Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas City Campus, Roxas City
Graphic Arts Section

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

MODULE
IN
DRAWING 111
(Fundamentals of Technical Sketching,
Instrumental Drawing and Blueprint Reading)

SHERYL FARINAS
Course Facilitator
I. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY:

VISION
Center of Academic Excellence Delivering Quality Service to all.
MISSION
Capiz State University is committed to provide advanced knowledge and innovation; develop
Skills, talents and values; undertake relevant research, development and extension services; promote
entrepreneurship and environmental consciousness; and enhance industry collaboration and linkages
with partner agencies.
GOALS
Globally competitive graduates
Institutionalized research culture
Responsive and sustainable extension services
Maximized profit of viable agro-industrial business venture
Effective and efficient administration

II. INTRODUCTION:

Capiz State University, Roxas City Capus is an institution that offering Technical and
Vocational courses such as Automotive, Electronics, Electricity, Mechanical Technology, Drafting
Technology, Machine Shop, Food Trades, Cosmetology, Fashion and Apparel and others related
courses. Regardless of the course one takes, the technology school student will find many uses for
his knowledge of Drawing – for drawing is considered as the language of industry and the key to
mass production of industrial facilities and appliances.

III. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

1. Describe the meaning and importance of Technical Drawing.

2. List the two division and types of Technical Drawing.
3. Explain the four Objectives of Drawing.
4. Identify the Technical Drawing and its Specialized Branches.
5. Explain the Use and Care of Drawing Instruments.
6. Explain on how to read and write common measurements.
7. Explain the origin, development , styles and order of strokes of lettering which are fund-
amental in making specifications, titles and notes on a working drawing.

IV. MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL DRAWING:

Technical Drawing – is the art and skills develop by the person to put his ideas and principles in a
graphic form, that is means of lines and tools. According to Spencer drawing defined as a graphic
representation of a real thing, an idea, or a proposed design for construction later.

Technical Drawing – its importance and function is to help students further develop their capa-
city to think , to express in an understandable manner, and to interpret ideas of others. Is also a
valuable means of expression to anyone – an effective way to get an idea across when words fail.

DIVISION OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

1. Freehand Drawing or Technical Sketching – is the technique of making drawings without the
use of drawing instruments.
2. Mechanical Drawing or Instrumental Drawing – is the technique of making drawings with the
use of drawing instruments..

TYPES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

1. Artistic Drawing – the artist expresses philosophical or aesthetic ideas or emotions.

2. Technical Drawing – is the art and science of describing structures and structural details com-
pletely and accurately by graphical means.

OBJECTIVES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

To be successful in Technical Drawing, a student has to follow some specific objectives.

These objectives can only be achieved through constant correct practice.
1. Accuracy – No drawing is of maximum usefulness if it is not accurate.
2. Speed – “Time is money”. In industry there is no demand for a slow worker.
3. Legibility – The draftsman should remember that drawing is a means of communication to others
and that it must be clear and legible in order to serve its purpose well.
4. Neatness – If a drawing is to be accurate and legible it must be clean, therefore, the student should
constantly strive to acquire the habit of neatness.

TECHNICAL DRAWING AND ITS SPECIALIZED BRANCHES

Technical Drawing is composed of many specialized types of drawing applied to the

various field of work.

1. ARCHITECTURAL – technical drawing which is devoted to the representation of buildings and

similar structure. The drawing for an architectural structure includes plans, elevations, sections
and details sufficient to define adequately in graphic form the construction, so that it can be
executed in complete accord with the architects ideas.
2. MACHINE DRAWING – technical drawing which is used in machine industries.
3. STRUCTURAL DRAWING – technical drawing which includes all lay-outs and detail
drawings connected with the design and construction of buildings, bridges, viaducts and others
similar structures in which structural steel, timber, concrete and other building materials are used.
4. SHEETMETAL DRAWING – technical drawing used in heating, ventilating and air-condi-
tioning industries. It includes problems involved in finding the intersections of surfaces and in
developing surfaces of various kinds into flat patterns and templates which have many
applications in industries mentioned.
5. ELECTRICAL DRAWING – technical drawing which is used in electrical industries. This
drawing includes diagrammatic drawing using conventional symbols for electrical equipment and
conventions which form an important class of electrical drawing.
6. AERONAUTICAL DRAWING – composite of mechanical, structural, electrical and sheetmetal
drafting in which some deviations are made from each other in order to establish uniformity as a
single basic system. It is used in aircraft manufacturing.
7. MARINE DRAWING – deals with the making of drawings or plans of boats, ships and other
sea-going vessels.
8. FURNITURE DRAWING – includes designing and planning of pieces of furniture like cabinets,
tables, chairs, beds and other furnishing found in an office, home, hotels, etc.
9. MAP DRAWING – a drawing which represent apportion of the earth’s surface area.

Maps are classified into ten groups in accordance with their purpose or intended use.
Cartography is the science or art of map making.

a. Geographic map – includes large areas and consequently must be drawn to small scale. They
show important towns and cities, streams and bodies of water, political boundaries and reliefs.
b. Topographic map – complete description of certain areas and show to larger scale the geo-

graphical positions of the natural features and the works of man such as buildings, bridges etc.
c. Hydrographic map – deals with the information concerning bodies of water, and shore lines,
sounding depth, sub-aqueous contours, navigation aids and water control.
d. Cadastral map – one of the very accurate control maps for either cities and towns made to
large scale with all features drawn to scale. They uses to control city developments and
operations particularly taxation and transfer of property lot of city additions, mineral rights,
farm surveys and the like that fall in this group. It controls property ownership.
e. Engineering maps – working maps for engineering projects are classified for specific
purposes such as for the reconnaissance of construction maintenance purposes. They provide
accurate horizontal and vertical control data and show objects on the site along the right way.
f. Photogrammetric maps – represents features on the earth’s surface from territorial and aerial
photographs. These photographs and perspective are sources from which orthographic views
are obtains by stereoscopic instruments. Ground control stations are necessary to bring the
photograph to the required datum.
g. Military maps – designed to certain information of military importance in the area presented.
h. Landscape aps – used in planning installations of trees, shrubbery, drive ways, etc. in the
artistic design of area improvement.
 i. Nautical maps – charts show navigation features and aid, such as locations of buoys, shoals,
light houses and beacons, and sounding depths.
j. Aeronautical maps – charts show prominent landmarks, towers, beacons and elevations for
the use of air navigators.

V. USE AND CARE OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

A skilled workers should equip with knowledge and understanding with his/her field of
specialization therefore, he/she should acquires good workmanship with good brands of tools and
equipment coupled with his/her care for them. Drawing instruments and equipment though how
durable they may be are capable of giving their best and accurate service only when kept in good
condition and not abused. They must be kept clean at all times to give long and accurate service.

DRAWING BOARD

A drawing board should be made of softwood, usually of well-seasoned, straight grained

basswood or pinewood and should be constructed with cleats on both sides/ends to prevent it from
warping or splitting. The cleats also provide a smooth guiding edge for the T-square. The drawing
board must not be less than 18 x 24 inches but preferably 24 x 30 inches.

T-SQUARE

T-squares are made of steel, hard rubber or wood. The steel blade is the most accurate but
tends to soil the drawing. For ordinary work wooden blades are preferable. T-square is used as
guide in drawing horizontal lines and to provide and edge against which the triangles are placed.

FIXED HEAD

DETACHABLE HEAD

ADJUSTABLE HEAD
 TRIANGLES

Triangles used in drawing is the 30 x 60 x 90 degrees with the altitude of 10 inches and the 45 x
45 x 90 degrees triangles with the altitude of inches. The triangles are used in combination with the
T-square for drawing vertical and other lines at certain angles to the horizontal.

30 x 60 x 90 Degrees
TRIANGLE

45 x 45 x 90 Degrees TRIANGLE

PENCILS

Drawing pencils are the most important tool of a draftsman. They are made in hexagonal shape
to fit the thumb, forefinger and second finger, and to prevent them from rolling off the table.
Drawing pencil leads are made of graphite with kaolin (clay) added in varying amounts to make
different grades of leads.
Ordinary writing pencils (Mongol ) are numbered 1, 2 and 3. Number 1 is the softest, 2 is equal
to medium lead and number 3 is the hardest.

Drawing pencils are classified into three groups:

a) Hard – numbering from 4H to 9H
b) Medium – numbering from B to 3H
c) Soft – numbering from 2B to 7B

DRAWING PENCILS

PENCIL POINTS

ORDINARY WRITING
PENCILS
 The three common pencil points used in freehand sketching are the conical, chisel or
wedge and elliptical points.
1. Conical point – This is the regular way of sharpening a pencil. It is the one most
frequently used. When using this type of point, rotate the pencil gradually.
2. Chisel or Wedge point – This type of pencil point is used for straight line work. It is
shaped like the tip of a chisel or wedge.
3. Elliptical point – The pencil is sharpened to form and ellipse. It is usually used in
compasses.

CHISEL OR WEDGE POINT

CONICAL POINT

ELLIPTICAL POINT

3/8”

1½“
HOW TO READ AND WRITE COMMON MEASUREMENT

A drawing can only be made accurate through exact measurements. Learning how to read a
rule is a basic knowledge on how to make measurements. If one is asked, how long is one inch, will his
answer be the length of his thumb? What would be the answer if one is asked how long is one foot? In
order that one would not be guessing measurements, a standard measurement had been discovered by
scientists.

In technical drawing, the common units of linear measurements used are those of the
English and Metric systems. This includes the yard, foot, and inch for the English systems and the
metric, centimeter, and millimeter for the metric system. The symbol used for foot is ( ‘) and for the
inch (“) Example: 2’-2” is read as two feet and two inches.

RULER (ENGLISH SYSTEM)

RULER (METRIC SYSTEM)

ERASERS

Erasers are made of rubber or gum available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and degree of
hardness. Plastic erasers are recommended to remove mistakes and unnecessary pencil lines.

ERASING SHIELD

An erasing shield is a thin sheet of celluloid or steel. It contains varied shapes of holes
which make it possible to protect neighboring lines when erasing by fitting the exact shape of the
opening to the shape of the mistakes.

ERASING SHIELD

DRAFTING TAPE

Drawing papers are attached by a short piece of drafting cellophane tape stuck across each
corner of the drawing paper or with the tape along the entire edge of the paper.

DRAFTING TAPES
 PROTRACTOR

A protractor is used to measure and lay off angles that cannot be measured with 45 x 45 x 90
degree triangle or 30 x 60 x 90 triangle.

PROTRACTOR

DRAWING COMPASSES

Compasses are used in drawing arcs and circles.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMPASSES

DRAWING PAPER

In selecting drawing papers, the purpose for which it is be used must be considered. For
mechanical drawings where fine and clean sharp lines are to be produced with a hard pencil, a
paper with sufficient grain is desirable. It can withstand considerable erasing without soiling the
paper.

DRAWING PAPERS

Self-Testing Activity:

1. Draw a Border Line with Title Block. Use English system of measurement.
2. Draw a freehand drawing of a lines, arcs and circles.
3. Draw a mechanical drawing of a lines, arcs and circles.
 LETTERING

This unit deals with the origin, development, styles and order of strokes of lettering which are
fundamental in making specifications, titles and notes on a working drawing. It also includes the
technique in lettering.

TERMS USED:

1. LETTERING - an act of making letters by hand.

2. PRINTING - an act of making letters by the use of machines.
3. ALPHABET - a system of characters or letters used in writing a language. It
was derived from two Greek words” alpha” and “beta”.
4. LETTER - any character in the alphabet.
5. HIEROGLYPHICS - picture-writing or sacred writing. It was derived from two
Greek words “hieros” meaning sacred “glyphein” meaning to
carve.
6. CUNEIFORM WRITING - a form of writing whose letters have wedge- shape. It was
taken from a Latin word “cuneus” which means wedge.

IMPORTANCE OF LETTERING:

Good lettering enhances the appearance of a drawing, while poor lettering will make a good
drawing look sloppy and unprofessional. Lettering gives other pertinent information necessary for the
construction of a machine or structure, the graphical representation of which failed to show them.
According to American Standard, the most important requirement in lettering as used on a working
drawing is legibility and ease and rapidity of execution. It is therefore recommended that skill in lettering
must be developed because it is as important as the ability to make good drawings.
Lettering is not only useful in working drawings but also n personal correspondence, making place
cards, signs, posters, labeling books and occasion cards.

According to Justus Rising, “To acquire proficiency in any art one must know it, how to do it,
and then practice.”

Learning to letters requires:

1. Knowledge of the shapes and proportions of the individual characters.

2. A knowledge of the order of strokes and direction of strokes used in making them.
3. A knowledge of the rules for combining letters into sentences.
4. CONSTANT CORRECT PRACTICE.
 HISTORY OF THE ALPHABET AND LETTERING

Before men knew how to write he provided himself with a means by which he could leave
behind permanent records important to him. He had no alphabet to use then, so he made crude pictures
on the walls of the cave. These pictures were man’s first step toward an alphabet. Later on, these
pictures became symbols or signs of everyday objects and could tell stories. These became known as
hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics as form of writing was adopted by the Egyptians.
Cuneiform writing originated in Babylonia. This form of writing was developed from a crude
form of picture writing. Semitic Babylonians adopted this form of writing as this in turn was later
adopted by the Assyrians and other people of the Western Asia.
The Semites who were the real inventors of the alphabet had no symbols for vowels. The
Phoenicians made the next step in the development of the alphabet. They gave each sound a fixed
symbol. There were only twenty two (22) consonants letters, though actually consonants vowel
combination.
The Greeks developed the first true alphabet of twenty four (24) signs. Their greatest
contribution was the addition of the vowels.
A was originally a rough picture of a bull’s head.

HIEROGLYPHICS
WRITING

CUNEIFORM
WRITING
 During the first century of the Christian era, the Romans developed an alphabet of capital
letters called the “majuscules” that we still; use at present. A few of the letters today like U, V, Y and
W were developed as late as the 17th century. The latest letter developed was J. The Roman alphabet
became known as the Roman Inscription alphabet or the Roman classical lettering, mainly because it
was used on public buildings and monuments.
The old Roman did not contain the lowercase letters. It was during the reign of Charlemagne in
th
the 14 century A.D. When the Caroline “minuscules” a lowercase alphabet called the Carolinian
letters were invented.
The numerals that are used today are of the Arabic form. Historically the development of script
lettering or handwriting is attributed to the Anglo Saxons.

STYLE OF LETTERS

GOTHIC
Gothic letters are letters having the elementary strokes of even width. It is considered to
be the plainest and most legible style of letters. Gothic letters are widely used for commercial purposes
because of its appearance. For commercial Gothic letters, the stems vary from one-tenth to one-fifth of
the height of capital letters.

ROMAN
Roman letters are letters having their elementary strokes “accented” or consisting of
heavy and thin lines. The ends of the strokes are terminated with spurs called “serifs”. Roman letters
are best diversified however modern roman is extensively used for names and title of maps. In making
Roman letters the following rules must be observed:
1. All vertical strokes are heavy, except on those transforming the letters of M, N and U,
2. All horizontal lines are light,
3. The serifs extended about one unit on either side of the stem, and are joined together to
the stroke y small fillet stroke,
4. To determine the heavy stroke in letters containing slanting sides trace the shape of the
letters from left to right in one stroke and note which lines are made downward,
5. Curved letters are flattened slightly on their diagonals,
6. The width of the heavy stroke may vary from one-eight to one-sixth of the height of
the letters.
 Text or (Old English)
Text letters include all types of Old English letters. Text letters are too illegible for
commercial purposes but it’s the most artistic and elaborate of all the styles of letters. Text letters are
commonly used on certificates and diplomas.
All of these style of letters when inclined in position regardless of their styles are called italic
hence, they may be called roman italic, gothic italic, or text italic.

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF LETTERS

DRAWN
or built-up letters are large letters for titles, posters and others. They are made up by
drawing their outlines and filled in. Roman letters are usually made in outline. The stems of the letters
may vary from one tent to one eight of the height

SINGLE STROKE
or written letters – the term “single stroke” does not mean that the letters are made without
lifting the pencil, brush or pen but that the width of the stroke of the pen or pencil is equal to the width
of the stem of the letter. A great amount of letterings or drawings is done in a rapid single stroke, either
vertical or inclined. This is generally used on architectural working drawings.

PROPORTIONS OF LETTERS

NORMAL or regular letters are letters having their stems made regularly and used
when the space is neither wide nor small.

COMPRESSED or condensed letters are letters having their stems narrower in their
proportion of width and height. These letters are used when space is limited.

E X T E N D E D these letters are wider than normal letters. The smaller the letters,
the ore extended should they be in width. A low extended letter is more legible and better in
appearance than a high compressed letter. Extended letters are used when wide space is available.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LETTERS ACCORDING TO

1. Size
1.1 UPPERCASE – letters that are big in size. These are also the “majuscules” or
commonly called capital letters.
1.2 Lowercase – letters that are small in size. These are the “minuscules” or commonly
called small letters.
2. Position
2.1 Vertical letters – letters that stand in upright position and forming ninety degrees with
the horizontal guide lines.
2.2 Inclined letters – letters that form angles between 65 to 75 degrees with the horizontal
guide lines. The best slope for inclined letters is 67 ½ degrees.

Lowercase letters are grouped into four: 1. Straight line letters 2. Loop letters 3. Hook
letters 4. Ellipse letters

1. Straight line letters are composed of stems made of straight lines. The dots of I and j and
the cross of t are on the “i” or “I” line halfway between the cap and waist line
 2. Loop letters are made with an ellipse whose long axis is inclining at about forty-five (4)
degrees in combination with a straight line.

3. Hook letters are made with a shape taken from that of a hook.

4. Ellipse letters are based on an ellipse with the shape of the capital letter, but not inclined as
much as the loop letters.

The body of the lowercase letters is two thirds 2/3 the height of the capital letter.

3. Thickness of Stem

3.1 Boldface letters –letters having thick stems.

BOLD
3.2 Lightface letters – letters having thin or light stems.

LIGHT
4. Spacing

4.1 Mechanical Spacing – distances between the letters are measured.

L O V E
4.2 Optical Spacing – letters are spaced by making the areas not clearance between them
approximately equal.

LOVE
GUIDELINES

Guidelines are fine, light or curve lines to help make the lettering straight and uniform.
Guidelines are essential lines for good lettering and must be made lightly that they need not to be
erased. Very light horizontal lines are necessary to regulate the height of the letters.

Guidelines for capital letters

Cap line______________________________________________
Base line _____________________________________________

Guidelines for small letters

Cap line or ascender line ________________________________

Waist line __________________________________________
Base line __________________________________________
Drop line or descender line ______________________________
 TECHNIQUES IN LETTERING

1. Know the proportion and shape of the letters. Have a clear image of the shapes of letters
before starting to letter.
2. Learn the order of strokes properly.
3. Know the composition of letters, spacing of letters, words and sentences. Legibility is a key to
good lettering.
4. Select lettering pencils carefully. Have a fairly soft pencil such as HB, F, or H.
5. Sharpen pencil to along conical point.
6. Acquire “snap” or “bearing down” at the beginning and at the end of each stroke to make
them definite.
7. Rotate the pencil for every few strokes to keep the wear of the pencil lead symmetrical.
8. Hold the pencil properly with the forearm on the drawing board. Never letter with the
forearm off the drawing board.
9. Always letter with guidelines to make the letters straight and uniform. A good draftsman
never letters without guidelines.
10. Have a real determination to improve. Constant correct practice makes perfect. Lettering is
a freehand drawing not writing. Do not use straight edge in lettering.
Upper-case letters