Ex no:1

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox
from tkinter.constants import SUNKEN
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Calculator-GeeksForGeeks')
frame = tk.Frame(master=window, bg="skyblue", padx=10)
frame.pack()
entry = tk.Entry(master=frame, relief=SUNKEN, borderwidth=3, width=30)
entry.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, ipady=2, pady=2)
def myclick(number):
entry.insert(tk.END, number)
def equal():
try:
y = str(eval(entry.get()))
entry.delete(0, tk.END)
entry.insert(0, y)
except:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo("Error", "Syntax Error")

def clear():
entry.delete(0, tk.END)
button_1 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='1', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(1))
button_1.grid(row=1, column=0, pady=2)
button_2 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='2', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(2))
button_2.grid(row=1, column=1, pady=2)
button_3 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='3', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(3))
button_3.grid(row=1, column=2, pady=2)
button_4 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='4', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(4))
button_4.grid(row=2, column=0, pady=2)
button_5 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='5', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(5))
button_5.grid(row=2, column=1, pady=2)
button_6 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='6', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(6))
button_6.grid(row=2, column=2, pady=2)
button_7 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='7', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(7))
button_7.grid(row=3, column=0, pady=2)
button_8 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='8', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(8))
button_8.grid(row=3, column=1, pady=2)
button_9 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='9', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(9))
button_9.grid(row=3, column=2, pady=2)
button_0 = tk.Button(master=frame, text='0', padx=15,
pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick(0))
button_0.grid(row=4, column=1, pady=2)

button_add = tk.Button(master=frame, text="+", padx=15,

pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick('+'))
button_add.grid(row=5, column=0, pady=2)

button_subtract = tk.Button(
 master=frame, text="-", padx=15, pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick('-'))
button_subtract.grid(row=5, column=1, pady=2)

button_multiply = tk.Button(
master=frame, text="*", padx=15, pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick('*'))
button_multiply.grid(row=5, column=2, pady=2)

button_div = tk.Button(master=frame, text="/", padx=15,

pady=5, width=3, command=lambda: myclick('/'))
button_div.grid(row=6, column=0, pady=2)

button_clear = tk.Button(master=frame, text="clear",

padx=15, pady=5, width=12, command=clear)
button_clear.grid(row=6, column=1, columnspan=2, pady=2)
button_equal = tk.Button(master=frame, text="=", padx=15,
pady=5, width=9, command=equal)
button_equal.grid(row=7, column=0, columnspan=3, pady=2)

window.mainloop()

program 2
def get_letter_grade(grade):
"""
This function converts a numerical grade to a letter grade.

Args:
grade: A numerical grade between 0 and 100.

Returns:
A letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F).
"""

if grade >= 90:

return "A"
elif grade >= 80:
return "B"
elif grade >= 70:
return "C"
elif grade >= 60:
return "D"
else:
return "F"

def main():
"""
This function prompts the user for a numerical grade, calls the get_letter_grade
function to convert it, and prints the letter grade.
"""

try:
# Get the numerical grade from the user
number_grade = float(input("Enter your numerical grade (0-100): "))

# Input validation - check if grade is between 0 and 100

if not (0 <= number_grade <= 100):
raise ValueError("Grade must be between 0 and 100.")

# Call the function to get the letter grade

 letter_grade = get_letter_grade(number_grade)

# Print the letter grade

print(f"Your letter grade for {number_grade} is: {letter_grade}")
except ValueError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

program2
M = int(input("Enter The Marks Of Maths(Out OF 100) "))
S = int(input("Enter The Marks Of Science(Out OF 100) "))
E = int(input("Enter The Marks Of English(Out OF 100) "))
TOT=M+S+E
print("Total Marks",TOT,sep=" ")
PER= (M+S+E)/3
print("Percentage",round(PER,2),sep=" ")
#Now I want The Below Code To Be Run Without The Use Of if_else
if(PER>50):
print("A")
elif(PER>0):
print("B")

elif(PER==0):
print("C")
while per > 50:
print("A")
break
is_a = PER > 50
is_b = PER <= 50 and PER > 0
is_c = PER == 0

# Assign key,val pairs to each grade

grade_values = {
is_a: "A",
is_b: "B",
is_c: "C",
}

# Since only one grade can evaluate to True, grade_values[True] will return the
correct grade
grade = grade_values[True]

print(grade)

program 2
def get_letter_grade(numeric_grade):
if numeric_grade >= 90:
return 'A'
elif numeric_grade >= 80:
return 'B'
elif numeric_grade >= 70:
return 'C'
elif numeric_grade >= 60:
return 'D'
elif numeric_grade >= 50:
 return 'Fail'
else:
return 'G'

def main():
try:
# Get user input
numeric_grade = float(input("Enter your numeric grade: "))

# Get the letter grade

letter_grade = get_letter_grade(numeric_grade)

# Print the letter grade

print(f"Your letter grade is: {letter_grade}")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

program 3
n = 5

# Upper half of the butterfly

for i in range(1, n + 1):
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
for j in range(2 * (n - i)):
print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
print()

# Lower half of the butterfly

for i in range(n, 0, -1):
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
for j in range(2 * (n - i)):
print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
print()

for i in range(5):
for j in range(5):
print("*", end="")
print()

for i in range(5):
for j in range(i):
print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i, 5):
print("* ", end="")
print()

for i in range(5):
for j in range(5, i, -1):
 print(" ", end="")
for k in range(i + 1):
print("* ", end="")
print()

n = 5

# Upper half of the diamond

for i in range(n):
for j in range(n - 1, i, -1):
print(" ", end="")
for k in range(i + 1):
print("* ", end="")
print()

# Lower half of the diamond

for i in range(1, n):
for j in range(i):
print(" ", end="")
for k in range(n - 1, i - 1, -1):
print("* ", end="")
print()

n = 5

for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
if i == 0 or i == n - 1 or j == 0 or j == n - 1:
print("*", end="")
else:
print(" ", end="")
print()

program 4
# Python program to
# demonstrate stack implementation
# using list

stack = []

# append() function to push

# element in the stack
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')

print('Initial stack')
print(stack)

# pop() function to pop

# element from stack in
# LIFO order
print('\nElements popped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

print('\nStack after elements are popped:')

print(stack)

# uncommenting print(stack.pop())
# will cause an IndexError
# as the stack is now empty

queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)

Ex no:3

# define size n = even only

n = 8

# so this heart can be made n//2 part left,

# n//2 part right, and one middle line
# i.e; columns m = n + 1
m = n+1

# loops for upper part

for i in range(n//2-1):
for j in range(m):

# condition for printing stars to GFG upper line

if i == n//2-2 and (j == 0 or j == m-1):
print("*", end=" ")

# condition for printing stars to left upper

elif j <= m//2 and ((i+j == n//2-3 and j <= m//4) \
or (j-i == m//2-n//2+3 and j > m//4)):
print("*", end=" ")

# condition for printing stars to right upper

elif j > m//2 and ((i+j == n//2-3+m//2 and j < 3*m//4) \
or (j-i == m//2-n//2+3+m//2 and j >= 3*m//4)):
print("*", end=" ")

# condition for printing spaces

else:
print(" ", end=" ")
print()

# loops for lower part

for i in range(n//2-1, n):
 for j in range(m):

# condition for printing stars

if (i-j == n//2-1) or (i+j == n-1+m//2):
print('*', end=" ")

# condition for printing GFG

elif i == n//2-1:

if j == m//2-1 or j == m//2+1:
print('G', end=" ")
elif j == m//2:
print('F', end=" ")
else:
print(' ', end=" ")

# condition for printing spaces

else:
print(' ', end=" ")

print()

Ex no:3

n = 5

# Upper half of the butterfly

for i in range(1, n + 1):
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
for j in range(2 * (n - i)):
print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
print()

# Lower half of the butterfly

for i in range(n, 0, -1):
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")
for j in range(2 * (n - i)):
print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i):
print("*", end="")

Ex no:3

# Python implementation
# to print circle pattern

import math

# function to print circle pattern

def printPattern(radius):
 # dist represents distance to the center
# for horizontal movement
for i in range((2 * radius)+1):

# for vertical movement

for j in range((2 * radius)+1):

dist = math.sqrt((i - radius) * (i - radius) +

(j - radius) * (j - radius))

# dist should be in the

# range (radius - 0.5)
# and (radius + 0.5) to print stars(*)
if (dist > radius - 0.5 and dist < radius + 0.5):
print("*",end="")
else:
print(" ",end="")

print()

# Driver code

radius = 6
printPattern(radius)

# This code is contributed

# by Anant Agarwal.

Ex no:4

# Python program to
# demonstrate stack implementation
# using list

stack = []

# append() function to push

# element in the stack
stack.append('a')
stack.append('b')
stack.append('c')

print('Initial stack')
print(stack)

# pop() function to pop

# element from stack in
# LIFO order
print('\nElements popped from stack:')
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

print('\nStack after elements are popped:')

print(stack)
# uncommenting print(stack.pop())
# will cause an IndexError
# as the stack is now empty

Ex no:4

queue = []
queue.append('a')
queue.append('b')
queue.append('c')
print("Initial queue")
print(queue)
print("\nElements dequeued from queue")
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print(queue.pop(0))
print("\nQueue after removing elements")
print(queue)

Ex no:4

t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'

t[0]
12345
t
(12345, 54321, 'hello!')
# Tuples may be nested:
u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
u
((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
# Tuples are immutable:
t[0] = 88888
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
# but they can contain mutable objects:
v = ([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])
v
([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1])
empty = ()
singleton = 'hello', # <-- note trailing comma
len(empty)
0
len(singleton)
1
singleton
('hello',)
x, y, z = t

Ex no:6

# importing os module
import os

# File name
file = 'file1.txt'

# File location
location = "D:/Pycharm projects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil/"

# Path
path = os.path.join(location, file)

# Remove the file

# 'file.txt'
os.remove(path)

Ex no:6

import os

# define the name of the directory to be created

path = "/tmp/year"

try:
os.mkdir(path)
except OSError:
print ("Creation of the directory %s failed" % path)
else:
print ("Successfully created the directory %s " % path)