(): It will return one record from the result set.
fetchmany(n): It will return number of records as per value of n and by-default only one record.

4. How can you use Python with MySQL?

Ans: Python can be used with MySQL in a number of ways. One way is to use the mysql.connector
python library, which is a MySQL driver written in Python. This library can be used to connect to a
MySQL database and perform various operations, such as creating and executing SQL queries.

5. What is a cursor in the context of MySQL?

Ans: A cursor is a pointer that points to a specific location in a database table. In MySQL,
cursors are used to iterate through the rows of a table and retrieve data from them.

6. What’s the difference between autocommit and commit?

Ans: Autocommit is a database feature that automatically commits changes to the database as soon
as they are made. This means that changes are immediately visible to other users and there is no
need to explicitly call the commit() method. Commit, on the other hand, is a database feature that
allows changes to be made to the database and then explicitly committed by the user. This allows
the user to control when changes are made visible to other users.

7. How can you check if a table exists in MySQL?

Ans: You can check if a table exists in MySQL by using the SHOW TABLES command. This will
show you a list of all the tables in the database. If the table you are looking for is not in the list,
then it does not exist.

8. How do you disconnect from the database?

Ans: Use the close() method. db.close() closes the connection from the database, where db is
connection object.

9. What is database connectivity?

Ans: Database connectivity refers to connection and communication between an application and a
database system.

10. What is connection? What is its role?

Ans:A Connection (represented through a connection object) is the session between the application
program and the database. To do anything with database, one must have a connection object.

3 Marks Questions
1. What is a result set? Give example with coding.
Ans: A result set refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing a
query and made available to the application-program.
Eg: myresult = mycursor.fetchall()

2. Which package must be imported in Python to create a database connectivity application? Give
example with coding.
Ans:There are multiple packages available through which database connectivity applications
can be created in Python. One such package is mysql.connector.PyMySQL, mysqlclient, etc. can
also be used for connectivity.
Eg: import mysql.connector

3. Explain the following result retrieval methods:-

(a) fetchone()
(b) rowcount
(c) fetchall ()
Ans: (a) fetchone() :- The fetchone() method will return only one row from the result set in the
form of tuple containing a record.
(b) rowcount() :- cursor.rowcount that always return how many records have been retrieved
so for using any of the fetch..() methods.
(c) fetchall() :- The fetchall() method return all the rows from the result set in the form of a
tuple congaing the records.

4. Write the python script to read the whole data from the table emp and display all the records.
Ans: import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="root",database="school")
print (mydb)
mycursor=mydb.cursor()
numrow=mycursor.execute("select * from student")
print(mycursor.fetchall())
mydb.close()

5. Write the main difference among fetchone(),fetchmany() and fetchall().

Ans: fetchone() fetches a single record or row from the resultset.
fetchmany () method returns blocks of results according to a set limit. It will fetch n records at a
time from the table.
fetchall() fetches all the records or rows at a time from the table.

4 Marks : Case Based Questions

1. The code given below inserts following record in to a table EMPLOYEE

EMPNO – Integer
ENAME – string
SALARY - Integer
BONUS - Integer
DEPTID – string

Help your friend Sonia in writing the following missing statements to complete the code:-

import ______________ # Statement1

mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd='root',database="class12")
mycursor= _____________ # Statement 2
mycursor.execute("INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(114,'BP Singh',56400,800,'D01')")
___________________ # Statement 3
print(mycursor.rowcount, "Record inserted")
___________________ # Statement 4

Ans:
Statement 1: mysql.connector
Statement 2: mydb.cursor()
Statement 3: mydb.commit()
Statement 4: mydb.close()

2. Avni is trying to connect Python with MySQL for her project. Help her to write the python
statement on the following:
i. Name the library, which should be imported to connect MySQL with Python.
ii. Name the function, used to run SQL query in Python.
iii. Name the function required to make the changes permanent.
iv. Name the fuction to clear the environment.

Ans:
i. mysql.connector
ii. execute()
iii. commit()
iv. close()

3. Your friend Jagdish is writing a code to fetch data from a database Shop and table name Products
using Python. He has written incomplete code. You have to help him to write complete code:
import __________ as m # Statement-1
object1 = m.connect(host="localhost", user="root", password="root", database="Shop")
object2 = object1._________ # Statement-2
query = '''SELECT * FROM Products WHERE NAME LIKE "A%";'''
object2._________(query) # Statement-3
__________.close() # Statement-4

Ans:
Statement 1: mysql.connector
Statement 2: cursor()
Statement 3: execute()
Statement 4: object1

4. The code given below reads the following record from Table named Employee and display those
record salary >= 30000 and <= 90000:
Empno – integer
EName – string
Desig – integer
Salary – integer
Note the following to establish connectivity between Python and MYSQL:
Username is root
Password is Password
The table exists in a MYSQL database named Bank.

Write the following missing statements to complete the code on behalf of your friend Sandeep:
Statement 1 – to form the cursor object
Statement 2 – to query string.
Statement 3 - to execute the query that extracts records of those Employees whose salary >=30000
and <=90000.
Statement 4 - to close the connection.
import mysql.connector
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Password',database='bank')
mycursor=_________________ # statement1
mycursor.________________ #statement 2
data= __________________ # statement 3
for x in data:
print(x)
______________ # statement 4

Ans:
Statement 1: mydb.cursor()
Statement 2: execute('''SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE salary >= 30000 and salary <=
90000;''')
Statement 3: mycursor.fetchall()
Statement 4: mydb.close()

5. The code given below inserts the following record in the table Emp:

Empno – integer
EName – string
Designation – integer
Salary – integer
Bonus - Integer
Note the following to establish connectivity between Python and MYSQL:
 Username is root
Password is tiger
The table exists in a MYSQL database named Employee.
The details (Empno, EName, Designation, Salary and Bonus) are to be accepted
from the user.
Help your friend in writing the following missing statements to complete the code:
Statement 1 – to create a connection
Statement 2 – to form the cursor object
Statement 3 – to execute the command that inserts the record in the table Emp.
Statement 4 - to add the record permanently in the database
import mysql.connector as mysql
def sql_data():
mycursor=_________________ #Statement 1
eno=int(input("Enter Employee Number: "))
Ename=input("Enter Employee Name: ")
Designation=input("Enter Designation: "))
Salary=int(input("Enter Salary: "))
Bonus=int(input("Enter Bonus: "))
querry="insert into emp values({},'{}',{},{})".format(eno,ename,designation,bonus)
______________________ #Statement 2
______________________ # Statement 3
print("Employee Data Added successfully")

Ans:
Statement 1: con1= mysql.connect(host="localhost",user="root", password="tiger",
database="Employee")
Statement 2: con1.cursor()
Statement 3: mycursor.execute(querry)
Statement 4: con1.commit()

5 Marks Questions

1. Write the steps to perform an Insert query in database connectivity application. Table Student
values are rollno, name, age (10,’Ashok’,26).

Ans: import mysql.connector as mydb

conn= mydb.connect(host=”localhost”, user=”root”, passwd=”1234”, database="school")
cur=conn.cursor()
cur.execute(“INSERT INTO student values(10,’Ashok’,26);”)
cur.commit()

2. Observe the following python code and answer the questions:

import mysql.connector as ___________#Statement 1
con = c.connect(host="localhost", user="root", passwd="", database="test")
mycursor= ___________#Statement 2
mycursor.execute(" CREATE TABLE studentinfo (name VARCHAR (30), age INT(3)")
sql = """INSERT INTO studentinfo( name, age) VALUES ('Ashok',17) """
_____________________ #Statement 3
_____________________ #Statement 4
_____________________ #Statement 5

i) Write the python statement to give appropriate alias name in statement1.

ii) Write the python statement to establish the database cursor as statement2.
iii) Write the python statement to insert the row into the table as statement 3 by using the string
‘sql’ given above.
iv) Write the python statement to make the changes permanent.
v) Write the python statement to clear the environment.

Ans:
Statement 1: c
Statement 2: con.cursor()
Statement 3: mycursor.execute(sql)
Statement 3: mycursor.commit()
Statement 3: con.close()
3. Write the python function to accept the name as parameter and find out whether record present
in the table or not. Table Student columns are rollno, name, age.

Ans: import mysql.connector

def check_name(name):
mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="root",
database="school")
cur=mydb.cursor()
cur.execute("select * from student")
s=cur.fetchall()
for k in s:
if((k[1]==name)):
print("Record Found",k)
break

4. Observe the codes given below and fill in the blanks:-

_________________________________# statement 1
mydb = mycon.connect( host="localhost", user="yourusername", password="yourpassword",
database="mydatabase" )
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES (%s, %s)"
val = ("John", "Highway No. 21")
mycursor.execute(sql, val)
_________________ # statement 2
mycursor.___________("SELECT * FROM customers") # statement 3
myresult = _________________________________# statement 4
for x in myresult:
print(x)
________.close() #statement 5

Ans:
Statement 1: import mysql.connector as mycon
Statement 2: mycursor.commit()
Statement 3: execute
Statement 4: mycursor.fetchall()
Statement 5: mydb

5. The Code given below is deleting a record from table EMPLOYEE.

Fill in the blanks to complete the code
import mysql.connector
mydb=_________(host="localhost",user="root",passwd='root',database="class12") #statement 1
mycursor=_____________ #statement 2
__________________("DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=114") # statement 3
_______________ # statement 4
_______________ # statement 5
Ans:
Statement 1: mysql.connector.connect
Statement 2 mydb.cursor()
Statement 3: mycursor.execute
Statement 4: mydb.commit()
Statement 5: mydb.close()