Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.

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i) Natural numbers: Counting numbers, i.e, 1, 2, 3, 4,… are called natural numbers.

ii) Whole numbers: Counting numbers and 0, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,… are called whole numbers.

iii) Integers: All natural numbers, zero and negative of natural numbers, i.e.,… –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,... Are
called integers.

p
iv) Rational numbers: All numbers of the form , where p and q are integers and q 0 are called
q
rational numbers.
Numbers System

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The numbers ...–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called integers. The numbers 1, 2, 3, … i.e., natural
numbers, are called positive integers and the numbers –1, –2, –3,… are called negative integers. The
number 0 is simply an integer. It is neither positive nor negative.

Positive integers

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Negative integers

Note i) All negative integers are smaller than zero and all positive integers are greater than zero.
ii) 1 is the smallest positive integer.
iii) –1 is the largest negative integer.
iv) Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer.

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We are going to learn the following operations on integers:

i) Addition ii) Subtraction
iii) Multiplication iv) Division

Example 1: Find the value of (–8) – (–13).

Solution: (–8) – (– 13) = –8 + 13 = 5

Example 2: Find the value of (–8) – (–3).

Solution: (–8) – (–3) = – 8 + 3 = –5

1. Closure property : If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then (i) a + b is also an integer (ii) a – b is also an
integer.

Hence, closure property holds for both addition and subtraction of integers.

2. Associative Property : If a, b, and c are integers, then

i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
ii) a – (b – c) (a – b) – c
Hence associative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.
3. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then
i) a + b = b + a
ii) a – b b – a
Hence commutative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.
4. Additive Inverse : If ‘a’ is an integer, then
(i) a + (–a) = 0
(ii) a – a = 0
‘–a’ is called additive inverse of ‘a’ (or) negative of ‘a’
5. Role of Zero : If ‘a’ is an integer, then
(i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a 0 is an additive identity
(ii) a – 0 = a but 0 – a a [as 0 – a = –a]

1. Closure property : If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then

i) a × b is an integer
ii) a b need not be an integer

Example: 2 × 3 = 6 is an integer
2 3 = 2/3 is a fraction
Closure property is true for multiplication but not for division

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2. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then

i) a × b = b × a
ii) a b b a
Hence commutative property holds for multiplication but not for division.

3. Associative property : If a, b and c are integers, then

i) (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
ii) (a b) c a (b c)
Hence associative property hold for multiplication but not for division.

4. Role of 1 : If a is an integer, then

i) a × 1 = 1 × a = a [1 is called multiplicative identity]
ii) a/1 = a but 1/a a

5. Multiplicative Inverse : If a is an integer, then 1/a is called multiplicative inverse of a,

provided a 0
1 1
i) a a 1
a a
a
ii) 1; i.e. a a 1
a

6. Distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction:

If a, b, c are integers, then a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
If a, b, c are integers, then a × (b – c) = a × b – a × c
Note i) If there are odd number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be negative
integer.
ii) If there are even number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be in
positive integer.

Example 3: Find the value of (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1).

Solution: (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1)

= {(–5) + (–4)} + {(–3) + (–2)} + (–1) (Group first two and next two integers)
= {(–9) + (–5)} + (–1) (group first two integers)
= (–14) + (–1)
= –15

Example 4: Find the value of (–25) + (13) + (–49).

Solution: (–25) + (13) + (–49) = {(–25) + (13)} + (–49) (By grouping)

= (–12) + (–49) = –61

Example 5: Find the value of (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1).

Solution: (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) = {(–5) – (–4)} – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) {Grouping first two}
= [(–1) – (–3)] – (–2) – (–1)
= [(+2) – (–2)] – (–1) = 4 – (–1) = 5
Aliter
(–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1).
=–5+4+3+2+1
= – 5 + (4 +3 + 2 + 1)
= 5 + 10 = 5
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Example 6: Find the value of 100 – 1 – 99.

Solution: 100 – 1 – 99 = (100 –1) – 99 {Grouping first two}

= 99 – 99
= 0
Example 7: (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6)
–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6) = ++720
120

2 6 24 120 72 0 [even number of negative integers]

Example 8: (–15) × (40) × (–5) = ?
(–15) × (40) × (–5) = + 3000

600 3000
Example 9: The value of (–100) 20
100 10
Solution: 5
20 2

Note: If there are two or more of the fundamental operations +, –, × and in a numerical expression, the
order of operation is
Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction
This rule is abbreviated as DMAS. It holds good for integers also.
Example 10: Simplify 36 3+4×3–4
Solution: 36 3 + 4 × 3 – 4 = 12 + 4 × 3 – 4 (division)
= 12 + 12 – 4 (multiplication)
= 24 – 4 (addition)
= 20 (subtraction)
Example 11: Simplify 36 (–3) + (–4) × 3 – (–4)
Solution: 36 (–3) + (–4) × 3 – (–4) = –12 + (–4) × 3 – (–4) (division)
= –12 + (–12) – (–4) (multiplication)
= –24 – (–4) (addition)
= –24 + 4 = –20 (subtraction)
Use of Brackets: When brackets are present in a problem, we simplify the terms inside the
brackets first.
We also sometimes use another grouping symbol ‘–‘ called bar or vinculum. The terms inside
the bar are simplified before the brackets.
Note: If there are two or more fundamental operations along with brackets the order of
operation in as follows:

Bracket Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction

This is abbreviated as BODMAS

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The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer a is denoted by | a | and is given by
a, a 0
|a|
a, a < 0

Example 12: 17 17 34
17 17 34
34 34 0

1. The numbers ….. –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…., etc., are integers.
2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…. are positive integers and –1, –2. –3,… are negative integers.
3. 0 is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.
4. 0 is less than every positive integer and greater than every negative integer.
5. The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer is denoted by | a | and is given by
a, a 0
6. |a|
a, a 0

7. –a and a are negative or additive inverse of each other.

8. Any integer when multiplied or divided by 1 results in itself and when multiplied or
divided by –1 results in its negative.
9. If there are odd number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be
negative integer.

10. If there are even number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be in
positive integer.

1. – –
Same signs gives positive result
2.
3. – –
Opposite signs gives negative result
4. – –
5. If a, b, c are integers then:
a) a b a c b c, if c 0

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b) a b a c b c, if c 0
6. If a is a non-zero integer, then 0 a 0 .
7. If a is an integer, then a 0 is not meaningful.
8. ( ) ( ) same sign gives positive results.
9. ( ) ( ) same sign gives positive results.
10. ( ) ( ) opposite signs gives negative results.
11. ( ) ( ) opposite signs gives negative results.

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1. What will be the sign of the product if we multiply together:

i) 8 negative integers and 1 positive integer?
ii) 21 negative integers and 3 positive integers?
iii) 199 negative integers and 10 positive integers?

2. Verify the following:

i) 19 × {7 + (–3)} = 19 × 7 + 19 × (–3)
ii) (–23) {(–5) + (+19)} = (–23) × (–5) + (–23) × (19)

3. Find each of the following products:

i) (–2) × 36 × (–5)
ii) 18 × (–27) × 30 iii) (–45) × 55 × (–10)

4. Using the sign of >, <, = in the box

i) (–8) + ( 4) ( 8) – ( 4)
ii) 3 + 7 – (19) 15 – 8 + ( 9)

5. Find the value of:

i) ( 3) ( 8) ( 4) 2 ( 2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

ii) ( 3) ( 4) ( 2) ( 1)
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –5 (d) –7

iii) ( 40) ( 1) ( 28) 7

(a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 32

6. Simplify each of the following:

1
i) 25 5 4 (3 2 1 3)
2
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21
ii) 27 38 46 (15 13 2)
(a) 30 (b) 31 (c) 32 (d) 33
iii) 36 18 14 (15 4 2 2)
(a) 20 (b) 21 (c) 22 (d) 23

7. Simplify each of the following :

i) 63 ( 3) 2 8 3 3{5 ( 2)( 1)}

(a) 62 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65
ii) 29 ( 2) 6 (7 3) 3 5 ( 3) ( 2)
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2

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8. (i) Simplify: 48 18 16 (4 1)
(a) 43 (b) –42 (c) 0 (d) 40

(ii) Simplify: 5 {28 (29 7)}

(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13

9. Simplify each of the following :

i) 23 23 23 (23 23 23)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1
ii) 4 10 (25 13 3 ( 5) \
5
(a) –10 (b) 8 (c) –9 (d) 10

10. Simplify:
i) 15 ( 3) 4 7 3 5 ( 3) ( 6)
(a) –12 (b) –13 (c) 14 (d) 15

ii) 118 121 (11 11) ( 4) 3 9 2

(a) 108 (b) 109 (c) –108 (d) –109

11. Simplify: 10 – {5 + (–3) + 8 – (–11)}

(a) –11 (b) –10 (c) 1 (d) 0

12. Simplify:
140 2 [3 4{3 2 ( 8)}]
(a) 286 (b) 256 (c) 265 (d) –250

13. In a competitive exam, 3 marks are given for every correct answer and 1 mark is deduced for
every incorrect answer. Raju copied some answers from Reema and answered all the questions.
He scored 20 marks though he got 10 correct answers. How many incorrect answers had he
attempted? What values are promoted in the question?

14. In a quiz, 300 are awarded for every correct answer and a penalty of 75 is put for every
incorrect answer. Madhuri answered 15 questions out of which only 6 answers were correct. How
much money is earned by Madhuri in the quiz? If she distributes the money earned by her to poor
children in the neighbourhood, what values are being promoted?

15. A water tank has steps inside it. A monkey is sitting on the first step. The water level is at the
ninth step:
i) He jumps 3 steps down and then jumps back 2 steps up. In how many jumps will be reach the
water level?
ii) After drinking water, he wants to go back. For this, he jumps 5 steps up and then jumps back
3 steps down in every move. In how many jumps will he reach back the top of the tank?

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16. A shopkeeper earns a profit of 2 by selling a pen and a loss of 50 paise per pencil and loss of 15
paise per eraser while selling pencils and erasers of old stock. On a particular day, he earns a
profit of 10. If he sold 10 pens and the number of pencils and erasers he sold are in the ratio 7 :
10, then find the number of pencils and number of erasers he sold on the day.

17. In a competition 3 marks are given for every correct answer and (–2) marks are given for every
incorrect answer and no marks for not attempting any questions.
i) Sachin scored 20 marks. If he got 12 correct answers and he attempted all questions. How
many questions has he attempted incorrectly?
ii) Mohini scores (–5) marks in this competition, though she has got 7 correct answers and
attempted all questions. How many questions she has attempted incorrectly?

18. An elevator descends into a mine at the rate of 6 m/min. If the descend starts from 10 m above the
ground level, how long will it take to reach the shaft 350 m below the ground level?

19. A bookstore manager earns a profit of 20 by selling one new book and incurs a loss of 10 by
selling a second hand old book. In a particular month he earns neither profit nor loss. If he sold 25
new books, how many second hand old books did he sell?

20. If X is successor of–9897, Y is a predecessor of –4859.Then X – Y is:

(a) –5038 (b) –5032 (c) –5036 (d) –5034

21. If X = (–3) – (–8) – (+ 4), Y = (–10) – (–3) + (–4) then:

(a) X < Y (b) X > Y (c) Y = X (d) None of these

22. If X = (–2) + (–2) …. 20 times Y = (+3) + (+3) + (+3) …. 40 times then X + Y =

(a) 40 (b) –40 (c) 0 (d) None of these

23. If P = (–8) + (–3) + (+7)

Q = (–9) + (+3) + (+3) + (+2) +(–9)
R = (–6) + (–8) + (+3) + (+2) + (–9) then P + Q + R + 27 =
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –4 (d) None of these

24. If 4 p 32, 2q 16, then ( 10) p ( 18) q

(a) –6 (b) –24 (c) –8 (d) –10

25. If A = (+7) + (–10)

B = (–3) + (–8)
C = (+9) + (–13) then arrange A, B, C in ascending order:
(a) A, B, C (b) C, B, A (c) B, C, A (d) B, A, C

26. If (–9) – (–3) = X, (+7) – (–4) = Y, (+6) + (–2) = Z then X – Y – Z =

(a) 25 (b) –25 (c) –21 (d) –24

27. If (–8) + (–9) = x, (+10) + (–2) = y, (+11) + (–13) = z the x + y + z =

(a) –11 (b) –12 (c) –13 (d) –10

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28. Which statement is correct:

i) sum of three negative integers is –ve
ii) Sum of four negative integers is –ve
iii) Sum of two positive integers is +ve
(a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (i) (d) (i), (ii), (iii)

29. Absolute value of –11 is:

(a) 10 (b) –1 (c) 11 (d) –11

30. Identify the property used in the following:

2 × 13 + 8 × 13 = (2 + 8) × 13
(a) Commutative (b) Closure (c) Associative (d) Distributive

31. What will be multiplicative inverse of –8?

1 1
(a) 8 (b) (c) (d) 0
8 8
32. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) 7 0 = 7 (b) 7 0 = 0 (c) 7 0=0 7 (d) 0 7=0

33. Absolute value of ‘0’ is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these

34. The value of 28945 × 99 – (–28945) is

(a) 2894500 (b) –2894500 (c) 289450 (d) 28900

35. Absolute value of – 1 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these

Question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column I are labeled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column II are labeled p, q, r, s and t. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statements(s) in
Column II.

36. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (– 19) – (– 13) (p) + 16
B. (+ 19) – (+ 13) (q) + 32
C. (+ 19) – (– 13) (r) + 6
D. (+ 19) – (+ 3) (s) – 6
(a) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

37. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (– 7) × ( –12) (p) 70
B. (+ 7) × (–12) (q) –96
C. (+7) × (+10) (r) –84
D. (–8) × (+12) (s) + 84
(a) A – p; B – s; C – q; D – r (b) A – s; B – p; C – r; D – q
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – s; D – q

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38. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (–2) (–3) (6) (+1) (p) 2.5
B. (–100) 25 (q) 4
C. 0.025 × 100 (r) – 4
D. 86 + (–28) + 12 + (–34) (s) 36
(a) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – s (b) A – s; B – p; C – r; D – q
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – s; D – q

39. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (–22) + 21 + (–22) + 21 + …(40 terms) (p) – 120
B. (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) (q) 7
C. (–98) (–14) (r) 18
D. 24 – 4 2 × 3 (s) –20
(a) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – s (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – s; D – q

40. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (–5) – (–48) (–16) + (–2) × 6 (p) – 7
B. 48 18 16 5 4 1 (q) 15

C. (–3) × (–4) (–2) + (–1) (r) –20

D. 15 ( 3) 4 7 3 3(5) (s) 44
(a) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

41. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (–1728) 12 (p) 125
B. (–15625) (–125) (q) –1562500
C. 15625 × (–2) + (–15625) × 98 (r) 1894600
D. 18946 × 99 + (18946) (s) –144
(a) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

42. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. –12 + 24 (5 – 3) (p) –5
1
B. 222 42 56 8 9 108 (q) 887000
3
C. – 20 + (–10) (–2) × 3 (r) 87
D. 1569 × 887 – 569 × 887 (s) 0
(a) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

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43. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. Successor of – 576 (p) –1
B. Predecessor of 0 (q) 0
C. [(–1) × (–1) × … (20 terms] × (r) –575
[(–1) + 1 + 1 (–1) + (1) + (40 terms)]
D. (–1)1 + (–1)2 + … + (–1)2018 (s) 1
(a) A – r; B – p; C – q; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

44. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (–2) + 1 + (–2) + 1 + … (20 terms) (p) 12
B. [(1) + (–1) + (–1) + … (10 terms)] (q) –2
+ [(–2) + (–2) + 10 terms]
C. – 25 5×1+3 (r) –10
D. 16 + 10 5–2×3 (s) – 30
(a) A – r; B – s; C – q; D – p (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

45. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. Product of 8 negative integers and 2 (p) negative
Positive integers
B. Product of 2017 negative integers and (q) positive
19 positive integers
C. 16 + 8 4–2×3 (r) – 15
D. 25 – 5 × 6 3 (s) 12
(a) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r (b) A– s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

The answer to each of the questions is a single-digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.

46. If x = (–23) + 22 + (–23) + 22 + …… (40 terms) and y = 11 + (–10) + 11 + (–10) + …

(20 terms), then find the value of (y – x) 10.

47. Simplify 3 – (5 – 6 3)

48. Simplify (–2) + (–8) (–4)

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49. Simplify 39 3 23 29 17 9 3

50. Simplify {36 (–9)} {(–24) 6}

51. Simplify [–5 – (–48) (–16) + (–2) × 6] (–20)

52. 18 18 16 7

53. {24 – 4 2 × 3} 9

54. 0 (–100)

55. (–1) (–1)

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LEVEL – I

1. (i) +ve, (ii) – ve, (iii) –ve 3. (i) 360, (ii) –14580, (iii) 24750
4. (i) less than, (ii) less than 5. (i) (c), (ii) (d), (iii) (a)
6. (i)(d),(ii) (b), (iii) (b) 7. (i) (a), (ii) (c) 8. (i) (a), (ii) (b)
9. (i) (a), (ii) (d) 10. (i) (d), (ii) (b) 11. (a)
12. (a)

LEVEL – II

13. 10 14. 1125 15. (i) 11, (ii) 5 16. 14, 20 17. (i) 8, (ii) 13
18. 60 minutes 19. 50

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c)
30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a)
35. (b)

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a)

INTEGER TYPE
46. 3 47. 0 48. 0 49. 8 50. 1
51. 1 52. 4 53. 2 54. 0 55. 1

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 2
FRACTION: A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. The whole may be a single object or
a group of objects.
2
e.g., is a fraction with numerator 2 and denominator 5.
5
PROPER FRACTION: A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator, is called a proper
fraction.
7 3 2
e.g., , , etc.
9 11 5
IMPROPER FRACTION: A fraction whose numerator is more than or equal to the denominator, is
called an improper fraction.
5 121 11
e.g., , , etc.
2 49 5

MIXED FRACTION: A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction is called a mixed fraction.

1 2 1
e.g., 2 , 3 , 5 etc.
2 3 3

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS: A given fraction and various fractions obtained by multiplying (or
dividing) its numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number, are called equivalent fractions.

3 2 6 3 3 9 3 4 12
e.g., , , etc., are equivalent fractions equivalent to the
4 2 8 4 3 12 4 4 16
3
fraction .
4
a c c
If and are two equivalent fractions, then
b d
a d b c
a c b d
i.e., a d b c
b d
LIKE FRACTIONS: Fractions having the same denominators are called like fractions.

2 7 11
e.g., , , etc., are like fractions.
15 15 15

UNLIKE FRACTIONS: Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.

2 7 9
e.g., , , etc., are unlike fractions.
13 24 125

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FRACTION IN LOWEST TERMS: A fraction is in its lowest terms of its numerator and denominator
have no common factor other than 1.

In order to compare fractions, we may use the following steps:

Step I Find the LCM of the denominators of the given fractions.

Step II Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained
in step I.

Step III Arrange the fractions in ascending or descending order by arranging numerators in ascending
or descending order.

In order to convert unlike fractions to like fractions, we follow the following steps:

Step I Find the LCM of the denominators of the given fractions.

Step II Convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction having denominator equal to
the LCM obtained in step I.

In order to add and subtract unlike fractions, we follow the following steps:

Step I Obtain the fractions and their denominators.

Step II Find the LCM of the denominators.

Step III Convert each fraction into an equivalent fraction having its denominator equal to the LCM
obtained in step II.

Step IV Add or subtract like fractions obtained in step III.

2 1
Example: 2 3
3 2
2 3 2 3 2 1
3 2
8 7
3 2
8 2 7 3 LCM of 3 and 2 is 6. So, convert each fraction
3 2 2 3 to an equivalent fraction with denominator 6
16 21 16 21 37 1
6
6 6 6 6 6

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We define the multiplication of fractions as follows:

Product of their numerators a c (a c)
Product of two fractions = i.e.,
Product of their denominators b d (b d )

7 5 7 5 35
e.g.,
3 2 3 2 6
a
Division of Fraction: The division of a fraction
b
2 1 14 7 14 2 14 2 4
e.g., 4 3
3 2 3 2 3 7 3 7 3

DECIMALS: Decimals are in extension of our number system. Each decimal number or decimal has two
parts, namely

(i) Whole-number part, (ii) Decimal part.

These parts are separated by a dot (.), called the decimal point.

DECIMAL PLACES The number of digits contained in the decimal part of a decimal number is known
as the number of decimal places.

In order to compare decimal numbers, we may follow the following steps:

Step I Obtain the decimal numbers.

Step II Compare the whole parts of the numbers. The number with greater whole part will be greater.
If the whole are equal, go to next step.

Step III Compare the extreme left digits of the decimal parts of two numbers. The number with
greater extreme left digit will be greater. If the extreme left digits of decimal parts are equal,
then compare the next digits and so on.

Illustration 1 Which is greater of 48.23 and 39.35?

Solution The given decimals have distinct whole number parts, so we compare whole number parts
only.

In 48.23, the whole number part is 48.

In 39.35, the whole number part is 39.

48 > 39

48.23 > 39.35

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In order to add or subtract decimals, we may use the following steps:

Step I Convert the given decimals to like decimals.

Step II Write the decimals in columns with their decimal points directly below each other so that
tenths come under tenths, hundredths come under hundredths and so on.

Step III Add or subtract as we add or subtract whole numbers.

Step IV Place the decimal point, in the answer, directly below the other decimal points.

Illustration 2: Simplify: 36.65 – 15.79 + 57.615 + 85.2

Solution: We have
36.65 – 15.79 + 85.2 – 57.615
Converting the given decimals into
= 36.650 – 15.790 + 85.200 – 57.615
like decimals
= (36.650 +85.200) – (15.790 + 57.615)
= 121.850 –– 73.405
= 48.445
36.650 15.790 121.850
85.200 57.615 73.405
121.850 73.405 48.445

We follow the following rules to multiply a decimal by 10, 100, 1000, etc.

Step I On multiplying a decimal by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the right by one place.

Step II On multiplying a decimal by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the right by two places.

Step III On multiplying a decimal by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the right by three places,
and so on.

In order to multiply a decimal by another decimal, we follow the following steps:

Step I Multiply the two decimals without decimal point just like whole numbers.

Step II Insert the decimal point in the product by counting as many places from the right to left as the
sum of the number of decimal places of the given decimals.

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Illustration 3: Find the product of 2.5 and 6.25?

Solution: We have,
625
25
3125
1250
15625
625 25 15625
Since the sum of the decimal places in the given decimals is 1 + 2 = 3.
So, the product must contain 3 places of decimals.
Hence, 6.25 ×2.5 = 15.625

In order to divide a decimal by 10, 100, 1000 etc., we follow the following rules:

Rule 1: When a decimal is divided by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the left by one place.

Rule 2: When a decimal is divided by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the left by two places.

Rule 3: When a decimal is divided by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the left by three places.

In order to divide a decimal by another decimal, we follow the following steps:

Step I Multiply the dividend and divisor by 10 or 100 or 1000 etc., to convert the divisor into a
whole number.

Step II Divide the new dividend by the whole number obtained in step I. Following examples will
illustrate the above procedure.

Illustration 4: Divide 0.0216 by 0.6

We have,
0.0216 0.0216 10 0.216
0.6 0.6 10 6
6 0.036
0
21
− 18
36
− 36
0
Hence, 0.0216 0.6 = 0.036

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A rational number is a number that can be written in the form of a numerator upon a denominator. Here
the denominator should not be equal to 0. The numerator and the denominator will be integers. A rational
p
number is of the form
q

p = numerator, q = denominator, where p and q are integers and q 0

1 5 35
Examples: , , or 35 . Here we can see that all the numerators and denominators are integers and
3 9 1
even the denominators should be non-zero.

A rational number can have two types of decimal representations (expansions):

Terminating
Non-terminating but repeating.

Terminating Decimal Expansion:

The terminating decimal expansion means but the decimal representation or expansion terminates after a
certain number of digits. For example.

1 1 1 2
0.5, 0.25, 0.2, 0.4
2 4 5 5

Non-terminating but repeating Decimal Expansion

The non-terminating but repeating decimal expansion means that although the decimal representation has
an infinite number of digits, there is a repetitive pattern to it.

For example:

1
0.3333333333.... 0.3
3
2
0.2222222222.... 0.2
9
1
0.14285714285.... 0.142857
7

In this topic we’ll try to understand the steps involved in conversion of recurring (or repeating) decimal
numbers into rational fractions. The steps involved are as follows:

Step I: Let us assume ‘x’ to be the repeating decimal number we are trying to convert into rational
number.

Step II: Carefully examine the repeating decimal to find the repeating digits.

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Step III: Place the repeating digits to the left of decimal point.

Step IV: After step 3 place the repeating digits to the right of decimal point.

Step V: Now subtract left sides of the two equations. Then, subtract the right sides of the two equations.
As we subtract, just make sure the differences of both the sides are positive.

Example: (a) 5.15

(b) 7.85
(c) 0.16
(d) 2.3 1

Solution: (a) x 5.15 …(1)

Multiplying both sides of equation by 100
100 x 515.15 …(2)
Subtract equation (1) from (2)
100 x x 515.15 5.15
99 x 510
510
x
99

(b) 7.85
Multiplying both sides of equation by 10
10 x 78.5 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides of equation by 10
Subtract equation (1) and (2)
100 x 10 x 785.5 78.5
90 x 707
707
x
90

(c) x 0.16
Multiplying both sides of equation by 10
10 x 1.6 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides of equation by 10
100 x 16.6 …(2)
Subtract equation (1) from (2)
90 x 15
15
x
90

(d) x 2.3 1
Multiplying both sides by 10
10 x 23. 1 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides by 10
100 x 231. 1 …(2)

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100 x 10 x 231. 1 23. 1

90 x 208
208
x
90
Shortcut

(i) Fraction of the type 0.abcd

Repeated term
abcd
Number of 9's for the repeated terms

Example: Convert 0.7 in rational form

Solution: Here the number of repeated term is only 7, thus number of times 9 to be repeated in the
denominator is only one.
7
0.7
9

Example: Convert 0.125125125... in rational form

125
Solution: The decimal shown above can be written as 0.125
999
Here 125 consist three terms to be repeated in a continuous manner. Thus number of time
9 to be repeated in the denominator becomes three.

(ii) Fraction of the type: 0.ab..cd

(ab...cd ......) ab......
0.ab..cd
Number of time g's the repeating term followed by the number of times 0's for the non-repeated terms

Example: Convert 0.1234 in a rational form

Solution: In the given ratio we have 12 to be the on-repeated form and 34 to be of the repeating
form. Thus denominator becomes 9900.
1234 12 1222
0.1234
9900 9900

p
Example: Convert 0.0069 in form
q

Solution: In the given ratio we have 00 to be of the non-repeated form and 69 to be of the repeating
form. Thus denominator becomes 9900.
0069 69
0.0069
9900 9900

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5 3 7
Example 1: Simplify: 4 2 3
6 8 12
Solution: We have,
5 3 7
4 2 3
6 8 12
6 4 5 2 8 3 3 12 7 2 6 8 12
6 8 12 3 3 4 6
2 1 4 2
29 19 43
2 1 2 1
6 8 12
1 1 1
29 4 19 3 43 2
[ LCM of 6,8,12 is 2 3 2 2 = 24]
6 4 8 3 12 2
116 57 86 116 57 86 202 57 145
/
24 24 24 24 24 24

Example 2: What value will replace the question mark in the following equation?
1 1 1 2
4 3 ? 2 13
2 6 3 5

9 19 7 67
Solution: x
2 6 3 5
67 9 19 7 67 27 19 14 67 60
x x
5 2 6 3 5 6 5 6
67 17 2
x 10 3 .
5 5 5
2
Hence, missing fraction = 3 .
5
4 5 4 2
Example 3: of of a number is greater than of of the same number by 8. What is half of
15 7 9 5
that number?
4 5 4 2 4 8
Solution: Let the number be x. Then, of of x of of x 8 x x 8
15 7 9 5 21 45
4 8 60 56 4
x 8 x 8 x 8
21 45 315 315
8 315 1
x 630 x 315.
4 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
Example 4: Simplify: 3 1 2
4 4 2 2 4 6

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13 5 1 5 3 2 13 5 1 5 1
Solution: Given exp. =
4 4 2 2 12 4 4 2 2 12
13 5 1 30 1 13 5 29
=
4 4 2 12 4 4 24
13 30 29 13 1 13
= 24 78
4 24 4 24 4

Example 5: Find the value of x in each of the following equations:

17.28 x
(i) 2
3.6 0.2
(ii) 3648.24 + 364.824 + x – 36.4824 = 3795.1696
1 1
(iii) 8.5 5 7 2.8 x 4.25 (0.2) 2 306
2 2

17.28 17.28
Solution: (i) 2 3.6 0.2 x 12
x 1.44
364.824
(ii) (3794.1696) 36.4824) 3648.24 3830.652 3648.24 182.412
x
364.824
x 2
182.412
2.8 4.25 7.5 x 2.8 425
(iii) 8.5 5.5 7.5 = 306, 8.5 5.5 306
x 0.04 x 4
5.5 x 7.5 x 2.8 425 2 x 2.8
8.5 306 8.5 106.25 306
x 4 x
212.5 x 297.5 8.5 x 212.5 x 297.5
8.5 306 306
x x
297.5
(306 221) x 297.5 x 3.5
85

5
Example 6: Find the value of 4
1
1
1
3
1
2
4
5 5 5
Solution: Given exp. = 4 4 4
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 4 (31/ 9)
3 3
(9 / 4) 9
5 5 5 31 31 1
= 4 4 4 4
9 (40 / 31) 40 8 8
1
31

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2 3 1
Example 7: A man spends of his salary on house rent, of his salary on food and of his
5 10 8
salary on conveyance. If he has 1400 left with him, find his expenditure on food and
conveyance.

2 3 1 33 7
Solution: Part of the salary left = 1 1
5 10 8 40 40
Let the monthly salary be x
7 1400 40
Then, of x 1400 x 8000
40 7
3
Expenditure on food = 8000 2400
10
1
Expenditure on conveyance = 8000 1000
8

Example 8: What value will come in place of question mark in the following equations?
(i) 0.006 ? = 0.6 (ii) ? 0.025 = 80

0.006 0.006 0.006 10 0.06

Solution: (i) Let 0.6. Then, x 0.01
x 0.6 0.6 10 6
x
(ii) Let 80. Then, x = 80 × 0.025 = 2.
0.025

Example 9: Express as vulgar fractions: (i) 0.37 (ii) 0.053 (iii) 3.142857

37
Solution: (i) 0.37 .
99
53
(ii) 0.053 .
999
142857 142857
(iii) 3.142857 3 0.142857 3 3 .
999999 999999

1. A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole.

a
2. A fraction can be expressed in the form , where a, b are whole numbers and b 0 .
b

3. A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction.
Product of their numerator
4. Product of two fraction =
Product of their denominators

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5. Two fractions are said to be reciprocal of each other, if their product is 1. The reciprocal of a
a b
non-zero fraction is equal to .
b a
a c a
6. The division of a fraction by a non-zero fraction is the product of with the reciprocal
b d b
c
of .
d

1. Comparison of fractions can be done in the following ways:

a c
(a) If ad bc, then
b d
a c
(b) If ad bc, then
b d
a c
(c) If ad bc, then
b d
2. To add or subtract find equivalent fractions that have the same denominator.
a c a c
3. To multiply: , then simplify.
b d b d
a b
4. Reciprocal of a fraction (a 0, b 0) .
b a
a c a d a d
5. To divide .
b d b c b c
a c a b
6. If and ( a N , b N , c N , d N ) are two fractions, then is a fraction between
b d c d
a c
and .
b d
p
7. A fraction is non-terminating repeating or recurring decimal if a digit a block of digits are
q
repeated in the decimal part.
2
0.66 0.6
3
4
0.571428571428 0.571428
7

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27
1. The fraction 101 in decimal form is:
100000
(a) 0.01027 (b) 0.10127 (c) 101.00027 (d) 101.000027

2. When 0.36 is written in simplest fractional form, the sum of the numerator and the
denominator is:
(a) 34 (b) 45 (c) 114 (d) 135

3. What decimal of an hour is a second?

(a) 0.0025 (b) 0.0256 (c) 0.00027 (d) 0.000126

4. Which of the following has fractions in ascending order?

1 2 4 3 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) , , , , , (b) , , , , ,
3 5 7 5 6 7 3 5 5 7 6 7
1 2 3 5 4 6 2 3 1 4 5 6
(c) , , , , , (d) , , , , ,
3 5 5 6 7 7 5 5 3 7 6 7

5. Which of the following has fractions in ascending order?

2 3 7 9 8 3 2 9 7 8 3 2 7 9 8 8 9 7 2 3
(a) , , , , (b) , , , , (c) , , , , (d) , , , ,
3 5 9 11 9 5 3 11 9 9 5 3 9 11 9 9 11 9 3 5

6. Which of the following are in descending order of their value?

5 7 8 11 5 8 11 7 11 7 8 5 11 7 5 8
(a) , , , (b) , , , (c) , , , (d) , , ,
9 11 15 17 9 15 17 11 17 11 15 9 17 11 9 15

2 3 4 5
7. What is the difference between the biggest and the smallest fraction among , , and ?
3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 20 30

8. Which part contains the fractions in ascending order?

11 16 19 16 11 19 16 19 17 19 11 16
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
14 19 21 19 14 21 19 21 21 21 14 19

9. Which of the following fractions is the smallest?

13 15 17 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 19 21 8

3 5
10. Which of the following fractions is greater than and less than ?
4 6
1 2 4 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 10

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7 1
11. Which of the following fractions is less than and greater than ?
8 3
1 23 11 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 24 12 24

4 7
12. Which of the following numbers does not lie between and ?
5 13
1 2 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 7

7 5 2
13. The arrangement of rational numbers , , in ascending order is:
10 8 3
2 5 7 5 7 2 7 5 2 7 2 5
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
3 8 10 8 10 3 10 8 3 10 3 8

(6 6 6 6) 6
14. The value of is equal to:
4 4 4 4 4
3 4 6
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 3
2 13 13

4 4 18 6 8
15. ?
123 6 146 5
1 4
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 7.75
7 5

180 15 12 20
16. ?
140 8 2 55
1 4
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
7 5
3 1 2
17. 1 5 3 ?
4 3 5
2 29 2 29
(a) 9 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 10
5 60 5 60

1 1 1
18. 20 30 15 ?
2 3 6
1 2 5 1
(a) 34 (b) 35 (c) 35 (d) 45
6 3 6 3

1 1
19. is equal to:
1 3
2 1
3 4
7 12 1
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d) None of these
14 49 12

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5 8
20. 5 3 ? 1
6 9
2 3 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 2 18

1 1 1
21. If 4, then x = ?
3 2 x
5 6 18 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 19 5 11

1 2 4 1 1 3
22. 2 3 5 3 5 4 is simplified to:
1 2 4 1 1 4
2 3 3 3 5 5
3 10
(a) (b) (c) – 2 (d) 1
10 3

1
23. Which of the following can be used to compute 34 4 ?
2
1 1
(a) (30 4) 4 4 (b) (34 40) 34
2 2
1 1
(c) 30 4 (4 4) (d) 34 (30 4) (4 4)
2 2

3 4 5 21
24. of of of of 504 ?
5 7 9 24
(a) 63 (b) 69 (c) 96 (d) None of these

3
25. The difference of 1 and its reciprocal is equal to:
16
1 4 15
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
8 3 16

1 1
26. How many s are there in 37 ?
8 2
(a) 300 (b) 400
(c) 500 (d) Cannot be determined

3 1
27. is what part of ?
8 12
3 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
7 12 3

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4 3
28. If of an estate be worth 16,800, then the value of of the estate is:
3 7
(a) 5,400 (b) 21,000 (c) 72,000 (d) 90,000

29. Two-fifth of one-fourth of three-seventh of a number is 15. What is half of that number?
(a) 94 (b) 96 (c) 188 (d) None of these

30. One-fifth of a number exceeds one-seventh of the same by 10. The number is:
(a) 125 (b) 150 (c) 175 (d) 200

ab
31. If a b , find the value of 3 (3 1) .
a b
2
(a) – 3 (b) – 1.5 (c) – 1 (d)
3

32. If a b 2a 3b ab, then 3 5 5 3 is equal to

(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d) 28

33. If x y x2 2 y, what is the value of p if 4 (3 p ) 50?

(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 12.5

a b
34. If a b c means for all numbers except 0, then ( a b c ) a b is equal to:
c
a b c a b ac
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
ab bc

5 6 5 1
35. The value of of 1 2 3 is:
7 13 7 4
20 5 119
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 1
169 4 180

1 1 1
1
36. The simplified value of 3 3 3 is:
1 1 1 9
of
3 3 3
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
9 3

1 1 1
of
37. The value of 2 2 2 is:
1 1 1
of
2 2 2
1 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 3

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x 4 4 2y x
38. If , then the value of is
y 5 7 2y x
3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
7 7

a 4 6a 4b
39. If , then the value of is:
b 3 6a 5b
(a) –1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

x 6 x y 14
40. If , the value of is:
2y 7 x y 19
13 15 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 1
19 19 19

7 5
41. If 47.2506 4A 2C 6E, then the value of 5A + 3B + 6C + D + 3E is:
B D
(a) 43.6003 (b) 53.60003 (c) 153.6003 (d) 213.0003

42. 337.62 + 8.591 + 34.4 = ?

(a) 370.611 (b) 380.511 (c) 380.611 (d) 426.97

43. The value of (1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001) is:

(a) 1.001 (b) 1.011 (c) 1.003 (d) 1.111

44. 34.95 + 240.016 + 23.98 = ?

(a) 298.0946 (b) 298.111 (c) 298.946 (d) 299.09

45. 617 + 6.017 + 0.617 + 6.0017 = ?

(a) 6.2963 (b) 62.965 (c) 629.6357 (d) None of these

46. 48.95 – 32.006 = ?

(a) 16.089 (b) 16.35 (c) 16.89 (d) 16.944

47. 792.02 + 101.32 – 306.76 = ?

(a) 586.58 (b) 893.34 (c) 997.11 (d) 1200.10

48. 0.002 × 0.05 = ?

(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1

49. 16.02 × 0.001 = ?

(a) 0.001602 (b) 0.01602 (c) 0.1602 (d) 1.6021

50. 0.014 × 0.014 = ?

(a) 0.000196 (b) 0.00196 (c) 19.6 (d) 196

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51. 0.213 0.00213 = ?

(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) None of these

52. 4.036 divided by 0.04 gives:

(a) 1.009 (b) 10.09 (c) 100.9 (d) None of these

1
53. is equal to:
0.04
1 2
(a) (b) (c) 2.5 (d) 25
40 5

0.009
54. 0.01
?
(a) 0.0009 (b) 0.09 (c) 0.9 (d) 9

55. 0.04 × ? = 0.000016.

(a) 0.0004 (b) 0.04 (c) 4 (d) None of these

56. The value of 4.12 is:

11 11 371
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) (d) None of these
90 99 900

57. The value of 2.136 is:

47 68 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) None of these
220 495 22

1 1
58. If 0.16134, then the value of is:
6.198 0.0006198
(a) 0.016134 (b) 0.16134 (c) 1613.4 (d) 16134

3.6 0.48 2.50

59. The value of is:
0.12 0.09 0.5
(a) 80 (b) 800 (c) 2.40 (d) 3.25

60. 15.8 – 6.73 is equal to

(a) 8.07 (b) 9.07 (c) 9.13 (d) 9.25

61. The value of (0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.39) is:

20 1 13
(a) 0.57 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
35 3 33

62. (0.09 7.3) is equal to:

(a) 0.6 (b) 0.657 (c) 0.67 (d) 0.667

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63. (8.3 1 0.6 0.002)

(a) 0.48 (b) 0.48 (c) 0.0.4801 (d) 8.979

1 1 1 1 1
64. Find the value of ...
2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 10
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) None of these

65. If 13 + 23 + …+93 = 2025, then the value of (0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + …+ (0.99)3 is close to:
(a) 0.2695 (b) 0.3695 (c) 2.695 (d) 3.695

1 1 1
66. The value of correct to 4 decimal places is:
4 4 5 4 5 6
(a) 0.3075 (b) 0.3082 (c) 0.3083 (d) 0.3085

1 1 1
67. The sum of the first 20 terms of the series ... is:
5 6 6 7 7 8
(a) 0.16 (b) 1.6 (c) 16 (d) None of these

1 1
3 2
68. The value of 35.7 1 1 is:
3 2
3 2
(a) 30 (b) 34.8 (c) 36.6 (d) 41.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.02

69. Simplify: .
0.044
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.4 (c) 1 (d) 2

(36.54) 2 (3.46) 2
70. 40
?
(a) 3.308 (b) 4 (c) 33.08 (d) 330.8

3 1 1 1
71. 5 2 0.5 is equal to:
4 2 6 7
19 61 23 47
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
84 84 84 84

1 1 1 1 2 5 3 7
72. When is divided by , the result is :
2 4 5 6 5 9 5 18
1 1 3 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 5
18 6 10 10

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1 2 1 1 1
73. 5 3 1 ? 3 1 7
3 3 3 5 5
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
2 3 4

2 3 1 7
74. 9 1 of 3 5 of ?
9 11 7 9
5 32
(a) (b) 8 (c) 8 (d) 9
4 81

5 6 8 3 3 1 7
75. ? 1 3 2
6 7 9 5 4 3 9
7 6
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
6 7

1 1
3 1 2 2 3 31 5
76. 2 of ?
4 4 3 1 1 3 6
2 3
7 49 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 54 3 6

7 1 5
1 of
77. A student was asked to solve the fraction 3 2 3 and his answer was 1 . By how much
2 4
2 1
3
was his answer wrong?
1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
55 220

1 3 2 1
3 4 5 3
78. Simplify:
2 3 1 4
1 of of
3 4 4 5
1 23 23 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
63 40 55 63

1 3 1 1
7 5 1
79. 2 4 2 4 0.6
1 1 1
3 ? 1 3
2 5 2
1 1 2
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) None of these
3 2 3

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1 1
80. 4.59 1.8 3.6 5.4 of ?
9 5
(a) 2.695 (b) 2.705 (c) 3.105 (d) None of these

81. If (a – b) is 6 more than (c + d) and (a + b) is 3 less than (c – d), then (a – c) is:

(a) 0.5 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d) None of these

2
64 34.7125
82. 5 1:
6.25 of ?
2 3
(a) 2 (b) 2.75 (c) 4 (d) None of these
3 4

1
83. The value of is:
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
3 19 8 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 3 19

1
84. If 2 x , then the value of x is:
1
1
1
3
4
12 13 18 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17

1
2
4
3
85. If 5 x, then the value of x is:
1
2
1
3
1
1
4
1 3 8
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
7 7 7

1 2
1 2
86. 8 8 5 7 is equal to:
1
2
1
6
6
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6q (d) 8

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2
87. is simplified to:
2
2 0.39
2
3
2
3
3
1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) None of these
3

3 1 2 2 6 12
88. 1 1 1 1 1 ?
4 3 3 5 7 13
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 6 7
1 1 1 1
89. The value of 1 1 1 ... 1 is:
2 3 4 120
(a) 30 (b) 40.5 (c) 60.5 (d) 121

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
90. Find the sum: .
2 6 12 20 30 42 56 72 90 110 132
7 11 15 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 12 16 18

Question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column I are labeled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column II are labeled p, q, r, s and t. Any

given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statements(s) in

Column II.

91. Match the following:

Column I Column II
57
A. 0.125125125….is (p)
99
B. The value of 0.57 is (q) 0.004
C. 0.04 ? 0.000016 (r) 100
125
D. 0.213 0.00213 ? (s)
999
(a) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

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92. Match the following:

Column I Column II
0.0203 2.92 73
A. The value of (p)
0.0073 14.5 0.7 77
B. If 1.5x = 0.04y, then the value of (q) 5
y x
is
y x
0.896 0.763 0.896 0.237
C. Value of is (r) 0.8
0.7 0.064 0.7 0.936
8 [5 ( 3 2)] 2
D. Value of is (s) 1.28
|5 3| |5 8| 3
(a) A – r; B – p; C – s; D – q (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

93. Match the following:

Column I Column II
x 6 x y 14
A. If then value of is (p) 998996
2y 7 x y 19
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.03
B. (q) 120
0.099
995
C. The value of 999 999 is (r) 13
999
x x
D. If 4, then x is (s) 1
5 6
(a) A – r; B – p; C – s; D – r (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – s; B – s; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

94. Match the following:

Column I Column II
3x 21
A. 4x + 5y = 83 and , then y – x is (p) 0.0012
2y 22
142857
B. 0.0204 17 is (q) 3
999999
C. 3.142857 is (r) 4
161
D. 2.536 (s) 2
300
(a) A – r; B – p; C – q; D – s (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

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95. Match the following:

Column I Column II
0.05 0.25 x
A. ? (p)
0.25 0.05 10
547.527 547527
B. If x then value of is (q) 26/5
0.0082 82
1.49 14.9 0.51 5.1
C. is equal to (r) 78
14.9 5.1
D. Value of 3 1 1
1 1 1
2
1 1 is (s) 2
4 4 2 2 4 6
(a) A – r; B – p; C – q; D – s (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

The answer to each of the questions is a single-digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.

96. Find the value of 1001 11 of 13.

180 15 12 20
97. Simplify
140 8 2 55

1 1
98. Simplify
1 3
2 1
3 4

2 2 x 1 2 1
99. Find the value of ‘x’ in 1 1 .
3 7 7 4 3 6

x 4 6x 4 y
100. If then find the value of .
y 3 6x 5 y

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.04

101. Simplify
0.176

102. If x 5 then find the value of ‘x’.

4
y 1
1
1
3
1
2
4

2x p
103. If 1 and x then, find the value of ‘q’.
1 q
1
x
1
1 x

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7 5 3
x 2 2 2 5.25 then, find the value of ‘y’.
104. If
y 7 5 3
of
2 2 2

1 1
105. Find the integral part of ‘x ’in 8.5 5 7 2.8 x 4.25 (0.2) 2 306 .
2 2

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Single Correct)

LEVEL - I

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c)
36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (c)
46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (b)

LEVEL - II

61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c)
66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (b) 75. (b)
76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c)
86. (b) 87. (d) 88. (c) 89. (c) 90. (b)

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (d)

INTEGER TYPE

96. 7 97. 2 98. 1 99. 6 100. 4

101. 1 102. 1 103. 3 104. 7 105. 3

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 3
Collection of observations is called data.

Data are of two types:

(a) Primary Data: When an investigator collects data himself with a definite plan or design in his
(her mind), it is called primary data.

(b) Secondary Data: Data which are not originally collected by the investigator, but they are
obtained from some sources are called secondary data.

Any information collected can be first arranged in a frequency distribution table, and this information
can be put as a visual representation in the form of pictographs or bar graphs. Graphs are a visual
representation of organised data. They are of following types:

1. Bar Graphs 2. Pictograph 3. Pie charts 4. Line Graph

1. Bar Graph: A bar graph is the representation of data using rectangular bars of uniform width,
and with their lengths depending on the frequency and the scale chosen. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally. You can look at a bar graph and make deductions about the data. Bar
graphs are used for plotting discrete or discontinuous data, i.e. data that has discrete values and
is not continuous. Some examples of discontinuous data are 'shoe size' and 'eye colour', for which
you can use a bar chart. On the other hand, examples of continuous data include 'height' and
'weight'. A bar graph is very useful if you are trying to record certain information, whether the
data is continuous or not.

Use of Graph for Comparative Analysis: Graphs can also be used for comparative analysis.
Double bar graphs are used for comparing data between two different things. The difference
between a bar graph and a double bar graph is that a bar graph displays one set of data, and a
double bar graph compares two different sets of information or data.

2. Pictograph: A pictogram can be used to illustrate data that can be counted using symbols to
represent amount.
Bus
Car
Key = 20 peoples Walk
Cycle
Train

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3. Pie Charts: It is used to display discrete data. Each sector, called a pie represents, part of a
whole. The angles at the centre of a pie chart add upto 360°. The given pie chart shows how Rishi
spends his day.

4. Line Graph: It can be used to display continuous data. They are used to show trends of
temperatures, rainfall etc., over a period of times.

The central value or representative value of a group observations or data is the value that
represent the entire data. Various methods of determining the value are known as the measures of
central tendency.

The most commonly used measures of central tendency are:

1. Arithmetic mean 2. Mode 3. Median

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1. Arithmetic mean: Arithmetic mean is a number that lies between the highest and the
lowest value of data.
sum of all observations
Arithmetic mean
number of observations

Note: Arranging the data in ascending or descending order is not needed to calculate
arithmetic mean.

Properties

i) If x is the arithmetic mean of n observations x1 , x2 , x3 ,... xn ; then

( x1 x) ( x2 x) ( x2 x) ... ( xn x) 0

ii) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is increased by p, the

mean of the new observations is (x + p).

iii) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is deceased by p, the

mean of the new observations is (x – p).

iv) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is multiplied by a non-

zero number p, the mean of the new observation is px.

v) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is divided by a non-

zero number p, the mean of the new observations is (x/p)

Mean of tabulated data:

If x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ,......xn are n observations, and f1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , ...... f n represent frequency of n

observations.

Frequency

In statistics the frequency of an event is the number of times the event occurred in an experiment
or study.

Then mean of the tabulated data is given by:

( f1 x1 f 2 x2 f 3 x3 ..... f n xn ) ( f i xi )
( f1 f 2 f 3 ...... f n ) fi

Example:

A dice is thrown 20 times and the following scores were recorded 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6,

1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 2.

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Solution:
Number of the upper face of the Number of times it occurs (frequency) f i xi
1 2 1×2=2
2 2 2×2=4
3 5 3 × 5 = 15
4 1 4×1=4
5 4 5 × 4 = 20
6 6 6 × 6 = 36
( f i xi )
Therefore, mean of the data =
fi
(2 4 15 4 20 36)
=
20
81
= 4.05
20

2. Mode: Mode refers to the observation that occurs most often in a given data. The following are
the steps to calculate mode:

Step – 1: Tabulate the data in a frequency distribution table or descending order.

Note:
It is possible for a set of data values to have more than one mode.
If there are two data values that occur most frequently, we say that the set of data values is
bimodal.
If there is no data value or data values that occur most frequently, we say that the set of data
values has no mode.

3. Median: Median refers to the value that lies in the middle of the data with half of the
observations above it and the other half of the observations below it. The following are
the steps to calculate median
Step – 1: Arrange the data in ascending order or decending order.
Step – 2: Find the middle terms.
If there is only one middle term, then that term is the median. If there are two middle terms, then
the average of both the terms gives the median.
Note: The mean, mode and median are representative values of a group of observations or data,
and lie between the minimum and maximum values of the data. They are also called measures of
the central tendency.

4. Range: Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation .

In our daily life we come across the word like probability, likely, may be chance and hope etc.
All these are synonyms to probability. It is widely used in the study of mathematics, statistics,
gambling, physical science, biological science, weather forecasting, finance, etc.

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To draw conclusions:

Probability is defined as the numerical method of measuring uncertainty involved in a

situation.
An experiment, in which all possible outcomes we know, is called a random
experiment.
The possible result of an experiment are called the outcomes.
A combination of outcomes is called an event.

No. of favourable outcomes

Probability of event =
Total number of outcomes

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Problem 1: Draw simple bar diagram to represent the profits of a bank for 5 years.

Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Profit (million $) 10 12 18 25 42

Solution: Simple bar chart showing the profit of a bank for 5 years.
Simple Bar Chart

45
40
Profit (Million $)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Years

Profit (Million…

Problem 2: Draw multiple bar chart to represent the import and export of Canada (values in $) for the
years 1991 to 1995.
Years Imports Exports
1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 6145

Solution: Simple bar chart showing the import and export of Canada from 1991 to 1995.

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Problem 3: Calculate the arithmetic mean, range, median and mode of the following data:
2, 4, 7, 4, 9, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7

sum of all observations 2 4 7 4 9 5 7 3 6 7

Solution: Arithmetic mean
number of observations 10
54
= 5.4
10
Median:
Step –I : Arranging the data in ascending order,
2,3,4,4,5,6,7,7,7,9
Step –II Here the middle terms are 5 and 6
5 6 11
The average of 5 and 6 = 5.5
2 2
Therefore, Median = 5.5
Mode: The most repeating values is 7. Therefore, Mode is 7.
Range: Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation = 9 – 2 =7

Problem 4: A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The balls are identical in all respects
other than colour). A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the bag.
What is probability of getting a red ball? Is it more or less than getting a yellow
ball?

Solution: There are total (4 + 2 = 6) outcomes of the event.

Getting a red ball consists of 4 outcomes.
No. of favourable outcomes
Probability of event =
Total number of outcomes
2 4
Therefore, i) the probability of getting a red ball =
3 6
2 1
ii) the probability of getting a yellow ball =
6 3
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball is more than that of getting a
yellow ball.

Problem 5: Find the mean of the following distribution.

xi 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Total
fi 4 6 8 18 6 5 3 50

Solutions: xi fi f i xi
10 4 40
15 6 90
20 8 160

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25 18 450
30 6 180
35 5 175
40 3 120
50 1215
f i xi
Mean ( x )
fi
1215 243
50 10
= 24.3

Problem 6: The mean marks scored by 100 students was found to be 40. Later on it was observed that
a score of 53 was misread as 83. Find the correct mean.

Solution: Mean ( x ) 40
n 100
xi
x
n
xi
40 xi 4000
n
Incorrect value of xi 4000
Correct value of xi = Incorrect value of xi – Incorrect value + Correct value
= 4000 – 83 + 53 = 3970
3970
Correct mean = 39.7
100

Problem 7: The following observations have been arranged in the ascending order. If the median of
the data is 63. Find the value of x.
29, 32, 49, 50, x, x + 2, 72, 78, 84, 95.

Solution: Number of observation is even

th th
n n
observation 1 observation
2 2
Median =
2
5th
6th observation
63
2
x x 2
63
2
2x 2
63
2
63 x 1
x 62

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Problem 8: In a class average score of girls in an examination is 73 and that of boys is 71. The
average score of the whole class is 71.8. Find the percentage of girls and boys in the
class.

Solution: Let the no. of girls be ‘x’ and that of boys be ‘y’
Sum of all scores of girls
Average score of girls =
Total no. of girls
gi
73=
x
gi 73 x
bi
Similarly, average score of boys =
y
bi
71
y
bi 71 y
73 x 71 y
Average score of the whole class =
x y
73 x 71 y
71.8
x y
71.8 x 71.8 y 73x 71y
1.2 x 0.8 y
1.2 x 3x
y
0.8 2
x x
% of girls = 100% 100%
x y 3x
x
2
Percentage of girls = 40%
and the percentages of boys = 60%

Problem 9: The mean of 5 numbers is 18. If one number is excluded, their mean is 16. Find the
excluded number.

xi
Solution: Mean
n
xi
18 18 5 90
n
Le the excluded number be ‘x’
Then the sum of remaining 4 nos. 90 – x
90 x
(Mean of 4 nos.) 16 64 90 x x 26
4
Problem 10: Find the missing frequency if it is known that mean of the distribution is 1.46.
xi 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
fi 46 f1 f2 25 10 5 200

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Solution: xi fi f i xi
0 46 0
1 f1 f1
2 f2 2 f2
3 25 75
4 10 40
5 5 25
200 140 f1 f2
f i xi
Mean ( x )
fi
fi 200
86 f1 f2 200
f1 f2 114 …(1)
f1 114 f2
f i xi
x
fi
140 f1 2 f 2
1.46
200
Putting f1 114 f 2 , we get
140 114 f 2 2 f2
1.46
200
292 254 f 2
f2 38
f1 76

Problem 11: The average of 5 numbers is 6. The average of 3 of them is 8. What is the average of the
remaining two numbers?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 3.5

x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
Solution: Average of 5 numbers x
5
5 6 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
Sum of 5 numbers = 30
Sum of three numbers
Average of three numbers =
3
Sum of three numbers = 3 × 8 = 24
Sum of remaining 2 numbers = Sum of 5 numbers – Sum of 3 numbers
= 30 – 24 = 6
Sum of 2 numbers 6
Average of these 2 numbers = 3
2 2

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Problem 12: If the average of 5 positive integers is 40 and the difference between the largest and the
smallest of these 5 numbers is 10, what is the maximum value possible for the largest of
these 5 integers?
(a) 50 (b) 52 (c) 49 (d) 48

Solution: The average of 5 positive integers = 40

Sum of 5 positive integers = 5 × 40 = 200
Let the least of these 5 numbers be x.
and the largest of these 5 numbers will be x + 10
range is 10
A B C D E
x x x x x + 10
x x x x x 10 200 5 x 10 200 x 38
So, the maximum value possible for the largest of these 5 numbers is x + 10
= 38 + 10 = 48

Problem 13: The probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is
2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 52 366

Solution: 366 days in a leap year

= 52 weeks +2 days, these two days can be
1. (Sunday, Monday) 2. (Monday, Tuesday)
3. (Tuesday, Wednesday) 4. (Wednesday, Thursday)
5. (Thursday, Friday) 6. (Friday, Saturday)
7. (Saturday, Sunday)
No. of favourable outcomes = 2 i.e. (Sunday, Monday) and (Saturday, Sunday)
2
P (53 Sundays in a leap year) =
7

Problem 14: A bag contains several coloured balls. 28 of them are red. If a ball is drawn at random,
4
the probability of drawing a red ball is . If ‘x’ balls are added into the box. A ball is
9
1
than drawn at random. If the probability of drawing a red ball is now , then x is
2
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 7

Solution: Let the total number of balls be ‘y’

4
P (Red ball) =
9
Red balls = 28
28 4
So, y 63
y 9
1
If ‘x’ are added into the box then P ( R )
2
28 x 1
(28 + x)2 = 63 + x
63 x 2
56 + 2x = 63 + x
x= 7

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1. The collection of a particular type of information is called data. For example, the
temperatures of different cities, amount of rainfall (in cm) in a particular place at
different times, marks of student, etc.
2. Arranging this set of data in ascending or descending order is called an array.
3. The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest value.
4. The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency
(denoted by f).
Sum of values
5. Mean of ungrouped data =
Number of values
6. The mean, x , from a frequency table is calculated using the rule,
n
f i xi
The sum of (the frequency × value of item)
x i 1
n
,i N
Sum of frequency
fi
i 1

7. The mode of a set of data is the value which occurs most often.
8. The median of a set of values is the middle value when the data is arranged in order of
size, i.e., either ascending or descending.
9. A trial is a random experiment repeated under same conditions. For example, tossing a
coin, throwing a dice are trials.
10. An event is a possible outcome of the trial. For example, getting a head or tail on
tossing a coin, getting a ‘6’ on the upper face of a dice etc., are events.
11. A likelihood scale runs from impossible to certain, with an ‘even chance’ in the
middle.
12. Probability means the chance of occurrence of an event. It is the measure of
uncertainty.

1. So all probabilities have a value between 0 and 1.

Impossible Even chance Certain
0 1/2 1

An impossible outcome has no A certain outcome

chance of happening. The must happen. The
probability of an impossible probability of a
outcome is 0 certain outcome is 1

Note: Probability is never greater than 1 or less than zero.

Number of favourable outcomes
2. Probability of something happening =
Total number of outcomes

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i) Here, favourable outcome is an outcome that matches the event. For example, in
throwing of a dice, the number of favourable outcomes corresponding to the
appearance of a prime number is 3, i.e.., 2, 3 and 5.
ii) The most of the total number of outcomes is also described by the word sample
space. Hence the sample space for throwing a die is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
iii) One of the most common examples used in probability is that of a deck of 52
playing cards.
A pack of 52 cares is divided in four suits:
Hearts (red), Spades (black), Diamonds (red), Clubs (black). Each suit consists of
13 cards bearing the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Jack, Queen, King and Ace.
The Jack, Queen and King are called ‘Face Cards’. The total number of
outcomes is 52.
3. Probability of an event not occurring = (1 – Probability of an event occurring.)

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1. Following are the weights ( in kg ) of 8 students of a class

48.5, 50, 44.5, 49.5, 50.5, 45, 51, 43
a) Find the mean weight.
b) What will be the mean weight if a student, whose weight is 62kg, is also included?

2. Find the arithmetic mean of the scores 8, 6, 10, 12, 1, 3, 4, 4. Also find the range of the
data.

3. Find the mean of the 1st three composite numbers.

4. The heights of 10 girls were measured in cm and the results were as follows.
143, 148, 135, 150, 128, 139, 149, 146, 151, 132
a) What is the height of the tallest girl?
b) What is the height of the shortest girl?
c) What is the range of the data?
d) Find the mean height?
e) Find the number of girls whose heights are less than the mean height?

5. Find the mean of the 1st ten natural numbers.

6. Two different states of India’s exports of garments in the years 2000 to 2005 are given in
the following table
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Kerala
5 6 8 10 12 14
(in crores of Rs)
Karanataka
10 11 9 12 8 13
(in crores of Rs)
i) Draw a double bar graph to represent the data
ii) What are the total earnings in the years 2002 and 2004 both the states separately?

7. Find the mode, mean and median of the scores

4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 13, 12, 8, 8, 9, 8, 10, 11

8. A bag contains 3 red and 2 blue marbles. A marble is drawn at random. What is the
probability of drawing a blue marble?

9. A box of 600 electric bulbs contains 12 defective bulbs. One bulb is taken out at random
from this box. What is the probability that it is a non defective bulb ?

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10. What is the probability of drawing a red face card from a pack of 52 playing cards?

11. A bag contains 4 red, 5 blue and 7 yellow balls. One ball is selected at random. What is
the probability that it is (a) a red ball? (b) a yellow ball? (c) a blue ball?

12. One of 26 letter keys on a type writer is pressed. What is the probability that the key
prints a letter other than ‘a’?

13. A die is rolled once. What is the probability of getting:

(a) 3 (b) an even number?

1
14. The probability of selecting a queen from a standard pack of cards is . Find the
13
probability of not selecting a queen?

15. The arithmetic mean of the scores of a group of students in a test was 52. The brightest
20% of them secured a mean score of 80 and the dullest 25%, a mean score of 31. Find
the mean score of the remaining 55%.

1. A chocolate gift box contains 15 chocolates. Six are ‘Five Star’, four are ‘Fruit ‘n’ Nut’,
five are ‘Dairy Milk’. After I have eaten the first chocolate, a Fruit ‘n’ ‘Nut’. I pick
another one. The probability that I pick a ‘Fruit ‘n’ ‘Nut’ again is
4 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 3 5 14

2. The king, queen and jack of hearts are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and well
shuffled. One card is selected from the remaining cards. The probability of drawing a ‘10’
of hearts is
10 13 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
46 49 49 49

3. From a series of 50 observation, an observation with the value of 45 is dropped, but the
mean remains the same. What was the mean of 50 observations?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 45 (d) 5

4. Akshay spin a spinner that is split into 10 equal sections. The sections are labeled 1, 3, 2,
1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1. What is the probability that the spinner will land on the number 2?
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 2 5

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5. The mean, median and mode of given data of scores are 21, 23 and 22 respectively. If 3 is
added to each score. What are the new values of mean, median and mode respectively.
(a) 21, 23, 22 (b) 24, 26, 25 (c) 24, 23, 22 (d) 23, 21, 24

6. Twelve sides dice are used in adventure panes. They are marked with the numbers 1 to
12. The score is the upper most face. If this is thrown, what is the probability that the
score is a factor of 12?
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3
7. The numbers 4 and 9 have frequencies x and (x – 1) respectively. If their arithmetic mean
is 6, then x is equal to:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 5

8. A person made 165 telephone calls in the month of May in a year. It was Friday on 1 st
May of the year. The average of telephone calls on Sundays of the month was 7. What
was the average of the telephone calls per day on the other days of the month.
165 137
(a) (b) 5 (c) 7 (d)
31 27

9. The event of drawing a red card from a pack of blue, white and black cards is:
(a) unlikely (b) certain (c) impossible (d) likely

10. A die a rolled once. What is the probability of rolling a prime number.
2 1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 6

11. The probability of drawing a face card from a standard pack of 52 cards is
4 1 3 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13

12. On the probability line, we would describe the event – A new born, child will be a girl as
(a) unlikely (b) even chance (c) certain (d) impossible

13. Jenny draws a card from a standard pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the
draws in Ace or a King.
4 1 9 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13

14. The probability that Vikram is late for school in the morning is 0.1. How many times
would you expected Vikram to be on time in 20 mornings?
(a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 1

15. Soni has digit cards 1, 4 and 7. She make 2 digit numbers using each card only once. The
probability that a 2-digit number chosen if random is divisible by 2 is:
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 9

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1. Match the following

Column – I Column – II
(A) Arithmetic mean requires (p) The most repeating values range
(B) Median requires (q) Range
(C) Highest and lowest observations are (r) Middle term(s)
used in
(D) Mode implies (s) Sum and number of observations
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) – (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) – (s)
(c) (A) – (r), (B) – (q), (C) – (s), (D) – (p) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (r), (D) – (q)

2. While throwing a 6 faced die find the probabilities of getting

Column – I Column – II
(A) A multiple of 3 (p) 1/2
(B) An odd number (q) 1/6
(C) An even number (r) 1/3
(D) A number 3 (s) 1/2
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) (s)
(c) (A) – (r),(B)–(p, s), (C)–(p, s), (D)–(q) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (r), (D) (q)

3. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 well shuffled playing cards. Find the probabilities of
getting
Column – I Column – II
1
(A) A black card (p)
2
1
(B) A seven (q)
26
1
(C) A red queen (r)
4
1
(D) A spade (s)
13
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) (s)
(c) (A) – (r), (B) – (q), (C) – (s), (D) (p) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (q), (D) (r)

4. While throwing an unbiased die having 8 faces find the probability of getting
Column – I Column – II
(A) A prime number (p) 1/2
(B) Multiple of 2 (q) 1/4
(C) Multiple of 3
(D) Any number greater than 6
(a) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (p), (D) – (q)
(b) (A) – (p), (B) – (p), (C) – (q), (D) – (q)
(c) (A) – (q), (B) – (q), (C) – (p), (D) (p)
(d) None of the above

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LEVEL - I

1. (a) 47.75 kg, (b) 49.34 kg 2. 6, 11 3. 6

4. (a) 151 cm, (b) 128 cm, (c) 23 cm, (d) 142.10 cm, (e) 4 girls
5. 5.5 6. (i) 20 crores, (ii) 17 crores
7. Arithmetic Mean: 8.34, Median: 8, Mode: 8 8. 2/5
9. 49/50 10. 3/26 11. (a) 1/4, (b) 7/16, (c) 5/16
12. 25/26 13. (a) 1/6, (b) 1/2 14. 12/13 15. 565/11

LEVEL - II

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)

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 4
In this chapter, we shall study the meaning of equation and linear equation. At the end of the chapter, we
shall study formulation and solution of equation for some real-life problems.

Statements involving the ‘equals’ symbol ‘=’ is called a statement of equality or simply an
equality.

A statement of equality which involves one or more variables and constants is called an equation. Every
equation has two sides, namely the left hand side (L.H.S.) and the right hand side (R.H.S.).

An equation in which the highest power of the variables involved is 1, is called a linear equation.

In this section, we shall study three methods of solving a linear equation:

1. By trial and error method: In this method we find the values of L.H.S. and R.H.S. of the given
equation for different values of the variable. The value of the variable for which L.H.S. = R.H.S.
is the root of the equation.
Example: Solve by the trial and error method : x + 7 = 10
Ans: L.H.S. = x + 7, R.H.S. = 10

x L.H.S. R.H.S. Is L.H.S. = R.H.S.?

1 1+7=8 10 No
2 2+7=9 10 No
3 3 + 7 = 10 10 Yes

Clearly, L.H.S. = R.H.S. for x = 3

Hence x = 3 is the solution of given equation.

2. Systematic Method

Rule 1: We can add or subtract the same number to both sides of the equation, i.e. of
x + 7 – 7 =10 – 7 then x = 3.

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The transposition method involves the following steps:

Step 1: Obtain the linear equation.

Step 2: Identify the unknown quantity.

Step 3: Simplify the L.H.S. and R.H.S. by removing grouping symbols.

Step 4: Transfer all terms containing the variable on the L.H.S. and constant terms on the R.H.S. of
the equation. Note that the signs of the terms will change in carrying them from L.H.S. to
R.H.S. and vice-versa.

Step 5: Simplify L.H.S. and R.H.S. in the simplest form so that each side contains just one term.
Then solve it.

Example 1: Find the solution of 2x – 3 = 7

Solution: Step 1 : Transpose 3 to RHS

2x = 7 + 3
or 2x = 10
Step 2 : Divide both sides by 2.
x = 5 (required solution)

Example 2: Solve : 2y + 9 = 4

Solution: Transposing 9 to RHS

2y = 4 – 9
or 2y = – 5
5
Dividing both sides by 2, y
2

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Problem 1: The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363. Find these multiples.

Solution: Let the three consecutive multiples of 11 be x, x + 11 and x + 22.

x + (x + 11) + (x + 22) = 363 [given]
or x + x + 11 + x + 22 = 363
or 3x + 33 = 363
or 3x = 363 – 33 (by transposing 33 to RHS)
or 3x = 330
or x = 330/3 = 110
Hence, the three consecutive multiples are 110, 121, 132 .

7
Problem 2: Solve 5 x 2(2 x 7) 2(3 x 1)
2
Solution: Let us open the brackets,
LHS = 5x – 4x + 14 = x + 14
7 4 7 3
RHS = 6 x 2 6x 6x
2 2 2 2
3
The equation is x 14 6 x
2
3 3
or 14 6 x x or 14 5 x
2 2
3 28 3
or 14 5 x or 5x
2 2
25
or 5x
2
25 1 5 5 5
or x
2 5 2 5 2
5
Therefore, required solution is x
2
Example 3: Present ages of Anu and Raj are in the ratio 4:5. Eight years from now the ratio of their
ages will be 5:6. Find their present ages.

Solution: Let the present ages of Anu and Raj be 4x years and 5x years respectively.
After eight years. Anu’s age = (4x + 8) years.
After eight years, Raj’s age = (5x + 8) years.
4x 8
Therefore, the ratio of their ages after eight years =
5x 8
This is given to be 5 : 6
4x 8 5
Therefore,
5x 8 6
Cross-multiplication gives 6 (4x + 8) = 5 (5x + 8)
or 24x + 48 = 25x + 40
or 24x + 48 – 40 = 25x
or 24x + 8 = 25x or 8 = 25x – 24x or 8 = x
Therefore, Anu’s present age = 4x = 4 × 8 = 32 years
Raj’s present age = 5x = 5 × 8 = 40 year

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Problem 4: Deveshi has a total of 590 as currency notes in the denominations of 50, 20 and
10. The ratio of the number of 50 notes and 20 notes is 3:5. If she has a total of 25
notes, how many notes of each denomination she has?

Solution: Let the number of 50 notes and 20 notes be 3x and 5x, respectively.
But she has 25 notes in total.
Therefore, the number of 10 notes = 25 – (3x + 5x) = 25 – 8x
The amount she has
from 50 notes : 3x × 50 = 150x
from 20 notes : 5x × 20 = 100x
from 10 notes : (25 – 8x) × 10 = Rs (250 – 80x)
Hence the total money she has =150x + 100x + (250 – 80x) = Rs (170x + 250)
But she has Rs 590. Therefore, 170 x + 250 = 590
or 170x = 590 – 250 = 340
or x = 340/170 = 2
The number of 50 notes she has = 3x = 3 × 2 = 6
The number of 20 notes she has = 5x = 5 × 2 = 10
The number of 10 notes she has = 25 – 8x = 25 – (8 × 2) = 25 – 16 = 9

Problem 5: Bansi has 3 times as many two-rupee coins as he has five-rupee coins. If he has in all a
sum of 77, how many coins of each denomination does he have?

Solution: Let the number of five-rupee coins that Bansi has be x. Then the number of two-rupee
coins he has is 3 times x or 3x.
The amount Bansi has:
i) from 5 rupee coins, 5 × x = 5x
ii) from 2 rupee coins, 2 × 3x = 6x
Hence the total money he has = 11x
But this is given to be 77; therefore,
11x = 77
x =77/11 = 7
Thus, number of five-rupee coins = x = 7
and number of two-rupee coins = 3x = 21

1. A statement of equality involving one or more variables is called an equation.

2. An equation involving only one variable with the highest power one is called a linear
equation in one variable.
3. While solving an equation we can:
i) add the same number to both sides of the equation.
ii) subtract the same number from both sides of the equation.
iii) multiply both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
iv) divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
4. In an equation, we can drop a term from one side and put it on the other side with the
opposite sign. This process is known as transposition.

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1. A statement of equality containing one or more unknowns (variables) is called an

algebraic equation.
E.g., 6 x 4 16, 3x 2 y 6, 4 x 2 8 x 5 17, etc.
2. A number which satisfies an equation or the value of the unknown is called the solution
or root of the equation.
3. An equation remains unchanged if:
(a) same number is added to both the sides.
(b) same number is subtracted from both the sides.
(c) both sides are multiplied by the same number.
(d) both sides are divided by the same non-zero number.
4. All equations consist of a left side, an equal sign (‘=’) and a right side. Thus, in the
equation x + 4 = 10, the left side is (x + 4) and the right side is 10.

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1. Simplify and solve the following linear equations:

(i) 3(t – 3) = 5(2t + 1) (ii) 15 (y – 4) – 2(y – 9) + 5(y + 6) = 0
(iii) 3(5z – 1) – 2(9z – 11) = 4(8z – 13) – 17 (iv) 0.25 (4f – 3) = 0.05(10f – 9)

2. The ages of Hari and Harry are in the ratio 5 : 7. Four years from now the ratio of their ages will
be 3 : 4. Find their present ages.

3. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is
3
increased by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is . Find the
2
rational number.

3 5 7
4. Solve: (4 x 9) (3 x 8) 5 (2 x 1) .
5 4 10

5. A number consists of two digits such that the digits in the ten’s place is less by 2 than the digit in
6
the unit’s place. Three times the number added to times the number obtained by reversing
7
the digits equals 108. What is the sum of the digits in the number.

1 1 1
6. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio : : . If the perimeter of the triangle is 52 cm, then
2 3 4
what is the length of the smallest side?

7. The solution of which of the following equations is neither a fraction nor an integer?
(a) 3 x 2 5 x 2 (b) 4 x 18 2 (c) 4 x 7 x 2 (d) 5 x 8 x 4

8. If 50 is subtracted from two-third of a number, the result is equal to sum of 40 and one-fourth of
that number. What is the number?

9. The solution of the equation ax b 0 is

a b b
(a) x (b) x b (c) x (d) x
b a a

10. If 8 x 3 25 17 x, then x is
(a) a fraction (b) an integer (c) a rational number (d) cannot be solved

11. The shifting of a number from one side of an equation to other is called
(a) transposition (b) distributivity (c) commutativity (d) associativity

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12. The difference between two numbers is 156. If one-third of the smaller number is greater than
one-seventh of the larger number by 4, then what are the two numbers?

13. The ratio of the present ages of two brothers is 1 : 2 and 5 years back, the ratio was 1 : 3. What
will be the ratio of their ages after 5 years?

1
14. If the sum of one-half and one-fifth of a number exceeds one-third of that number by 7 . Find
3
the number.

1. A labourer was engaged for 20 days on the condition that he will receive 60 for each day he
works and he will be fined 5 for each day he is absent. If he received 745 in all, then what is
the number of days he was absent?

2. In a two digit number, the digit at the unit’s place is four times the digit in the ten’s place and the
sum of the digits is equal to 10. What is the number?

3. One third of a pole is painted yellow, one-fifth is painted white and the remaining 7 metres is
painted black. Find the length of the pole.

4. If ( x 2)( x 3) x 2 4, Find x?

5. The sum of two numbers is 18 and the difference of their squares is 108. Find the
difference between the numbers.

6. The sum of the ages of 5 children born at intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the
age of the youngest child?

7. X is 36 years old and Y is 16 years old. In how many years will X be twice as old as Y?

8. In an examination, a student attempted 15 questions correctly and secured 40 marks. If there were
two types of questions (2 marks and 4 marks questions), How many questions of 2 marks did he
attempt correctly?

9. The sum of the digits of a three digit number is 16. If the ten’s digit of the number is 3 times the
unit’s digit and the unit’s digit is one-fourth of the hundredth digit, then what is the number?

10. The ratio between the present ages of M and N is 5 : 3 respectively. The ratio between M’s age 4
years ago and N’s age after 4 years is 1 : 1. What is the ratio between M’s age after 4 years and
N’s age 4 years ago?

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n 3 n 2 n 4
1. Solve: . The value of n is obtained as:
1 1 1
3 2 10

(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) –3 (d) –1

2 1 3
2. Solve: (n 6) (n 4) (n 12)
3 5 7

1
(a) –9 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 9
9

3. Divide 224 into three parts so that the second will be twice the first and third will be
twice the second.
(a) 26, 52, 104 (b) 24, 48, 96 (c) 18, 36, 72 (d) 32, 64, 128

4. 770 have to be divided among A, B and C such that A receives 2/9th of what B and C
together receive. Then A’s share is:
(a) 140 (b) 154 (c) 165 (d) 170

5. Find a number such that of 6,12 and 20 are added to it, the product of the first and third
sums may be equal to the square of second?
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 9

b 2a b 2
6. If 0.25, then ?
a 2a b 9
4 5
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
9 9

7. Solve: ( x 4) 2 ( x 4) 2 48 . The value of x is:

(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 4 (d) 2

8. In a lottery, a total of 200 prizes are to be given. A prize is either 500 or 100. If the total
prize money is 50,000, then the number of 500 and 100 prizes are:
(a) 70, 130 (b) 75, 125 (c) 60, 140 (d) 80, 120

9. A train starts will full number of passengers. At the first station, the train drops one-third of the
passengers and takes in 96 more. At the next station, one half of the passengers on board get
drown while 12 new passengers get on board. If the passengers on board now are 240, the number
of passengers in the beginning was
(a) 540 (b) 600 (c) 444 (d) 430

10. Present ages of Amit and his father are in the ratio 2 : 5 respectively. Four years hence the ratio of
their ages becomes 5 : 11 respectively. What was the father’s age five years ago?
(a) 40 years (b) 45 years (c) 30 years (d) 35 years

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11. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 3 is 72. What is the largest number?
(a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 27 (d) 36

12. Radha takes some flowers in a basket and visits three temples one-by-one. At each temple, she
offers one half of the flowers from the basket. If she is left with 3 flowers at the end, then find the
number of flowers she had in the beginning.
(a) 24 (b) 22 (c) 25 (d) 26

13. The solution of 0.2(2 x 1) 0.5(3x 1) 0.4 is

1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11

8 5
14.
x x 1
5 8 3 1
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
3 3 3 3

5(1 x) 3(1 x)
15. 8
1 2x
(a) x 0 (b) x 1 (c) x 3 (d) x 2

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LEVEL - I

2 88 3
1. (i) t = – 2, (ii) y , (iii) z , (iv) f 2. 20 years, 28 years
3 35 5
13
3. 4. x = 22 5. 6 6. 12 cm
21
7. (c) 8. 216 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a)
12. 294, 138 13. 3 : 5 14. 20

LEVEL - II

1. 7 days 2. 28 3. 15 metres 4. x = 2 5. ± 6
6. 4 years 7. 4 years 8. 10 questions 9. 862 10. 3 : 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)

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 5
Basic Terms:

A line is a straight path extending indefinitely in both directions. It has no definite length.

A line segment is a portion of a line having a definite length. It has two end points.

A ray is a part of a line that has one fixed end point and extends indefinitely in the other direction.

Q
A (ii) B
Example: (i)
P
P O
(Iii)

(i) shows a line segment, (ii) shows a line and (iii) is that of a ray.

Note: Three or more points which lie on the same line are called collinear points.

An angle is formed when lines or line segments meet or when two rays originate from same point.

A
P
S
O
Example:
B C R Q
(i) (ii)

(i) line segments AB and BC intersect at B to form angle ABC, and again line segments BC and AC

intersect at C to form angle ACB and so on. Whereas, in (ii) lines PQ and RS intersect at O to form four

angles POS, SOQ, QOR and ROP. An angle ABC is represented by the symbol ABC. Thus, in given fig

(i), the three angles formed are ABC, BCA and BAC, and in (ii), the four angles formed are

POS, SOQ, QOR and POR.

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i) Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees. The following are acute angles.

Between 0° and 90°

ii) Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degrees. The following is a right angle.

Equal to 90°

90°

iii) Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. Thus, it is
between 90 degrees and 180 degrees. The following are obtuse angles.

iv) Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180 degrees. Thus, a straight angle looks like a straight
line. The following is a straight angle.

v) Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees. The
following are reflex angles.

vi) Adjacent angles: Angle with a common vertex and one common side. 1 and 2, are adjacent
angles. However, 2 and 3 is not a pair of adjacent angles:

3
2

vii) Complementary angles: Two angles whose measures add to 90 degrees. 1 and 2 are
complementary angles because together they form a right angle:

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Note: 1 and 2 do not have to be adjacent to be complementary as long as they add up to 90 degrees

viii) Supplementary angles: Two angles whose measures add to 180 degrees. The following are
supplementary angles. Angles, forming a pair of supplementary angles, need not to be adjacent
angles.

ix) Vertically opposite angles: Angles that have a common vertex and whose sides are formed by the
same lines. The following angles are pair of vertically opposite angles:
1 and 2
3 and 4
Hence 1 = 2 and 3 = 4
3
2
4

When two lines l1 and l2 are intersected by a third line l3 (Transversal), 8 angles are formed. Take a
look at the following figure
1 3

2
l
5 8
1

4 3
l
2
7 6

Angles 3,4,5,8 are interior angles

Angles 1,2,6,7 are exterior angles

x) Alternate interior angles: Pairs of interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal.
For instance, angle 3 and angle 5 form a pair of alternate interior angles. Angle 4 and angle 8 form a
pair of alternate interior angles.

xi) Alternate exterior angles: Pairs of exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal.
Angle 2 and angle 7 form a pair of alternate exterior angles. Similarly 1 and 6 also

xii) Corresponding angles: Pairs of angles that are in similar positions.

Angle 3 and angle 2 form a pair of corresponding angles.
Angle 5 and angle 7 form a pair of corresponding angles

xiii) Converse of Property: If a transversal intersects two lines, then they are parallel if any one of the
following is true.
a) Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
b) Pairs of alternate angles are equal.
c) Co-interior angles are supplementary.

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1. Three or more points which lie on the same line are called collinear points.

A B C
Collinear points A, B, C
2. Three or more lines in a plane passing through the same point are called concurrent
lines.

Concurrent lines

3. The unit of angle measure is degree denoted by:

1 rotation = 360°, 1° = 60 (60 minutes), 1° = 60 (60 seconds)
B

O
A
Angle AOB vertex O
Arms OA and OB

4. A transversal is a line that cuts across (intersects) two or more lines in distinct points.

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1. The difference in the measures of two complementary angles is 12°. Find the measures of the

angles.

2. Among two supplementary angles the measure of the larger angle is 44° more than the measure

of the smaller. Find their measures.

3. An angle is greater than 45º. Is its complementary angle greater than 45º or equal to 45º or less

than 45º?

4. Given that AB || DE, ABC = 115°, EDC = 140°, then find x?

A B
115° D E
140°
x
C

5. In the given figure AC || BD and AE || BF. Find the measure of x.?

C D

130°
A B
x
60°

E F G

6. In the given figure, PQ||RS, RSF= 40°, PQF = 35° and QFP = x°. What is the value of x?
Q
40° 35°

x
F

R P

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7. Given, AB || ED, AG || CB and AF AB. FAG = 38°, CDE = 45°. Find the
value of x?

F
G

38°
B
A
x

E 45°
D

8. In the given figure, DE || BC, ABC = 118° DAB = 42°, then find ADE?
E
C

42° 118°
A B

9. In the given figure, COE and BOD are right angles. If the measure of BOC is four times the
measure of COD, what is the measure of AOB?
C D

O E

10. In the given figure, PQ and RS intersect each other at O. If SOT = 75°, find the value of
a, b and c?
P
S

2c
4b a
O
75° b

Q
R

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1. If line I1, is parallel to the I2 in the given figure, what is the value of y?

115° y

2x
3x
I2

2. If ray PQ and RS are parallel as given in the figure, then find a + b + c?

Q
a

b
T U
c
R S

3. In figure, AC | BD and AE | BF, FBG = 90° and BAC = 120°. Find the values of x, y and z.
C D

120° x°
A B
z° y°
90°

E F G

4. In figure, find out PXR, if PQ || RS

P Q

50°
R S

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5. In the given figure, if CD || EF, show that AB || EF.

B A

57°

E F

22°

35°
C D

6. Figure AB || CD and AC || BD. Find the values of x, y, z?

C D
z° y°

65° x°
A B

7. Draw a triangle ABC, with AC = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm and C = 80°. Measure AB.

Is (AB)2 = (AC)2 + (BC)2? If not, which one of the following is true:
(AB)2 > (AC)2 + (BC)2 or (AB)2 < (AC)2 + (BC)2?

8. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between their feet is
12 m, find the distance between their tops.

9. A ladder 50 dm long when set against the wall of a house just reaches a window at a height of 48
dm. How far is the lower end of the ladder from the base of the wall?

10. The foot of a ladder is 6 m away from a wall and its top reaches a window 8 m above the ground.
If the ladder is shifted in such a way that is foot is 8 m away from the wall, to what height does is
top reach.

1. Find the complement of an angle whose measure is 3 x 8 ?

(a) 3x 98 (b) 82 3x (c) 98 3 x (d) 3x 82

2. How many degrees are there in an angle which equals one-fifth of the supplement?
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 75° (d) 150°

3. Two complementary angles are such that two times the measure of one is equal to three times the
measure of the other. The measure of the larger angle is?
(a) 72° (b) 108° (c) 36° (D) 54°

4. If the arms of one angle are respectively parallel to the arms of another angle, then the two
angles are:
(a) neither equal nor supplementary (b) not equal but supplementary
(c) equal but not supplementary (d) either equal or supplementary

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5. In the given figure, if BOC = 7x +20° and COA = 3x, then the value of x for which AOB
becomes a straight line is:
B C

O A
(a) 16° (b) 14° (c) 20° (d) 21°

6. If p || g, find ‘x’.
140°
p

g
158°
(a) 18° (b) 22°
(c) 62° (d) cannot be determined

7. If X, Y and Z are three points such that XY = 2YZ and XZ = 3YZ, then the three points are:
(a) not collinear (b) collinear and X lies between Y and Z
(c) collinear and Y lies between X and Z (d) collinear and Z lies between X and Y

8. In the given figure AB || CD and EF || GH. If AIF = 120°, then CJG is :

G
E

I K
A B
120°

C D
L J

H
F
1 2
(a) 80° (b) 100° (c) of a right angle (d) of a right angle
3 3

9. AB is a straight line and O is a point lying on AB. A line OC is drawn from O such that
1
COA = 36 OD is a line within COA such that DOA = COA. If OE is a line within
3
1
the BOC, BOE = BOC, then DOE must be:
4
(a) 60° (b) 132° (c) 144° (d) 108°

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10. QP || TS and QRS = 36°. Calculate PQR?

Q P
x°

S
T
2x°
36°

R
(a) 75° (b) 70° (c) 72° (d) 71°

LEVEL - I

1. 51° and 39° 2. 112°, 68° 3. Less than 45° 4. 75° 5. 110°
6. 105° 7. 263° 8. 160° 9. 18°
10. a = 84°, b = 21°, c = 48°

LEVEL - II

1. 141° 2. 360° 3. 60°,30°,150° 4. 120°

6. x = 115°, y = 65°, z = 115° 7. Note true 8. 13 m 9. 14 dm
10. 6 m

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)

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 6
A triangle is a closed figure made of three line segments. Every triangle has three sides, three angles,
and three vertices. These are known as the parts of a triangle. The sides and the angles of every triangle
may differ from one another; therefore, they do not look alike.

a) Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
All the three angles of an equilateral triangle are also equal, and each measures 60°.

b) Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which any two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle. In
an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are called the base angles, and they are
also equal.

c) Scalene triangle: A triangle in which no two sides are equal is called a Scalene triangle.

a) Acute-angled triangle: A triangle with all its angles less than 90° is known as an acute-angled
triangle.

b) Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angles more than 90° and less than 180° is
known as an obtuse-angled triangle.

c) Right-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angles equal to 90° is known as a right-angled
triangle. The side opposite the 90° angle is called the hypotenuse, and is the longest side of the
triangle.

Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle

P Z A

60°

60° 60°
Q R X Y B C

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I. Angle sum property:

The sum of the three angles in a triangle is equal to 180° 1

1 3 2 180

II. Exterior angle property: An exterior angle of a triangle is 2 3

equal to the sum of its opposite interior angles. B C
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than the third side.
In triangle ABC, CA + AB > BC
BC + CA > AB
AB + BC > CA

i) Median and Centroid: A line joining the mid point of A

a side of triangle to the opposite vertex is called a
median. A median divides a triangle into two parts of
equal area. F E
G
The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is
called the centroid of a triangle.

B D C

The centroid of the triangle divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1, i.e.,
AG : GD BG : GE CG : GF 2 : 1

(ii) Perpendicular bisector and circumcentre: Perpendicular bisector to any side is the line that is
perpendicular to that side of passes through its mid point. Perpendicular bisectors need not pass
through the opposite vertex. The point of intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors of the
triangle is called circumcentre. The circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from its three
vertices. If we draw a circle with the circumcentre as the centre and the distance of any vertex
from the circumcentre as radius, the circle passes through all the three vertices and the circle is
called circum circle.

A
(iii) Angle bisector and incentre: An angle bisector is a line that
divides the angle into two parts. The point of intersection of three
angle bisectors of a triangle is called the incentre. It always lies
F E
inside the triangle. It is always equidistant from the sides of the
triangle.

The circle drawn with incentre as centre and touching all the three B G C
sides of the triangle is called incircle.

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A
(iv) Altitude and orthocenter: The perpendicular drawn from the
vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is called an altitude. The
point of intersection of three altitudes of a triangle is called F E

orthocentre, which can be inside or outside the triangle.

B G C
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Perpendicular
Hypotenuse
2 2 2
Hypotenuse Base Perpendicular
2 2 2
or AC AB BC
B Base C
In a right angle the hypotenuse is the longest side. Mid point of the hypotenuse
of a right triangle is equidistant from the 3 vertices.

Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a point outside it, the perpendicular line
segment is the shortest.

Note: If the angles of a right triangle are 30°, 60° and 90°, the hypotenuse is equal to twice the side
opposite to the 30° angle, i.e. AC = 2BC.

If the Pythagoras property holds, then the triangle must be right-angled. That is, if there is a triangle such
that the sum of the squares on two of its sides is equal to the square of the third side, then it must be a
right-angled triangle. The angle opposite to the third side is right angle.

Problem 1: In the given figure find the value of x and y.

Solution: In the given figure,

y = 60°(vertically opposite angles)
z = 45°(vertically opposite angles )
In triangle ABC
A B C 180 (By angle sum property of triangle)
60°+ x + 45°= 180°
x + 105°= 180° x = 180°– 105° x = 75°

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Problem 2: Find angles x and y in the following figure.

Solution: In the given figure,

(since they are linear pair)
=
Also (by exterior angle property of triangle)

Problem 3: Find angle x in the following figure:

Solution: Sum of the angles of a triangle = 180°

2x + x + 90° = 180°
3x = 90°
x = 30°

Problem 4: A 15 m long ladder reached a window 12 m high from the ground on placing it against a
wall at a distance ‘a’ metre from the wall. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
the wall.

Solution:

By using Pythagoras theorem,

We have
a2 + 122 = 152 a2 = 225 – 144
a2 = 81 a2 = 92
a = 9m
Thus the ladder is 9 m away from the foot of the wall.

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Problem 5: If in a right angle isosceles triangle area is 32 cm2 . Find the sides of the triangle.
1
Solution: Area of triangle = (base × altitude)
2
Base = Altitude = x
1
( x x) 32 x2 = 64
2
x = 8 cm
Therefore two sides containing right angle are equal to 8 cm
Third side of triangle = 82 82 = 8 2cm

Problem 6: Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 40 cm and the length of one of the
diagonal is 41 cm.

Solution:

Now in DABC, AB BC
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
AB2 + 402 = 412 AB2 = 1681 – 1600
AB2 = 81 AB2 = 92 or AB = 9
Perimeter = 2 (AB + BC) = 2(9 + 40) = 2 × 49 = 98 cm
Problem 7: Can 5cm, 7cm and 5cm be the sides of a triangle?
Solution: Check whether the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side or not:
5+ 7 =12 cm > 5 cm.
7+5 =12 cm > 5 cm
5 + 5 = 10 cm > 7 cm
Therefore, these measurements can be the sides of a triangle.

1. In triangle ABC
A + B + C = 180°

B
2. In triangle ABC
CA + AB > BC
BC + CA > AB
AB + BC > CA
A
3. In triangle ABC
1
4 = 1 + 2 (exterior angle property)
2 3 4
B C D
4. In a given triangle ABC, G is the centroid then A
AG BG CG 2
GD GE GF 1
F G E

B D C

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1. Find angle x in the figure given below:

2. Find the measure of x in the following figure:

3. Find angles x and y in the following figure:

4. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 40 cm and the length of one of the diagonal is
41 cm.

5. Find angles x and y in the following figure.

6. Find A+ B+ C+ D+ E+ F

F E

B C

7. A tree is broken at a height of 5 m from the ground and is bent so that its top touches the ground
at a distance of 12 m from the base of the tree. Find the original height of the tree?

8. In a right-angled triangle if two angles other than right angle are equal. Find all the angles of the
trianlge.

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9. AB BC, BD AC and CE bisects C, A = 30°. Then what is CEA?

A

30° D

10. One of the exterior angles of a triangle is 80°, and the interior opposite angles are equal to
each other. What is the measure of each of these two angles?

1. In ABC, B is a right angle, AC = 6 cm, D is the mid point of AC. The length of BD is
A

90°
B C

2. The side BC of ABC is produced on both sides. Show that the sum of the exterior angles so
formed is greater than A by two right angles (figure).
A

4 2 3 5
D B C F

3. In figure, the side BC of ABC is produced to form ray BD. Ray CE is drawn parallel to BA.
Show directly, without using the angle sum property of a triangle that
ACD = A + B and deduce that A + B + C = 180°.

1
E

4
2 3 5
B C D

4. In figure AD and CF are respectively perpendiculars to sides BC and AB of ABC. If

FCD = 50°, find BAD?

B D C

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5. ABC is an isosceles right triangle, right angled at C. Prove that: AB2 = 2AC2.
6. In a ABC, AD BC and AD2 = BD × CD. Prove that ABC is a right triangle.
7. The hypotenuse of a triangle is 2.5 cm. If one of the sides is 1.5 cm, find the length of the other
side?
8. A ladder 25 m long reaches a window of a building 20 m above the ground. Determine the
distance of the foot of the ladder from the building?
9. If the sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm long, determine whether the triangle is right
angled triangle or not?
10. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 17 cm long. If one of the remaining two sides is of length 8
cm, find the length of another side?

1. If the sides of a right triangle are x, x + 1 and x – 1 then the hypotenuse is:
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0

2. The green measure of each of the three angles of a triangles is an integer. Which of the following
could NOT be the ratio of their measures?
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 : 5 (c) 5 : 6 : 7 (d) 6 : 7 : 8

3. In ABC medians BE and CF intersect at G. If the straight line AGD meets BC in D in

such a way that GD = 1.5 cm, then the length of AD is:

F E
G
1 .5
cm

B D C
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 4.5 cm

4. If PL, QM and RN are the altitudes of PQR whose orthocentre is O, then P is the
orthocentre of :
(a) PQO (b) PQL (c) QLO (d) QRO

5. In a PQR, the sides PQ and PR are produced to S and T respectively. Bisectors of SQR and
QRT meet the point O. If P = 66°, then what is the value of QOR?
(a) 47° (b) 50° (c) 57° (d) 67°

6. In which one of the following triangles does the orthocentre lie in the exterior of the triangle.
(a) ABC, wherein, A = B = C = 60°
(b) PQR, wherein, P = 40°, Q = 30 R =110°
(c) PQR, wherein, X = 80°, Y = 60 Z =40°
(d) DEF, wherein, D = 52°, E = 90 F =38°

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7. D, E, F are the mid points of BC, CA and AB of ABC. If AD and BE intersect in G, then AG +
BG + CG is equal to:
2 3 1
(a) AD = BE = CF (b) (AD + BE + CF) (c) (AD + BE + CF) (d) (AD + BE + CF)
3 2 3
8. AB is parallel to CD, EF intersects them at M and N. The bisectors of M and N meet at Q. If
AME = 80°. Then MQN is equal to:
E
A M B

C D
N

(a) 60° (b) 70° (c) 80° (d) 90°

9. The side opposite to an obtuse angle of a triangle is:

(a) smallest (b) greatest
(c) half of the perimeter (d) none of these

10. In a ABC, the sum of exterior angles at B and C is equal to:

(a) 180° – BAC (b) 180° + BAC (c) 180° – 2 BAC (d) 180° + 2 BAC

11. The point of intersection of the right bisectors of a triangle is called:

(a) in-centre (b) circumcentre (c) orthocentre (d) centroid

a°
12. PQ = QR = PS. Calculate the size of the labeled angles.
(a) a = 40°, b = 50°, c = 70°, d = 110° c° S

(b) a = 42°, b = 48°, c = 69°, d = 111° d°

b°
(c) a = 45°, b = 45°, c = 67.5°, d = 112.5°
Q R
(d) a = 50°, b = 40°, c = 65°, d = 115°

13. If the straight line which bisects the vertical angle of a triangle is perpendicular to the base, the
triangle is:
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles (c) scalene (d) right angled

14. In the figure CD is parallel to AB. The angle y is equal to:

D

2x°

3x° 4x° y°
B C

(a) 40° (b) 60° (c) 80° (d) 100°

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15. A and B are the interior opposite angles of BCD in ABC, which of these
statements is true?
B

A C D
(a) BCA = BCD – A (b) A – 180° = B
(c) A = 90° – B (d) B = BCD – A

LEVEL - I

1. x = 60° 2. x = 50° 3. x = 45°, y = 90° 4. 98 cm

5. x = 80°, y = 50° 6. 360° 7. 18 m
8. 45°, 45°, 90° 9. 120° 10. 40°, 40°

LEVEL - II

1. 3 cm 4. 50° 7. 2 cm 8. 15 cm 9. No
10. 15 cm

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

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 7
If two objects are exactly of the same shape and size, they are said to be congruent. The relation
between two congruent objects is called congruence. The method of superposition examines the
congruence of plane figures, line segments and angles. Two plane figures are congruent if each, when
superimposed on the other, covers it exactly.

Example: Two plane figures, say, P1 and P2 are congruent if the trace copy of P1 fits exactly on
that of P2.

If two line segments have the same or equal length, they are congruent. Also, if two line segments are
congruent, then they have the same length.

Example: Two line segments, say, are congruent if they have equal lengths. We write this
as PQ RS

P Q
R S

If two angles have the same measure, they are congruent. Also, if two angles are congruent, they one of
same measures.

Example: Two angles, PQR and XYZ , are congruent if their measures are equal. We write this as
m PQR m XYZ . However, commonly, we write

40° 40°
Q Y X

A X

B C Y Z

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Consider triangles ABC and XYZ. Cut triangle ABC and place it over XYZ. The two triangles cover
each other exactly, and they are of the same shape and size. Also notice that A falls on X, B on Y, and C
on Z. Also, side AB falls along XY, side BC along YZ, and side AC along XZ. So, we can say that
triangle ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ. Symbolically, it is represented as ABC XYZ

So, in general, we can say that two triangles are congruent if all the sides and all the angles of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.

In two congruent triangles ABC and XYZ, the corresponding vertices are A and X, B and Y, and C
and Z, that is, A corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. Similarly, the corresponding sides are AB and
XY, BC and YZ, and AC and XZ. Also, angle A corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. So, we write
ABC corresponds to XYZ.

1. SAS (Side Angle Side) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if two sides and the
included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two sides and the included angle of
the other triangle.
A D

B C E F

In ABC and DEF

AB = DE (given)
BAC = EDF (given)
AC = DF (given)
So ABC DEF (by SAS)

2. ASA (Angle Side Angle) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if two
angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles and
the included side of the other triangle.

A D

B C E F
B = E (given)
BC = EF (given)
C = F (given)
So ABC DEF (by ASA)

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3. SSS (Side Side Side) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if three sides of one
triangle are equal to the three corresponding sides of another triangle.
A D

B C E F
AB = DE (given)
AC = DF (given)
BC = EF (given)
ABC DEF (by SSS)

4. RHS (Right hypotenuse side) Congruence Criterion: Two right angled triangles are
congruent, if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and
the corresponding side of the other triangle.
E

A B D F

A = D = 90°
BC = EF (given)
AC = ED or AB = DF
ABC DEF ( by RHS)

Example 1: In the given figure, OA = OB and OD = OC. Show that AOD BOC.
C B

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Solution: In AOD and BOC,

OA = OB(given)
OD = OC (given)
Also, since AOD and BOC form a pair of vertically opposite angles, we have
AOD = BOC.
So, AOD BOC (by the SAS congruence rule)

Example 2: AB is a line segment and line l is its perpendicular bisector. If a point P lies on l, show
that P is equidistant from A and B.
l
P

A B
C

Solution: Line l AB and passes through C which is the mid-point of AB .

To show that PA = PB.
In Δ PCA and Δ PCB.
AC = BC (C is the mid-point of AB)
PCA = PCB = 90° (Given)
PC = PC (Common)
So, Δ PCA Δ PCB (SAS rule)
and so, PA = PB, as they are corresponding sides of congruent triangles.

Example 3: Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-segment CD. O is the mid-point of AD. Show
that ΔAOB ΔDOC
A

D C

Solution: In Δ AOB and Δ DOC.

BAO = CDO (Alternate angles as AB || CD and BC is the transversal)
AOB = DOC (Vertically opposite angles)
OA = OD (Given)
Therefore, ΔAOB ΔDOC (ASA rule)

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Example 4: In Δ ABC, the bisector AD of A is perpendicular to side BC

Show that AB = AC and Δ ABC is isosceles.

D
Solution: In ΔABD and ΔACD,
BAD = CAD (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
ADB = ADC = 90° (Given)
So, Δ ABD Δ ACD (ASA rule)
So, AB = AC (CPCT) or, Δ ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Example 5: AB is a line-segment. P and Q are points on opposite sides of AB such that each of them
is equidistant from the points A and B Show that Δ PAQ Δ PBQ
P

A B
C

Q
Solution: In Δ PAQ Δ PBQ
PA = PB (given)
QA = QB (given)
PQ = PQ (Common)
So, Δ PAQ Δ PBQ (SSS rule)
Example 6: P is a point equidistant from two lines l and m intersecting at point A. Show that Δ PAB
Δ PAC
l
B

P
C
m

Solution: Given that lines l and m intersect each other at A.

Let PB l, PC m.
In Δ PAB and Δ PAC,
PB = PC (Given)
PBA = PCA = 90° (Given)
PA = PA (Common)
So, Δ PAB Δ PAC (RHS rule)

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1. In what way is DEF congruent to ABC? Find the value of each of the sides in the given
pair of triangles.

2. Give a brief reason why DEF and ABC are congruent. Find the value of each of the
angles in the given pair of triangles.

3. Can you give a brief reason why ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ? If an C is
represented by 2x – 10 and angle Z is represented by 3x – 40. Find the measure of
angle x?

4. Prove that DEF is congruent to ABC. Find the value of x and y from the information
shown in the given pair of triangles?

5. In a ABC, if the bisector of the BAC meets BC in D, such that BD = CD. Then ABD and
CAB are congruent or not?

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6. P and Q are the mid points of the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC, right anlged
at C. The find the value of 4 (AQ2 + BP2)?

7. In ABC, M is the mid point of BC. Length of AM is 9, N is a point on AM such that MN = 1.

What is the distance of N from the centroid of the triangle?

8. In the following figure, find ADC.

A

70°
B C D

9. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which BC is produced to D. If A: B: C=3:2:1

and AC CE then ECD is
D

A B

10. A man goes to a garden and runs in the following manner. From the starting plant, he
goes west 25 m, then due north 60 m, then due last 80 m and finally due south 12 m. Find
the distance between the finishing point and the starting point?

11. The diagram shows 2 isosceles triangles. What is the sum of a and b?
A
17° 25°

b
E

a° 64°
B C

12. The given figure shows two overlapping triangles. Then find the value of a – b?
A
D
65°
b
G
a
F
5 0°

112°
C E B
334°

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1. Given the triangle ABC and DEF as shown at the right. In addition to the markings, AF = CD.
Which of the following methods can NOT be used to prove the triangles congruent?

F E

B C
D
(a) SAS (b) SSS (c) AAS (d) RHS

2. Given trapezoid ABCD where DAB CBA which of the following statements is true
based on the given information?
C

A B
(a) BD CD (b) BCE DAB (c) DA DC (d) ACB BDA

3. Given altitudes AE and BD in ABC. What additional information is needed to prove

AFD BFE ?
B

D E

C
(a) AC BC (b) AE BD (c) DF EF (d) AB BC

4. DA bisects BAC and B C . Which choice of method can be used to prove

BDA CDA ?
C
D

A
(a) SSS (b) SAS (c) AAA (d) AAS

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5. How many altitudes can a triangle have?

(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four

6. The exterior angle of a triangle is 120° and one of its interior opposite angles is 70°. Find
the measure of its other interior opposite angle?
(a) 90° (b) 50° (c) 60° (d) 70°

7. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. What is the largest angle of the triangle?
(a) 54° (b) 36° (c) 90° (d) None of these

8. ABC is right angled.at C. If AC = 5 cm and BC = 12 cm, what is the length of AB?

(a) 7 cm (b) 17 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 20 cm

9. What is the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 40 cm and a diagonal is 41 cm?
(a) 164 cm (b) 162 cm (c) 81 cm (d) 98 cm

10. Among two congruent angles, one has a measure of 70°. What is the measure of the other
angle?
(a) 140° (b) 35° (c) 70° (d) 110°

11. ABC DEF. If AB = 7 cm, what is the length of DE?

(a) 14 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 18 cm

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LEVEL - I

1. x = 6, z = 9, y = 4 2. y = 58°, z = 33°, x = 89°

3. x = 30° 4. x = 50°, y = 40° 5. Yes
6. 5(AC2 + BC2) 7. 2 8. CDA = 35 11. b = 78°
12. b = 65°

LEVEL - II

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c)

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 8
To compare two quantities, the units must be the same. We are going to discuss the following
ways to compare two quantities:

i) Ratios and proportions ii) Unitary method

iii) Percentage iv) Profit and Loss & discount
v) Simple Interest

The ratio of two quantities of the same kind and in the same units is a fraction that shows
how many times the one quantity is of the other. Thus, the ratio of two quantities a and b (b ≠ 0)
is a ÷ b or a/b and is denoted by a : b
In the ratio a : b the quantities a and b are called the terms of the ratio. In the ratio ‘a’ is called the
first term or antecedent and the later ‘b is known as the second term or consequent.
A ratio a : b is said to be in the simplest
form if its antecedent a and consequent b are co – prime.

For example, The lowest form of 80 : 32 is 5 : 2.

An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Four numbers a, b, c and d are

said to be in proportion, if the ratio of the first two is equal to the ratio of the last two, i.e.,
a:b=c:d

Symbolically it is denoted by a : b :: c : d . (Read it as a is to b as c is to d or a is to b is in

proportion with c is to d).

Here a, b, c and d are the first, second, third and fourth term of the proportion respectively. The
first and fourth terms of a proportion are called extreme terms or extremes while the second and
third terms are called middle terms or means.

Product of extremes = Product of means

i.e., a × d = b × c

Note: If ad ≠ bc, the a, b, c, d are not in proportion.

Three numbers a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion if

a : b :: b : c i.e., b2 = ac

If a, b, c are in continued proportion, then b is called the mean

proportional between a and b.

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Example 1: Are 36, 49, 6, and 7 in proportion?

Solution: Product of extremes = 36 x 7 = 252

Product of means = 49 x 6 = 294
Product of extremes ≠ Product of means
Hence, they are not in proportion

Example 2: What must be added to the numbers 6, 10, 14 and 22 so that they are in
proportion?

Solution: Let the required number be x.

Then, 6 + x, 10 + x, 14 + x and 22 +x are in proportion.
Product of extremes = Product of means
(6 + x) (22 +x) = (10 + x)( 14 + x )
132 + 22 x + 6 x + x2 = 140 + 14 x +10 x + x2
132 + 28x = 140 + 24x
28x – 24 x = 140 – 132
4x = 8
x=2

The method of finding first the value of one article from the value of the given number of articles
and then the value of the required number of articles is called the unitary method.

Value of a given number of articles

Value of one article =
Number of articles

Example 3: 25 workers earn Rs.300 per day. What will be the earnings of 20 workers per day
at the same rate?

Solution: Per day earning of 25 workers = Rs. 300

Per day earning of 1 worker = Rs. 300 ÷ 25 = Rs. 12
(using unitary method)
Per day earning of 20 workers = Rs. 12 × 20 = Rs.240

The word percent is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase ‘per centum’ which means per hundred or
hundredths.

A fraction with its denominator 100 is equal to that percent, as the

numerator.

75 1
Example 4: 75 75%
100 100

A percent can also be expressed as a ratio with its second term 100 and
first term equal to the given per cent

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13
Example 5: 13%
100

Step –I: Given x%

x x
Step – II: x% and simplify to its lowest form
100 100

Example 6: Convert 36% as fractions in the simplest form.

36 9
Solution: 36%
100 25

a
Step – I: Given fraction
b
Step – II: Multiply the given fraction by 100 and put percent sign % to obtain the required
percent.
a a
Thus, 100 %
b b

9
Example 7: Express the following fraction as percent:
20
9 9
Solution: 100 % (9 5)% 45%
20 20

Step – I: Given ratio a : b

a
Step –II: Convert ratio into fractional form
b
Step –III: Follow the same steps as in conversion of fractions into percents.

Example 8: Express 6 : 5 as percent.

6 6
Solution: 6:5 100 % (6 20)% 120%
5 5

Step - I: Given x%
x x
Step - II: x% and simplify to its lowest term
100 100

Step – III : Express the fraction obtained in Step –II as a ratio.

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Example 9: Express 25% as ratios

25 1
Solution: 25% 1: 4
100 4

Step – I : Given a number, say x and a percentage , say p%

Step – II : Multiply x by p and divide by 100 to obtain the required p% of x.
p
i.e. p% of x x
100

Example 10: Find 10% of 350 km.

10
Solution: 10% of 350 km = 350km 35km
100

Let a and b be
two numbers and we want to know what percent of a is b?

x
Let x% of a be equal to b. Then, a b
100
b
Therefore, x 100
a
b
Thus, b is 100 % of a.
a

Example 11: What percent of 25 kg is 3.5 kg?

b
Solution: We know that b is 100 % of a.
a
Here a = 25 kg, b = 3.5 kg
b 3.5
100 % 100 %
a 25
= (3.5 × 4)%
= 14%
Therefore, 3.5 kg is 14 % 0f 25 kg

Aliter:

Let x% of 25kg be equal to 3.5kg. Then,

x
25kg 3.5kg
100
3.5
Therefore, x 100 14
25
Thus, 3.5kg is 14% of 25 kg.

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Increase
Formulae: i) Increase % = 100 %
Original value

Decrease
ii) Decrease % = 100 %
Original value

Example 12: A student scored 3 marks more than what he did in the previous examination in
which he had scored 12. Another student scored 12 marks more than he did in the
previous examination in which he had score 84. Who had shown more
improvement?

Solution: Use the formula:

Increase
Increase % = 100 %
Original value
Percentage improvement in the first examination for the first student
3
= 100 % = 25%
12
Percentage improvement in the first examination for the second student
12
= 100 % = 14.29%
84
Thus, the first student had improved more.

Example 13: The excise duty on a certain item has been reduced to RS. 580 from Rs. 870. Find
the percentage reduction in the excise duty for that item.

Solution: Old excise duty = Rs. 870 and New excise duty = Rs. 580
Decrease in excise duty = Rs.870 – Rs.580 =Rs. 290
Decrease 290
Percentage decrease in excise duty = 100 % 100
Original value 870
= 33.33%

The money paid by the shopkeeper to buy the goods from a manufacturer or a
wholesaler is called the cost price of the shopkeeper and it is abbreviated as C.P

The price at which a shopkeeper sells the goods is called the selling price of the
shopkeeper and it is abbreviated as S.P

If the S.P of an article is greater than the C.P , then the shopkeeper makes a gain or
profit.
Profit = S. P – C. P
Profit
Profit percent = 100 %
C.P.

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If the S.P of an article is lesser than the C.P , then the shopkeeper suffer a loss

Loss = C.P – S. P
Loss
Loss percent = 100 %
C.P.

Usually, a shopkeeper has to bear some additional expenses such as

labour charges, freight charges and maintenance charges, for the goods before they are not sold.
Such charges are called overhead charges.

The overhead charges become a part of the cost price. Thus, Effective Cost price = Payment made
while purchasing the goods + Over head charges

Example 14: Find the gain or loss percent, if

i) C.P = Rs 500 and S.P = Rs 565
ii) C.P = Rs 700 and S.P = Rs. 630

Solution: i) S. P > C.P. Therefore there is a gain.

Gain = S.P – C. P = Rs. 565 – Rs. 500 = Rs. 65
Profit
Gain percentage = 100
C.P.
Rs.65
= 100 = 13%
Rs.500
ii) S. P < C.P. Therefore there is a Loss
Loss = C.P – S. P = Rs. 700 – Rs. 630 = Rs. 70
Loss Rs.70
Loss percentage = 100 = 100 = 10%
C.P. Rs.700

Example 15: Vikram bought 150 dozens pencils at Rs. 10 a dozen. His overhead expenses
were Rs. 100. He sold them at Rs.1.20 each. What was his profit or loss percent?

Solution: Cost of one dozen pencil = Rs. 10

Cost of 150 dozen pencils = 150 × Rs. 10 = Rs 1,500.
Over head expenses = Rs 100
Effective cost price = Rs. 1500 + Rs. 100 = Rs, 1600
Selling Price of one pencil = Rs. 1.20.
Selling Price of one dozen pencil = Rs. 1.20 x 12
= Rs. 14.40
Selling price of 150 dozens pencils = 150 x Rs. 14. 40
= Rs. 2160
Here S.P > C.P . So, there is a profit.
Profit = S.P – C.P = Rs. 2,160 – Rs. 1600 = Rs 560
Profit 560
Profit Percentage = ×100% = 100% = 35%
E.C.P. 1600

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Example 16: A vendor purchased 40 dozen bananas for Rs.250. Out of these, 30 bananas were
rotten and could not be sold. At what rate per dozen should he sell the remaining
bananas to make a profit of 20 %

Solution: C.P of bananas = Rs. 250

Gain required = 20 %
20
Gain = 20 % of C.P = 250
100
= Rs. 50
Now, S.P = C.P + Gain = Rs. 250 + Rs. 50 = Rs. 300
No. of good bananas = (40 x 12 – 30 ) = 450
S.P of 450 bananas = Rs. 300
Rs.300
S.P of 12 bananas = 12 = Rs.8
450
Hence the vendor should sell the remaining bananas at the rate Rs. 8 per dozen to
make a profit of 20 %

Example 17: A farmer sells his product at a loss of 8 %. If his S.P was Rs. 27600, What was
his actual loss? What was his cost price?
Solution: Let the C.P of the product be Rs. 100
Loss = 8 % = 8 % of C. P
8
= 100 = Rs.8
100
S.P = C. P – Loss = Rs. 100 – Rs. 8 = Rs. 92
Thus if S.P is Rs. 92, then C. P is Rs. 100
100
If S. P is Rs. 27600, then C P. = 27600 = Rs.30000
92
Hence Actual C. P = Rs. 30000.
Actual loss = C. P – S. P
= Rs. 30000 – Rs. 27600
= Rs. 2400

The money borrowed by a borrower from a lender is known as the principal or sum.

The additional money paid by the borrower to the lender for having used his money is
called the interest.

The total money which the borrower pays back to the lender at the end of the
specified period is called the amount. i.e., Amount = Principal + Interest.

If interest is calculated uniformly on the original principal throughout the

loan period, then it is called simple interest.

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If P denotes Principal, R denotes rate of

interest per year, T denotes time (Number of years) , then
P×R×T
Simple Interest =
100

Example 18: Anita borrowed Rs.400 from her friend at the rate of 12 % per annum for 2.5
years. Find the interest and amount paid by her.

Solution: Here P = Rs. 400 R = 12% per annum and T = 2.5 years
P×R×T 400 12 2.5
Simple interest = = = Rs.120
100 100
Amount paid by her =P + I = Rs. 400 + Rs. 120 = Rs. 520

Example 19: In how many years will Rs. 750 amount to Rs. 900 at 4 % per annum?

Solution: Here P = Rs. 750 R = 4 % per annum T = ? and

Amount = Rs. 900
S.I = Amount – P = Rs 900 – Rs. 750 = Rs. 150
P×R×T
Simple interest =
100
S .I 100 150 100
T 5 years
P R 750 4

The printed price or the tagged price of an article is called the

marked price or list price.

The deduction allowed on the marked price is called discount. It is always

calculated on the M.P. of an article.

The selling price at which the article is sold to the customer after deducing the
discount from the M.P. is called the net price.

(a) S.P. = M.P. – discount

Discount
(b) Rate of discount = Discount % = 100%
M.P.

M.P. (100 Discount %)

(c) S.P.=
100

S.P. 100
(d) M.P.=
(100 discount %)

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Increase
1. Increase % = 100 %
Original value

Decrease
2. Decrease % = 100 %
Original value

S.P. C.P.
3. Profit % = 100%
C.P.
C.P. S.P.
4. Loss % = 100 %
C.P.

Discount
5. Discount % = 100 % [Discount = M.P. – S.P.]
M.P.

P×R×T
6. S.I. =
100

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2
1. A box contains 600 eggs. Out of which 16 % are rotten ones. How many eggs are rotten?
3

2. A Ravi obtained 410 marks out of 500 in CBSE XII examination while his brother Anish gets 536
marks out of 600 in IX class examination. Find whose performance is better?

3. 3/4 of the salary per month is Rs.600. What is the salary per month?

4. Find x in the following proportions:

i) 16 : 18 = x : 96 ii) x : 92 = 87 : 116

5. Divide 351 into two parts such that one may rebate to the other by 2 : 7.

6. Two numbers are in the ratio 7 : 11. If 7 is added to each of the numbers, the ratio becomes 2 : 3.
Find the numbers?

7. The ratio of income of a person to his savings is 10 : 1. If his savings of one year are Rs.6000,
what is the income per month.

8. A car can cover a distance of 522 km on 36 litres of petrol. How much it can travel on 14 litres of
petrol.

9. What should be added to each term of the ratio 7 : 13 so that the ratio becomes 2 : 3?

10. The yield of wheat from 6 hectares is 280 quintals. Find the number of hectares required for a
yield of 225 quintals?

11. If x : y = 3 : 5, find the ratio 3x + 4y : 8x + 5y?

12. Mr. Virmani saves 12% of his salary. If he receives Rs.15900 per month are salary, find his
monthly expenditure?

13. Rajdhani College has 2400 students, 40% of whom are girls. How many boys are there in
college?

14. Rahim obtained 60 marks out of 75 in Mathematics. Find the percentage of marks obtained by
Rahim in Mathematics?

15. Ravi purchased a house for Rs.45200 and spent of Rs.2800 on its repairs. He had to sell it for
Rs.46800. Find his loss and loss percent?

16. Shikha purchased a wrist watch for Rs.840 and sold it to her friend Vidhi for Rs.910. Find her
gain percent?

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1. Naresh bought 4 dozen pencils at Rs.10.80 a dozen and sold them for 80 paise each. Find his gain
or loss percent?

2. Mr. Virmani purchased a house for 365000 and spent 135000 on its repairs. If he sold it for
5,50,000, find his gain percent?

3. A grain merchant sold 600 quintals of rice at a profit of 7%. If a quintal of rice cost him 250 and
his total overhead charges for transportation etc., where 1000 find his total profit and the selling
price of 600 quintals of rice?

4. A sum of 400 is lent for 3 years at the rate of 6% per annum. Find the interest?

1
5. A man borrowed 8,000 from a bank at 8% per annum. Find the amount he has to pay after 4
2
years?

6. Anita deposits of 1,000 in a savings bank account. The bank pays interest at the rate of 5% per
annum. What amount can Anita get after one year?

7. Rohit borrowed 60,000 from a bank at 9% per annum for 2 years. He lent this sum of money to
Rohan at 10% annum for 2 years How much did Rohit earn from this transaction?

8. If the marks of Rohit in a test increased from 20 to 30, find the percentage increase?

9. If the price of a shirt decreased from 80 to 60, find the percentage decrease?

10. A person invests money in three different schemes for 6 years, 14 years at 10%, 12% and 15%
simple interest respectively. At the completion of each scheme, he gets the same interest. What is
the ratio of his investments?

11. A trader marks has goods at 40% above the cost price but allows a discount of 20% on the
marked price. Find the profit percentage?

12. An article is listed at 900 and two successive discounts of 8% and 8% are given on it. How much
would the seller gain or lose, if he gives a single discount of 16%, instead of two discounts?

13. A sum of 725 is lone in the beginning of a year at a certain rate of interest. After 8 months, a
sum of 362.50 more is lent but at the rate of twice the previous. At the end of the year, 33.50 is
earned as interest from both the loans. What was the original rate of interest?

14. A man invested 1,000 on simple interest at a certain rate and 1,500 at 2% higher rate. The total
interest in three years is 390. What is the rate of interest for 1,000?

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1. If 2, x and 8 are in continued proportion, then x is:

(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 14

3
2. when expressed in % is:
5
(a) 40% (b) 50% (c) 60% (d) 70%

3. An article was for 120 and sold for 150. The gain/loss % is:
(a) 25% gain (b) 30% gain (c) 25% loss (d) 39% gain

1
4. The S.I. on 500 for 2 years at 2 is:
2
(a) 30 (b) 25 (c) 20 (d) 15

5. x% of x is the same as 10% of:

x x2 x3 x2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 10 100
3 2
6. 40% of 60% of th of a number is 504. What is 25% of th of that number?
5 5
(a) 180 (b) 175 (c) 360 (d) 350

7. Which of the following multiples will cause a number to be increased by 25.3%?

(a) 12.53 (b) 125.3 (c) 1.253 (d) 1253

8. An article passing through two hands is sold at a profit of 35% at the original cost price. If the
dealer makes a profit of 20%, then the profit per cent made by the second is:
(a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 5

9. In what ratio must a grocer mix tea at 60 a kg and 65 a kg, and 65 a kg, so that by selling the
mixture at 68.20 a kg, he may gain 10%:
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 2 : 3

10. A man bought two goats for 1008. He sold at a loss of 20% and the other a profit of 44% each goat was
sold for the same price, the cost profit of the goat which was sold at a loss was :
(a) 648 (b) 360 (c) 568 (d) 440

11. 6000 becomes 7200 in 4 years at a certain rate of interest. If the rate becomes 1.5 times of itself,
the amount of the same principal in 5 years will be:
(a) 8000 (b) 8250 (c) 9000 (d) 9250

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9
12. Simple interest on a certain amount is of its principal. If the number representing the rate of
16
interest in percent and time in years are equal, then the time for which the principal amount is lent
out is
1 1 1
(a) 5 years (b) 6 years (c) 7 years (d) 7 years
2 2 2

1
13. If the simple interest on a certain sum of money for 15 months at 7 % p.a. exceeds the simple
2
1
interest on the same sum for 8 months at 12 % p.a. by 32.50, the sum is:
2
(a) 312 (b) 312.50 (c) 3120 (d) 3120.50

14. A person lent a certain sum of money at 4% simple interest and in 5 years, the interest amounted
to 520 less than the sum lent. The sum lent was:
(a) 600 (b) 650 (c) 700 (d) 750

15. What sum of money will amount to 520 in 5 years and to 568 in 7 years at simple interest?
(a) 400 (b) 120 (c) 510 (d) 220

16. In how many years 150 will produce the same interest at 8% p.a. as 800 produce in 3 years at
1
4 p.a.?
2
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 (c) 12

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LEVEL - I

1. 100 2. The performance Anish is better 3. 800 per month

256 49
4. (i) , (ii) x = 69 5. 78 and 273 6. 7. 60000
3 77
135 29
8. 203 km 9. x = 5 10. h 11. 12. 13992
28 49
13. 1440 boys 14. 80% 15. Loss 1200, Loss% 2.5

LEVEL - II

1. gain % 255.5 2. 10% 3. 140430 4. 72 5. 10,880

6. 1050 7. 1200 8. 50% 9. 25% 10.
1300
11. 12% 12. Gain of 2.24 14.
253

LEVEL - II

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)

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 9
p
Any number which can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and q 0 is known
q
as a rational number.

Note: p is called numerator, q is called denominator.

Rational Numbers 1
3
- 0.45 5
Integers
- 47 -3 2.5
3 Whole Number
-
7
0

A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.

If a rational number is not in the standard form, then it can be reduced to the standard form.

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45
Example 1: Reduce to the standard form.
30

45 45 3 15 15 5 3
Solution: We have,
30 30 3 10 10 5 2

We had to divide twice. First time by 3 and then by 5. This could also be done as

45 45 15 3
30 30 15 2

In this example, note that 15 is the HCF of 45 and 30.

Thus, to reduce the rational number in its standard form, we divide its numerator and denominator by
their HCF ignoring the negative sign, if any. (The reason for ignoring the negative sign will be studied in
Higher Classes).

If two rational numbers are reduced to their standard form and their standard forms are same, then they
2
are said to be equivalent rational numbers. Example and 40/100 are equivalent rational number
5
40 2
because can be reduced to .
100 5

If we multiply the numerator and denominator of

a rational number by the same non zero integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given
rational number.

14
Example 2: Find two equivalent rational number for .
9

Solution: We can find the equivalent rational number by multiplying or dividing the given rational
number by the common number.
First multiply the given rational number by 2 on both numerator and denominator.
14 14 2
9 9 2
14 28
9 18
To find the next rational number multiply the given ratio by the number 5.
14 14 5
9 9 5

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14 70
9 45
14 28 70
The equivalent ratios of are ,
9 18 45
50
Example 3: Determine the least equivalent rational number for the ratio
100
50
Solution: The given rational number is
100
The denominator is a multiple of numerator
100 = 2 × 50
So, to get the least equivalent rational number we divide numerator and
denominator by 50.
50
50
= 50
100 100
50
50 50 1
100 100 2
50 1
So, the least equivalent rational number of
100 2

If in a rational number the numerator and denominator are of same sign, then the rational number is said
to be positive rational number.

If in a rational number both the numerator and denominator are of opposite signs, then the rational
number is said to be negative rational number.

Note: The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number.

Example 4: Which of these are negative rational numbers?

2 5 3 6 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0 v) vi)
3 7 5 11 9

Solution: (i) and (iii) are negative rational numbers.

(ii), (v) and (vi) are positive rational numbers

(iv) is neither positive nor negative rational number.

The number line consists of negative numbers on its left, zero in the middle, and positive numbers on
its right.

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Example,

The two ways to compare two or more rational numbers are:

1. by graphing them on a number line.

2. by making their denominator common using L.C.M.

14 12
Example 5: Compare and
4 7

Solution: Method 1: Graph these points on a number line.

12 14
Hence
7 4
Method 2: L.C.M. (7, 4) = 28
14 98
4 28
12 48
7 28
12 14
Hence
7 4

To find n rational numbers between x and y where x < y

y–x
d=
n 1

Rational numbers may be (x + d), (x + 2d), (x + 3d) ………………. (x + nd)

We can find unlimited number of rational numbers between any two rational numbers.

Example 6: List three rational numbers between –2 and –1.

Solution: Let us write –1 and –2 as rational numbers with denominator 5.

5 10
We have, 1 and 2
5 5

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10 9 8 7 6 5 9 8 7 6
So, or 2 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 8 7
The three rational numbers between –2 and –1 would be,
5 5 5

Example 7: Write four more numbers in the following pattern:

1 2 3 4
; ; ; ...
3 6 9 12

2
1 2 3 1 3 4 1 4
Solution: We have , ,
6
3 2 9 3 3 12 3 4
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
or , , ,
3 1 3 3 2 6 3 3 9 3 4 12
Thus, we observe a pattern in these numbers.
1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7
The other numbers would be , ,
3 5 15 3 6 18 3 7 21

There are four operations on rational numbers:

1. Addition 2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication 4. Division

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with + sign between them

Step – II: Find the L.C.M of denominators

Step – III: Convert each of the rational numbers such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M as their denominator.

Step – IV: Now add the numerators.

1 6
Example 8: Add
3 7

1 6 7 18
Solution: {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
(7 18) 25
= =
21 21

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with – sign between them
Step – II: Find the L.C.M. of denominators
Step – III: Convert each of the rational number such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M. as their denominator.
Step – IV: Now subtract the numerators.

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6 1
Example 9: Subtract from
7 3
1 6 7 18
Solution: {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
7 18 11
=
21 21

4 4 3
Example 10: Find the value of 6 3 4
5 15 10
4 4 3 (6 5 4) (3 15 4) (4 10 3)
Solution: 6 3 4
5 15 10 5 15 10
34 49 43 204 98 129
= =
5 15 10 30 30 30
204 98 129 235 47 5
= = =7
30 30 6 6

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with ‘×’ sign between them.
Step – II: Multiply the numerator with the numerator and denominator with the denominator.
Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.

3 2
Example 11: Multiply and
5 7
3 2 3 2 6
Solution:
5 7 5 7 35

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with sign between them.

Step – II: Multiply the first rational number by the reciprocal of the second.

Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.

9 3
Example 12: Find
16 4
9 3 –3
Solution:
16 4 4
(converting the second rational number into its reciprocal and multiplying it to the
first one)

Closure Property:
(i) If a and b are rational numbers, then a + b is rational.

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(ii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a × b is rational.

(iii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a – b is rational.
(iv) If a and b are rational, then a b is not necessarily rational. So closure property does not hold
in case of division.

The Commutative Properties:

(i) a + b = b + a (ii) a b = b a (iii) a – b b – a (iv) a b b a `
So, commutative property does not hold for subtraction and division of rational numbers.

The Associative Properties:

(i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ii) (a b) c = a (b c) (iii) (a – b) – c a – (b – c)
So, Associative property does not hold for subtraction.

The Inverse Properties:

1
a + (–a) = 0, a 1 (where a 0)
a
The Distributive Property:
a(b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)

Addition Property of Equality

If a = b, then a + c = b + c

Subtraction Property of Equality

If a = b, then a – c = b – c

Multiplication Property of Equality

If a = b, then a c = b c

Division Property of Equality

If a = b, then a c = b c provided c 0.

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1. Which of the following statement are true (T) or false (F)?

i) The quotient of two integers is always an integer.
ii) Every integer is a rational number.
iii) Every rational number is an integer.
iv) Every fraction is a rational number.
v) Every rational number is a fraction.
a a a m
vi) If is a rational number and m is any integer, then
b b b m
2 4
vii) is equal to .
3 6

2. If each of the following represents a pair of equivalent rational numbers, find the values
of x.
2 5 3 x 3 x 13 65
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
3 x 7 4 5 25 6 x

3. Which of the following rational numbers are equal?

9 8 16 20 7 3 8 13
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
12 12 20 25 21 9 14 21

4. Fill in the blanks by the correct symbol out of >, = or <:

6 7 3 5 2 5 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0
6 13 5 6 3 8 5

5. The product of two rational numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is –10, find the other.

6. Mohan ate half pizza on Monday. He ate half of what was left on Tuesday and so on. He followed
this pattern for one week. How much of the pizza would he had eaten during the week?

2
7. of the packages in his van. After that he
At the first stop on his route, a driver unloaded
5
1
unloaded another 3 packages at his next step, of the original number of packages
2
remained. How many packages were in the van before the first delivery?

8. The product of three equal numbers is 343. Find the sum of three numbers.

9. Chandran gave one-fourth of his money to Suresh. Suresh in turn gave one-third of what he
received to Jayesh. If the difference between the amount of Suresh and Jayesh is 100. How much
did Chandran have?

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1 1
10. A lamp post has half of its length in mud, rd of its length in water and 3 m above the water,
3 3
find the total length of the post.

3 7
11. What would be the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers and ?
5 3

12. Sum of rational and irrational is always?

5 1
13. If a man spends th part of his money and then spends part of the remaining money, what
6 2
part of the money is with him now?

4 5 4 2
14. of of a number is less than of of the same number by 8. What is half of the number?
15 7 6 5

15. List 3 rational numbers between – 3 and – 2.

1. What is the missing figure in the expression given below?

16 16 9 9 9
1
7 7 7 7 7 7
(a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 4.57 (d) 32

1 1 1 1 1 1
2. Find the value of 1 1 1 1 1 1
22 32 42 52 92 102
5 1 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 2 20 10
1 1 1 1
3. The expression is a natural number:
1.2 2.3 3.4 n( n 1)
(a) always greater than 1 (b) always less than 1
(c) always equal to 0 (d) always a negative integer
5 7
5 6
8 11 8 3 13 3
4. The expression of 2 of equals
3 1 9 11 22 5
6 9
7 8
1 5 7
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 12 9
1 11
5. What is the value of x in 1 ?
1 7
1
1
1
x
1 7
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 11

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11
1. For what value of ‘a’ the number is not a rational number?
a
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 10

7 1
2. The product of two rational numbers is . If one of the number is . Find the other
8 6
37 42 21 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 4 4

9 8 5 5
3. Find the value of .
5 5 2 4
21 21 21 21
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
40 40 40 40

1 1
4. The additive inverse of is _______.
3 3
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) None of these
3 3

1 3 2
5. The sum of three rational numbers is . If two of the numbers are and , find the
5 10 5
third number.
7 11 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 5 10

6. What is the quotient when a non-zero rational number is divided by its additive inverse.
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) None of these

7 5 5
7. The sum of and is equal to the product of and a number. Find the number.
3 6 3
35 5 25 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 6 10

3 5
8. What number should be subtracted from to get ?
7 7
2 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5 7
1 2
9. Product of 1 and the reciprocal of is _______.
7 7
2 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 3 (d)
7 2
6
10. Which of the following is not equivalent to ?
21
20 10 9 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
70 35 24 91

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2
11. Find the additive inverse of
13
2 13 13 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 2 2 13

12. For any rational numbers a, b, c which among the following is false?
(a) a b b a (b) a (b c) (a b) (a c)
(c) a (b c) a b a c (d) a (b c) a b a c

2 5 8 4
13. Find the value:
7 7 5 9
4 6 18
(a) – 6 (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5
14. From a rope of 4 m 50 cm, pieces of equal size are cut. If each piece is 25 cm long, find
the number of pieces cut off?
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 9

3 2 4 25
15. Divide the difference of and by the product of and
7 5 5 2
2 9 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 35 350 75

16. ______ and ______ are reciprocals of itself

(a) 0, 1 (b) 0, –1 (c) 1, –1 (d) None of these
5 7
17. By what number should we multiply to get .
4 2
35 5 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 14 35 5
1 5 1 3
18. Divide the sum of and by the sum of and
3 6 4 8
1 1
(a) (b )6 (c) 4 (d)
2 4
p r p r
19. If and are rational numbers, then is multiplicative inverse of if,
q s q s
p r p r p r p r
(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 0
q s q s q s q s

3
20. Subtract from is reciprocal.
5
16 34 29 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 9 15

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11
21. Standard form of is
39
12 11 11 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
78 39 39 39

22. Greatest rational number among the following

3 7 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 3 6 2

LEVEL - I

1. (i) False, (ii) True, (iii) False, (iv) True, (v) True, (vi) True, (vii) True
15 12
2. (i) , (ii) , (iii) – 15, (iv) x = – 30
2 7
3. (ii) and (iii)
4. (i) Less than, (ii) Greater than, (iii) Less than, (iv) Greater than
127
5. – 1.5 6. 7. 30 packages
128
21
8. 21 9. 1200 10. 20 m 11.
44
1
12. Always irrational 13.
12
14. 105

LEVEL - II

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a)

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 10
A perimeter is a path that surrounds an area. The word comes from the Greek peri (around) and meter
(measure). The term may be used either for the path or its length. It can be thought of as the length of the
outline of a shape. The perimeter of a circular area is called circumference.

Area is a quantity that express the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape in the plane.

If ‘a’ is the length of side of a square, then its

i) Perimeter, P = 4a Units

ii) Area, A = a2 sq. unit

iii) Diagonal (d) = a 2 unit

Note:
i) If perimeter ‘P’ of a square is given, then its side, ‘a’ = P/4 units
ii) If area ‘A’ of a square is given, then its side, a A

If ‘l’ is the length and ‘b’ is the breadth of a rectangle, then its
i) Perimeter, P 2(l b) units
ii) Area, A = l x b square units

iii) Diagonal (d ) l 2 b 2 units

Note
i) If perimeter ‘P’ and length ‘l’ of a rectangle are given, then its breadth, b = (P/2) – l units
ii) If perimeter ‘p’ and breadth ‘b’ of a rectangle are given, then its length, l = (P/2) – b units
iii) If area ‘A’ and length ‘l’ of a rectangle are given, then its breadth, b = (A/l) units
iv) If area ‘A’ and breadth ‘b’ of a rectangle are given, then its length, l = (A/b) units

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If a rectangle is composed of ‘n’ number of congruent polygons, then area of each polygon = (Area of
rectangle/n)

i) If ‘b’ is the base and ‘h’ is the height of a parallelogram then its area,
A = b × h sq. units
ii) Perimeter, P = 2(a + b) units
D C

a h

b B
Note:
i) If area ‘A’ and base ‘b’ of a parallelogram are given, then its height, h = (A/b) Units
ii) If area ‘A’ and height ‘h’ of a parallelogram are given, then its base b = (A/h) Units

1
Area = b h
2
Where b is base and h is height

i) Perimeter = p + b + h
where p = perpendicular, b = base, h = hypotenuse
1
ii) Area = b p
2
iii) hypotenuse h p 2 b2

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i) Hypotenuse = a2 a2 a 2 units.
ii) Perimeter = (2a a 2) units.
1 a2
iii) Area = a a sq. units.
2 2

i) Perimeter = 3a units C
3a
ii) Height = units
2 a a
h
3a 2
iii) Area = sq. units
4
a B

i) Perimeter (2s) = a + b + c
a b c
ii) Semi-Perimeter s
2 a
h
iii) Area = s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
where, a, b, c are sides of a triangle.
c

NOTE ; All congruent triangles are equal in area but the triangles equal in area need not be
congruent.

If r is the radius of the circle, then its

i) Circumference, C = π d = π × 2r units
O
ii) Area, A = π r2 square units

Note:
C
i) If Circumference of a circle is given, then its (a) diameter, d units.

C
(b) radius, r units or = (d/2) units.
2
ii) If Area of a circle is given, then its radius , r ( A /  ) units.

A  r22  r12  (r22 r12 )

Where r1 is the radius of the inner circle

and r2 is the radius of the outer circle.

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Units of Length Units of Area

1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 100 mm2
2

1 m = 10 dm 1 m2 = 100 dm2
1 dm = 10 cm 1 m2 = 10000 cm2
1 m = 100 cm 1 dm2 = 100 cm2
1 hm = 100 m 1 hm2 = 10000 m2 = 1 hectare
1 km = 10 hm 1 hectare = 100000000 cm2
1 km = 1000 m 1 km2 = 100 hm2
1 km2 = 1000000 m2 = 100 hectares

Example 1: The perimeter of the top of rectangular table is 28 m, whereas its area is 48 m2. What is
the length of its diagonal?
Solution: Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangle.
xy 48, 2 x 2 y 28 x y 14 2
x +y
2

( x y)2 (x y ) 2 4 xy 142 4 48

196 192 4
x
( x y) 4 2

Now x + y = 14 and x – y = 2
2 x 16 x 8 y 6

Length of diagonal x2 y2 64 36 = 10 m

Example 2: What is the area of the square ABCD shown in the diagram?
B
Solution: AD 122 52 cm 144 25 cm

169 cm 13cm 12 cm

Area of square ABCD = (13)2 cm2= 169 cm2 Q 90°

5 cm

D C
Example 3: From a point in the interior of an equilateral triangle the perpendicular distances of
the sides are 3 cm, 2 3 cm and 5 3 cm. What is the perimeter (in cm) of the
triangle?

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Solution: Let each side of the triangle be a cm.

Area of ABC = Area of AOB + Area of
AOC + Area of BOC.
3 2 1 1 1
a a 3 a 2 3 a 5 3
4 2 2 2
3 2 1
a a ( 3 2 3 5 3)
4 2
3 2 1 3 1
a a 8 3 a 8 3
4 2 4 2
8 3 4
a a 16 cm
2 3
Perimeter of the triangle = 16 × 3 = 48 cm

Example 4: The sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. What is the area (in cm2) of a triangle
formed by joining the midpoints of this triangle?
Solution: ABC is the given triangle PQR is the triangle A
formed by joining the midpoints of ABC.
1
Area of PQR (Area ABC ) P Q
4
For area of ABC,
a b c 3cm 4cm 5cm
s = 6 cm
2 2 R C
Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c)
6(6 3)(6 4)(6 5) cm2
6 3 2 1 cm2
36 cm2 = 6 cm2
1
Area of PQR 6cm 2 = 1.5 cm2
4
Example 5: Three circles of radii r1, r2 and r3 are drawn concentric to each other. The radii r1 and
r2 are such that the area of the circle with radius r1 is equal to the area between the
circles of radius r2 and r1. The area between the circles of radii r3 and r2 is equal to
area between the circles of radii r2 and r1. What is the value of r1 : r2 : r3?
Solution: Given,  r12  (r22 r12 )

r12 1
2r12 r22
r22 2

r1 1
r1 : r2 1: 2 …(i)
r2 2

r2 2 3r22
and  (r32 r22 )  (r22 r12 ) r32 2r22 r12 r32 2r22 – r32 2r12 r22
2 2

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r22 2 r2 2
r2 : r3 2: 3 …(ii)
r32 3 r3 3

From (i) and (ii) r1 : r2 : r3 1: 2 : 3 .

Example 6: If the sides of an equilateral triangle are increased by 20%, 30% and 50% respectively
to form a new triangle, what is the percentage increase in the perimeter of the
equilateral triangle?
Solution: Let each side of the equilateral triangle be x cm. Then, after increase the three side are
20 30 50
x x, x x and x x,
100 100 100
i.e., x + 0.2x, x + 0.3x and x + 0.5x,
i.e., 1.2x, 1.3x and 1.5x
Original perimeter = 3x,
Increased perimeter = 1.2x + 1.3x + 1.5x = 4x
Increase in perimter 4 x 3x
% increase in perimeter 100 100%
Original perimeter 3x
100 1
% 33 %
3 3

Example 7: If the base of a parallelogram is (x + 4), altitude to the base is (x – 3) and the area is
(x2 – 4), then what is the actual area equal to?
Solution: Area of the parallelogram = base × altitude
= (x + 4) × (x – 3) = x2 + 4x – 3x – 12
= x2 + x – 12
Given, x2 + x – 12 = x2 – 4 x=8
Actual area = (8)2 – 4 = 64 – 4 = 60 sq. units.

Example 8: In the given figure, ABC is a right angled triangle with B as right angle. Three
semicircles are drawn with AB, BC and AC as diameters. What is the area of the
shaded portion, if the area of ABC is 12 square units?
Solution: Area of shaded portion = (Area of two semi -circles
– Area of biggest semicircle) + Area of ABC.
2 2 2
1 AB 1 BC 1 AC
   12
2 2 2 2 2 2


( AB 2 BC 2 AC 2 ) 12
2

( AC 2 AC 2 ) 12 0 12 12 sq. units.
2

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Example 9: The quadrants shown in the given figure are each of diameter 12 cm. What is the area
of the shaded portion?
Solution: Area of shaded portion = Area of square – 4 × Area of
quadrant.
1
(12 12)cm 2 4  62 cm 2
4

(144 36 )cm 2 36(4  )cm 2

Example 10: A square circumscribes a circle and another square is D G C

inscribed in this circle with one vertex at the point of
contact. What is the ratio of the areas of the circumscribed
H F
and inscribed squares?
Solution: Let each edge of the square ABCD = x units
A E B
Then, area of square ABCD = x2 sq. units
For square EFGH, diagonal EG = x
x
Side of square EFGH =
2
2
x x2
Area of square EFGH = =
2 2
Area of square ABCD x2 2
Required ratio = 2
2 :1
Area of square EFGH x /2 1

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1. ABCD is a square of area 1 m2. P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively. What is
the area of DPQ?

2. If the height of a triangle is decreased by 40% and its base is increased by 40%, what will be the
effect on its area?

3. A square S1 encloses another square S2 in such a manner that each corner of S2 is at the mid-point
of the side of S1. If A1 is the area of S1 and A2 is the area of S2, then find the relation between A1
and A2?

4. A rectangular plank 2 m wide is placed symmetrically on the diagonal of a square of side

8 metres as shown. What is the area of the plank?

5. The triangular side wall of a flyover have been used for advertisements. The sides of the walls are
122 m, 22 m and 120 m. The advertisements yield an earning of Rs. 5,000 per m2 per year. A
company hired one of its walls for 3 months. How much rent did it pay?

6. The cost of turfing a triangular field at the rate of Rs.45 per 100 m2 is Rs. 900. If double the base
of the triangle is 5 times the height, then find the height.

7. The diagonal of a square is 4 2 cm. Then find the diagonal of another square whose area is
double that of the first square.

8. A triangle and a parallelogram are constructed on the same base such that their areas are equal. If
the altitude of the parallelogram is 100 m, then find the altitude of the triangle.

9. The area of a rhombus is 128 cm2 and its perimeter is 32 cm. Then find the altitude of the
rhombus.

10. The perimeter of a rectangle and a square are 160 m each. The area of the rectangle is less than
that of the square by 100 square metre. Then find the length of the rectangle.

11. The height of an equilateral triangle is 10 cm. Find the area.

12. In the given figure PQRS is a rectangle of 8 cm × 6 cm inscribed in a circle. What is the area of
the shaded portion?

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S R

13. If the circumference of a circle is reduced by 50%, then by how much percent is the area of the
circle reduced?
14. A right angled isosceles triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius r. What is the area of the
remaining portion of the circle?
15. A wire is bent into the shape as shown. It is made up of 5 semi-circles. What is the length of the
wire? (Take = 3.15).

6m 3m E 3m F 3m
A B C D

16. In a rectangle, the difference between the sum of adjacent sides and the diagonal is half the length
of longer side. What is the ratio of the shorter to the longer side?
17. Four identical coins are placed in a square. For each coin, the ratio of area to circumference is
same as the ratio of circumference to area. Find the area of the square not covered by the coins.
C

A B
18. What is the perimeter of a square whose area is equal to that of a circle with perimeter 2 r?
19. If the circumference and the area of a circle are numerically equal, then what is the numerical
value of the diameter?
20. The ratio of the bases of two triangles is x : y and that of their areas is a : b. Find the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes.

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1. A circular disc of area A1 is given. With its radius as diameter, a circular disc of area A2 is cut out
of it. Find the area of the remaining disc denoted by A3.

2. ABCD is a square of side 5 cm. At the four corners, four circular arcs each of radius 1 cm are
drawn. A circle of radius 2.5 cm with centre O is drawn inside the square. What is the
approximate area of the shaded portion?

3. The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 3 : 2 respectively. If the sides of the
rectangle are extended on each side by 1m, the ratio of length to breadth becomes 10 : 7. Find the
area of the original rectangle in square metres.

4. The ratio of the outer and inner perimeters of a circular path is 23 : 22. If the path is 5 m wide,
what is the diameter of the outer circle? Also, find the area of path enclosed between the two
circles.

1. In the given figure, P is the centre of the circle. The area and
perimeter respectively of the figure are: 20 cm
(a) 4621.4 cm2, 281.3 cm
(b) 4445.6 cm2, 229.2 cm
(c) 4942 cm2, 234.2 cm 50 cm

(d) 4256 cm2, 229.2 cm

2. An equilateral triangle, a square and a circle have equal perimeters. If T denotes the area of the
triangle, S is the area of the square and C is the area of the circle, then:
(a) S < T < C (b) T < C < S (c) T < S < C (d) C < S < T

3. A diagonal of a rhombus is 80% of the other diagonal. Then, area of the rhombus is how many
times the square of the length of the longer diagonal?
2 4 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 4 4

4. Two sides of a parallelogram are 10 cm and 15 cm. If the altitude corresponding to the side of
length 15 cm is 5 cm, then what is the altitude corresponding to the side of length 10 cm?
(a) 5 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 15 cm

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5. ABCD is a parallelogram P and R are two points on AB and BC respectively such that the area of
parallelogram ABCD is 8 times the area of DPR. If PR = 5 cm, then CD is equal to
(a) 10 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 12 cm

6. A parallelogram has sides 30 m, 70 m and one of its diagonals is 80 m long. Its area will be
(a) 600 m2 (b) 1200 3 m2 (c) 1200 m2 (d) 600 3 m2

7. If the area of a triangle is 1176 m2 and base : corresponding altitude is 3 : 4, then the altitude of
the triangle is
(a) 42 m (b) 52 m (c) 54 m (d) 56 m

8. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By what percent would the width have to be
reduced to maintain the same area?
1
(a) 37 (b) 60% (c) 75% (d) 120%
2
9. In the given figure, ABCD is a square with side 10 cm. BFD is an arc of a circle with centre A
and BGD is an arc of a circle with centre C. What is the area of the shaded region in square
centimetres.
10 B

D C
(a) 100 – 50 (b) 100 – 25 (c) 50 – 100 (d) 25 – 100

10. A typist uses a sheet measuring 20 cm by 30 cm lengthwise. If a margin of 2 cm is left on each

side and 3 cm margin on top and bottom, then the per cent of page used for typing is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 64 (d) 72
11. The ratio between the length and perimeter of a rectangular plot is 1 : 3. What is the ratio between
the length and breadth of the plot?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 1 : 3
12. If every side of an equilateral triangle is doubled the area of the new triangle is K times the area
of the old one. Then K is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
13. A right angled isosceles triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius r. What is the area of the
remaining portion of the circle?
 r2 1 2
(a) (b)  r (c) ( 1)r 2 (d) ( 2)r 2
2 2

14. An equilateral triangle is described on the diagonal of a square. What is the ratio of the area of the
triangle to that of the square?
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 4

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15. If a parallelogram with area P, a rectangle with area R and a triangle with area T are all
constructed on the same base and all have the same altitude, then a false statement is
1
(a) P 2T (b) T R (c ) P R (d) P T 2 R
2

16. If A be the area of a right angled triangle and b is the length of one of the sides containing the
right angle, then the length of the altitude on the hypotenuse is

2 Ab 2 Ab 2 Ab 2 Ab
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b 2
4A 2 b 2 4 A2 b 4
4A 2 b 4 4 A2

17. If the side of an equilateral triangle is decreased by 20%, its area is decreased by

(a) 36% (b) 64% (c) 40% (d) 60%

18. This figure is made up of a semicircle and quarter of a circle. The

length of AB = 9.1 cm. The distance from A to the centre of the
semicircle is 3.5 cm. The area of the figure is
(a) 25 cm2
(b) 28.26 cm2
(c) 22.765 cm2
(d) 88 cm2

19. The area of an equilateral triangle is 400 3 m2. Its perimeter is

(a) 120 m (b) 150 m (c) 90 m (d) 135 m

A1 2
1. 0.375 m2 2. decreases by 16% 3. 4. 14 m2
A2 1
5. 1650000 6. 40 7. 8 cm 8. 200 m 9. 16 cm
3
10. l = 50 m 11. 100 12. 30.5 cm2 13. 75% 14. 1 r2
3
15. 134.67 n 16. 3 : 4 17. 4r(1 r) 18. 4 2 r 19. 4
ay
20.
xb

1. 3A1/4 or 3A2 2. 2.235 cm2 3. 54 m2 4. 230, 1125

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a)

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 11
It is said that algebra a branch of Mathematics that began about 1550 BC, i.e. more than 3500 years ago,
when people in Egypt started using symbols to denote unknown numbers. Around 300 BC, use of letters
to denote unknowns and forming expressions from them was quite common in India. Many great Indian
mathematicians, Aryabhatt (born 476AD), Brahmagupta (born 598AD), Mahavira (who lived around
850AD) and Bhaskara II (born 1114AD) and others, contributed a lot to the study of algebra. They gave
names such as Beeja, Varna etc. to unknowns and used first letters of colour names [e.g., ka from kala
(black), nee from neela (blue)] to denote them. The Indian name for algebra, Beejaganit, dates back to
these ancient Indian mathematicians. The word ‘algebra’ is derived from the title of the book, ‘Aljebar
w’al almugabalah’, written about 825AD by an Arab mathematician, Mohammed Ibn Al Khowarizmi of
Baghdad.

Algebra is about finding the unknown or it is about putting real life problems into equations and then
solving them. Unfortunately many textbooks go straight to the rules, procedures and formulas, forgetting
that these are real life problems being solved.

A branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale,
what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The
numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors etc.

Only you can answer this question. I've always said mathematics is an opportunity gateway and you can't
get to higher mathematics without taking algebra. Algebra develops your thinking, specifically logic,
patterns, problem solving, deductive and inductive reasoning. The more mathematics you have, the
greater the opportunity for jobs in engineering, actuary, Physics, programming etc. Higher mathematics is
often an important requirement for entrance to colleges or universities.

An algebraic Expression is an expression formed from any combination of constants and variables by
using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation (raising to powers),
or extraction of roots.

5 x3 1
For instance, 7, x, 2 x 3 y 1, , r 2 and r r 2 h 2 are algebraic expressions. By an algebraic
4 xy 1
expression in certain variables, we mean an expression that contains only those variables, and by a
constant, we mean an algebraic expression that contains no variables at all. If numbers are substituted for

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the variables in an algebraic expression, the resulting number is called the value of the expression for
these values of the variables.

6
1. Constants and variables: A symbol such as 5, , 0.216 etc., in algebra having a fixed value is
7
called a constant whereas symbols x, y, a, p etc., whose values are not fixed are called variables.

2. Algebraic expressions: An expression formed by combination of constants and variables

connected by basic mathematical operators, i.e., +, –, ×, , is called an algebraic expression,
x
e.g., 7xy, 7b – 4c, etc.
z

3. Term: the various parts of an algebraic expression connected by + or – sign are called the terms
of the expression. E.g. 6a – 4b2 + 3c3 has three terms namely 6a, –4b2, 3c3.

4. Like terms and unlike terms: the terms having the same literal factors are called like terms and
these having different literal factors are called unlike terms.

5. Coefficient: The numerical part of a term is known as numerical coefficient and the variable
part is called the literal coefficient.

6. Types of algebraic expressions:

(i) Monomials: Expressions with a single term are called monomials.

E.g., 4x2, 7, 8abc.

(ii) Binomials: Expressions with two terms are called binomials.

E.g., 7 x 9 y, 2a 2b 8c

(iii) Trinomials: Expressions with three terms are called trinomials.

E.g., 8ab 9a 2b 7c, 4 x 7 y 2a 2

(iv) Multinomials: Expressions with two or more terms are called multinomials.

7. Polynomials:

(i) Polynomials in one variable:

An expression of the form a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 ... an f ( x), where a0 , aa , a2 , ...an are
real numbers, n is non-negative integers and a0 0, is called polynomial of degree n. The
powers of the variable involved are non-negative integers. The degree of the polynomial is
the greatest power of the variable present in the polynomial.

E.g., –7 + 5x is a polynomial of degree 1.

5x3 + 3x2 + 2x – 8 is a polynomial of degree 3.

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(ii) Polynomial in two or more variables: It is an algebraic expression involving two or more
variables with non-negative integral powers.

In such a polynomial, the degree of any term is the greatest sum of the powers of two
variables of that term.

E.g., 6x2y2 – 4x2y3 + 7 is a polynomial in x and y of degree 5.

Note: Terms where the powers of the variables are negative or fraction, i.e., x–2 or
1
1 1 z x4
, , , , x 2
etc., do not form a polynomial.
x2 y z 2 y

8. For addition or subtraction of algebraic expressions, first we collect the like terms and then
find the sum or difference of the numerical coefficients of these terms.

E.g., 8 x 9 y 15 x 6 y (8 x 15 x) (9 y 6 y ) 7 x 15 y

9. Multiplication: Recall the following results.

( x) ( y ) ( xy ) ( x) ( y ) ( xy )
( x) ( y ) ( xy ) ( x) ( y ) ( xy )
xm xn xm n

(a) To multiply monomials

(i) Multiply numerical coefficient

(ii) Multiply literal coefficients

(iii) Multiply the results.

2 5 2 25 3 2 2 25 5 8 2 3
E.g., abc a xc a 5b 2c a 3 xc 2 a b xc
5 8 5 8 4

(b) To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the
monomial and then add the products to get the result.

E.g., – 7 a 2b 2 (a 2 b 2 3abc) ( 7 a 2b 2 a 2 ) ( 7 a 2b 2 b 2 ) ( 7 a 2b 2 3abc)

7 a 4b 2 7 a 2b 4 21a 3b3c

(c) To multiply any two polynomials, multiply each term of one polynomial by each term of the
other. Finally add the products combining like terms together.

E.g., (a 2b)(a 2 4ab b 2 )

a 3 2a 2b – 9ab 2 2b3

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10. Division of algebraic expression

Recall, x m xn x m n , where m, n are rational numbers and m > n.

(a) To divide a monomial by a monomial:

(i) Divide the numerical coefficients
(ii) Divide the literal coefficients
(iii)Multiply the result
63 x 4 y 2 z 4 63 x4 y 2 z 4
E.g., ( 63x 4 y 2 z 4 ) 9 xyz 5
9 xyz 5 9 xyz 5
7 x3 y
– 7 x4 1 y 2 1z 4 5
7 x 3 yz 1
.
z
(b) To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by a
monomial.
24 x 3 y 6 x 2 y 2 7 xy 10 xy 3
E.g., ( 24 x3 y 6 x 2 y 2 7 xy 10 xy 3 ) ( 4 x)
4x 4x 4x 4x
3 7 y 5
6 x2 y xy 2 y3 .
2 4 2

(c) To divide a polynomial by a polynomial:

Step 1: Set up as a form of long division in which the polynomials are arranged in
descending order leaving space for missing terms.
Step 2: The first term of the quotient is obtained by dividing the first term of the
dividend by the first term of the divisor.
Step 3: Then, multiply each term of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and
subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 4: Now take the remainder as the new dividend and repeat steps 2 and 3.
Step 5: Repeat the above process till the remainder becomes zero or a polynomial
degree less than that of the divisor.

E.g. Divide (2x3 – 11x2 + 12x) by (x – 4)

2 x 2 – 3x
xD– 4 2 x –11x 2 12 x
3

i 2 x3 (– ) 8 x 2
D
– 3 x 2 12 x
– 3 x 2 12 x
( ) (–)
0

Note: You can use the result Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder to check the result of
division.

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Identities or Special products are equations or formulae consisting of variable / variables which are true
for all real values of the variable / variables.

They can be thought of as shortcuts for multiplying binomials.

Identity 1: ( x a)( x b) x 2 (a b) x ab

E.g., ( x 5)( x 2) x 2 (5 ( 2)) x 5( 2) x 2 3 x 10

Identity 2: ( a b) 2 a2 2ab b 2

E.g., (4 x 5 y ) 2 (4 x) 2 2 4 x 5 y (5 y ) 2 16 x 2 40 xy 25 y 2

Identity 3: ( a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 2
E.g., 3a b (3a ) 2 2 3a b b 9a 2 3ab b
2 2 2 4

Identity 4: (a b)(a b) a 2 b 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4
E.g., ( xy a )( xy a ) ( xy ) 2 a x2 y 2 a
2 2 2 4

Identity 5: (a b c)2 a 2 b2 c2 2ab 2bc 2ca

E.g., (2 x 4 y 3z ) 2 (2 x) 2 (4 y ) 2 ( 3 z ) 2 2(2 x 4 y 4 y ( 3 z ) ( 3 z ) 2 x)
4 x 2 16 y 2 9z2 2 (8 xy ) 12 yz 6 zx 4 x 2 16 y 2 9 z 2 16 xy 24 yz 12 zx

Identity 6: ( a b)3 a 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b3 a 3 b3 3ab(a b)

E.g., (a 3b)3 a 3 3 a 2 3b 3 a(3b) 2 (3b)3 a 3 9a 2b 27ab 2 27b3

Identity 7: ( a b)3 a 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b3 a 3 b3 3ab(a b)

3 3 2 2 3
p q p p q p q q
E.g., 3 3
3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2

p3 p2 q p q2 q3 p3 p2q pq 2 q3
3 3
27 9 2 3 4 8 27 6 4 8
Identity 8: a 3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )
E.g. x3 8 x3 23
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 22 )
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4)

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Identity 9: a 3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )
E.g. x3 13 ( x 1)( x 2 1 x)

Identity 10: a3 b3 c 3 3abc (a b c)(a 2 b2 c2 ab bc ca )

If a b c 0, then
a3 b3 c3 3abc
E.g. x 3
y 3 1 3 xy
x3 y 3 13 3 x y 1
(x y 1)( x 2 y 2 12 xy x 1)

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Example 1: Add 3x + 11 and 7x – 5

Solution: (3x + 11) + (7x – 5) = 3x + 11 + 7x – 5

= 3x + 7x + 11 – 5 (rearranging terms)
= (3x + 7x) + (11 – 5) (grouping like terms) = 10x + 6
Hence, 3x + 11 + 7x – 5 = 10x + 6

Example 2: Add 3x + 11 + 8z and 7x – 5.

Solution: (3x + 11 + 8z) + (7x – 5) = 3x + 11 + 8z + 7x – 5

= (3x + 7x) + (11 – 5) + 8z (grouping like terms) = 10 x + 6 + 8z
Therefore, the sum = 10x + 6 + 8z

Example 3 : Subtract a – b from 3a – b + 4

Solution: (3a – b + 4) – (a – b) = 3a – b + 4 – a + b
= (3a – a) + (b – b) + 4 (grouping like terms )
= (3 – 1) a + (1 – 1) b + 4 (using Distributive law ) = 2a + (0) b + 4 = 2a + 4

Example 4: Collect like terms and simplify the expression:

12m2 – 9m + 5m – 4m2– 7m + 10
Solution: Rearranging terms, we have
12m2 – 4m2+ 5m – 9m – 7m + 10 = (12 – 4) m2 + (5 – 9 – 7) m + 10
12m 2 – 4m 2+ 5m – 9m – 7m + 10 = 8m2 + (– 4 – 7) m + 10
= 8m2 + (–11) m + 10 = 8m2 – 11m + 10

Example 5: Subtract 24ab – 10b – 18a from 30ab + 12b + 14a.

Solution: 30ab + 12b + 14a – (24ab – 10b – 18a) = 30ab + 12b + 14a – 24ab + 10b + 18a
= 30ab – 24ab + 12b + 10b + 14a + 18a
= 6ab + 22b + 32a

Alternatively, we write the expressions one below the other with the like terms appearing
exactly below like terms as:
30ab + 12b + 14a
24ab – 10b – 18a
(– ) (+ ) (+)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6ab + 22b + 32a
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Example 6: From the sum of 2y2 + 3yz, – y2 – yz – z2 and yz + 2z2, subtract the sum of
3y2 – z2 and –y2 + yz + z2.

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Solution: We first add 2y2+ 3yz, – y2 – yz – z2and yz + 2z2.

2y2 + 3yz
– y2 – yz – z2
(+) + yz + 2z2
––––––––––––––––
y2 + 3yz + z2 (1)
––––––––––––––––
We then add 3y2 – z2 and –y2 + yz + z2
3 y2 – z2
(+) – y2 + yz + z2
––––––––––––––––
2y2 + yz (2)
––––––––––––––––
Now we subtract sum (2) from the sum (1):
y2 + 3yz + z2
2y2 + yz
(–) (–)
––––––––––––––––
– y2 + 2yz + z2

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1. Subtract:
i) –5y2 from y2
ii) 6xy from –12xy
iii) (a – b) from (a + b)
iv) a (b – 5) from b (5 – a)
v) –m2 + 5mn from 4m2 – 3mn + 8
vi) – x2 + 10x – 5 from 5x – 10
vii) 5a2 – 7ab + 5b2 from 3ab – 2a2– 2b2
viii) 4pq – 5q2 – 3p2 from 5p2 + 3q2 – pq

2. a) What should be added to x2+ xy + y2 to obtain 2x2 + 3xy?

b) What should be subtracted from 2a + 8b + 10 to get – 3a + 7b + 16?

3. What should be taken away from 3x2 – 4y2 + 5xy + 20 to obtain – x2 – y2 + 6xy + 20?

4. a) From the sum of 3x – y + 11 and – y – 11, subtract 3x – y – 11.

b) From the sum of 4 + 3x and 5 – 4x + 2x2, subtract the sum of 3x2 – 5x and –x2 + 2x + 5.

5. If m = 2, find the value of: (i) m – 2 (ii) 3m – 5 (iii) 9 – 5m (iv) 3m2 – 2m – 7

6. If p = – 2, find the value of: (i) 4p + 7 (ii) – 3p2 + 4p + 7 (iii) – 2p3 – 3p2 + 4p + 7

7. Find the value of the following expressions, when x = –1:

(i) 2x – 7 (ii) – x + 2 (iii) x2 + 2x + 1(iv) 2x2 – x – 2

8. If a = 2, b = – 2, find the value of: (i) a2 + b2 (ii) a2 + ab + b2 (iii) a2 – b2

9. When a = 0, b = – 1, find the value of the given expressions:

(i) 2a + 2b (ii) 2a2 + b2 + 1 (iii) 2a2b + 2ab2 + ab (iv) a2 + ab + 2

10. Simplify the expressions and find the value if x is equal to 2

(i) x + 7 + 4 (x – 5) (ii) 3 (x + 2) + 5x – 7; (iii) 6x + 5 (x – 2) (iv) 4(2x – 1) + 3x + 11

11. Simplify these expressions and find their values if x = 3, a = – 1, b = – 2.

(i) 3x – 5 – x + 9
(ii) 2 – 8x + 4x + 4
(iii) 3a + 5 – 8a + 1
(iv) 10 – 3b – 4 – 5b
(v) 2a – 2b – 4 – 5 + a

12. (i) If z = 10, find the value of z3 – 3(z – 10); (ii) If p = – 10, find the value of p2 – 2p – 100

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13. What should be the value of a if the value of 2x2 + x – a equals to 5, when x = 0?

14. Simplify the expression and find its value when a = 5 and b = – 3. 2(a2 + ab) + 3 – ab

15. Which of the following expressions is not a polynomial?

2 2 4 2 2
(a) 6 y 3 5 y 2 2 y 9 (b) x y x y 4 y2
9 13
5x4 7 x2 y 2 8
(c) (a 3 8a )( x 4 6) (d)
y

16. What is the degree of the polynomial 2a 2 4b8 ?

17. The product of 4a 2 6b 2 and 3a 2b 2 is

1 2 1 2
18. The product of x y (5 x 2 6 y 2 ) is
5 6
2
1
19. 3m ______
5

20. If P 3 x 4 y 8 z , Q 10 y 7 x 11z and R 19 z 6 y 4 x, then P Q R is equal to

21. ( x 4)( x 3) ( x 4)( x 3) is equal to

22. ( p q)3 ( p q)3 is equal to

23. If ( x 2 4 x 21) is divided by x + 7, the quotient is

1 1
24. If x 4 727, then x is equal to
x4 x

25. Degree of a constant term is

1 1
26. If x 2 7, the value of x 4 is
x2 x4

27. What must be added to the sum of 2a 2 3a 7, 5a 2 2a 11 and 3a 2 5a 8 to get 0?

28. The area of a rectangular courtyard is (10 x3 11x 2 19 x 10) sq units. If one of its sides is

(2 x 2 3 x 5) units, then the other side is

29. (24 x 2 yz 28 x 2 y 2 z 3 32 y 2 z 2 ) ( 4 xy ) is equal to

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a 2 b2 c2
1. If a b c 0, then the value of is
bc ca ab

3.7 3.7 2.3 2.3 2 3.7 2.3

2. __________ .
4.6 4.6 3.4 3.4

8.73 8.73 8.73 4.27 4.27 4.27

3. ________ .
8.73 8.73 8.73 4.27 4.27 4.27

4. Find the product: (a 2 b 2 )(a 4 b 4 )(a b)(a b) .

1 1
5. If p 4, find the value of p 4 .
p p4

6. Figure shows a number of equal step. If the ‘rise’ of each step is b cm, and there are n steps, make
a formula for the height (H) is centimetres of the steps.

b n

1
7. Using the formula : W np NX 2 , frame formula for X.
2

8. If A  ( R 2 r 2 ), then R is equal to

1. When a 2b(a 3 a 1) ab(a 4 2a 2 2a ) b(a 3 a 2 1) is simplified, the answer is

(a) a 2b (b) ab (c) b (d) 0

2. The product ( x y z ) ( x y ) 2 ( y z ) 2 ( z x) 2 is equal to

(a) x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz (b) x 3 y 3 z 2
(c) 3xyz (d) 2 ( x3 y 3 z 3 ) 3xyz

1 1
3. If x m, then find the value of x 2 :
x x2
m2
(a) (b) m 2 2 (c) 2m 2 1 (d) 2m 2 1
4

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4. ( x 4)( x 4)( x 2 16)

(a) x 2 64 (b) x 4 64 (c) x 4 256 (d) x 2 256

1 1
5. If x 4 727, then x is equal to
x4 x
(a) 5 (b) 29 (c) 25 (d) 27

1
6. The value of (5 x 3 y ) 2 (5 x 3 y ) 2 when x 1, y is
25
1
(a) 12 (b) (c) 10 (d) –30
15

7. a 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b3 divided by a 2 2ab b 2 is

(a) a 2 b 2 (b) a 2b (c) 2a 2 b 2 (d) a b

8. ( a b)(b a ) is
(a) a 2 b 2 (b) b 2 a 2 (c) a 2 b 2 (d) b2 a2

9. ( x 2 – 24 )( x 2 24 ) = ________.

(a) x 2 14 (b) x 4 64 (c) x 4 256 (d) x 2 256

2.3 2.3 2.3 1

10. ?
2.3 2.3 2.3 1

(a) 0.88 (b) 1.3 (c) 2.2 (d) 3.3

11. The expression that should be subtracted from 4 x 4 2 x3 6 x 2 x 5 so that it may be

exactly divisible by 2 x 2 x 2 is

(a) 3x +5 (b) –3x – 5 (c) –3x + 5 (d) 3x

12. ( z 2 13)( z 2 5) _______

(a) 2 z 4 18 z 2 8 (b) z 4 8 z 2 65 (c) z 4 8 z 2 65 (d) z 4 8 z 2 65

13. ( x 4)( x 4)( x 2 16) _____ .

(a) x 2 64 (b) x 4 64 (c) x 4 256 (d) x 2 256

14. The continued product of ( x 3)( x 3)( x 2 9) is

(a) x 4 81 (b) x 2 81 (c) x 4 18 (d) x 4 81

8.73 8.73 8.73 4.27 4.27 4.27

15. _______ .
8.73 8.73 8.73 4.27 4.27 4.27

(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 10

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16. x 4 81 ______ .
(a) ( x 2 81)( x 2 1) (b) ( x 2 9)( x 2 9)
(c) ( x 3)( x 3)( x 2 9) (d) ( x 2 9)( x 3)

9
17. 4 x4 6 x2 _____ .
4
3 3 3 3
(a) 2 x 3 2x (b) 2 x 2 2x2
2 2 2 2
3 3 9
(c) 2 x 2 2 x2 (d) 4 x3 ( x 1)
2 2 4

18. The factors of a 4 4a 2 are:

(a) a 2 (a 2)(a 2) (b) a(a 2)(a 2) (c) a(a 2)(a 2) (d) a 2 (a 2)2

(1.5)3 (4.7)3 (3.8)3 3 1.5 4.7 3.8

19. The value of
(1.5) (4.7) 2 (3.8) 2 1.5 4.7 4.7 3.8 1.5 3.8
2

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 30

(2.3)3 0.027
20. ?
(2.3) 2 0.69 0.09
(a) 2.6 (b) 2 (c) 2.33 (d) 2.8

(0.35) 2 (0.03) 2
21. =
0.19
(a) 2.6 (b) 0.64 (c) 2.33 (d) 2.8

22. One of the factors of a 2 b 2 a 2b ab 2 a 2 b 2 is:

(a) a b (b) b + a + ab (c) a – b (d) a 2 b 2

1 1
23. If x y a and xy b, then the value of is:
x3 y3
a 3 3ab a 3 3ab
(a) a 3 3ab (b) (c) (d) a 3 3ab
b3 b3

24. If x y 1 0 then x3 y 3 1 is equal to:

(a) x 2 y 2 1 (b) x 2 xy y 2 (c) x 2 xy y 2 (d) 3xy

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1. (i) 6y2 (ii) –18xy (iii) 2b (iv) 5a + 5b – 2ab

2
(v) 5m – 8mn + 8 (vi) x2 – 5x – 5 (vii) 10ab – 7a2 – 7b2
(viii) 8p2 + 8q2 – 5pq
2. (i) x2 + 2xy – y2 3. 4x2 – 3y2 – xy 4. (a) 11 – y
(ii) 5a + b – 6 (b) 2x + 4
5. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) –1 (iv) 1
6. (i) –1 (ii) –13 (iii) 3
7. (i) –9 (ii) 3 (iii) 0 (iv) 1
8. (i) 8 (ii) 4 (iii) 0
9. (i) –2 (ii) 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 2
10. (i) –3 (ii) 15 (iii) 12 (iv) 29
11. (i) 10 (ii) –6 (iii) 11 (iv) 22 (v) –8
12. (i) 1000 (ii) 20
13. –5 14. 38 15. (d) 16. 8 17. 12a4b2 – 18a2b4
11 2 2 1 6
18. x 4 x y y4 19. 9m 2 m
30 25 5
20. 0 21. 14x 22. – 2q(3p2 + q2)
23. x – 3 24. 29 25. 0 26. 47
27. 12 28. 5x + 2 29. 6 xz 7 xyz 2 8 yz 3 x 1

15
1. –2 2. 3. 13 4. (a8 – b8) 5. 322
4
N A r2
6. h = nb 7. 8.
2(W np)

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d)

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 12
An exponent is simply shorthand for multiplying that number of identical factors.
So 4³ is the same as (4 × 4 × 4).
Caution: Remember the order of operations. Exponents are the first operation (in the absence of grouping
symbols like parentheses), so the exponent applies only to what it’s directly attached to. 3x³ is 3(x)(x)(x),
not (3x)(3x)(3x). If we wanted (3x)(3x)(3x), we’d need to use grouping: (3x)³.

4– 3 is the same as 1/(43), and x –3 = 1/x3.

Note: As you know, you can’t divide by zero. So there’s a restriction that x −n = 1/xn only when x
is not zero. When x = 0, x−n is not defined.

A fractional exponent specifically, an exponent of the form 1/n — means to

take the nth root instead of multiplying or dividing. For example, 4(1/3) is the 3rd root (cube root) of 4.
(4)1/3 3 4 .

You can’t use counting techniques on an expression like 6 0.1687 or 4.3π.

Instead, these expressions are evaluated using logarithms.

Suppose you have (x5)(x6); how do you simplify that? Just

remember that you’re counting factors.
x5 = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x) and x6 = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)
Now multiply them together:

(x5)(x6) = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x) = x11 i.e. x5 × x6 = x5 + 6 = x11

Note : When the bases are the same, you find the new power by just adding the exponents:

(ii)

(x3)(y4) = (x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y)(y)
If you write out the powers, you see there’s no way you can combine them.
Except in one case: If the bases are different but the exponents are the same, then you can
combine them. Example:

(x³)(y³) = (x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y)

But you know that it doesn’t matter what order you do your multiplications in or how you group
them. Therefore,

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(x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y) = (x)(y)(x)(y)(x)(y) = (xy)(xy)(xy)

But from the very definition of powers, you know that’s the same as (xy)³. And it works for any
common power of two different bases:
(x3) (y3) = (xy)3

What about dividing? Remember that dividing is just multiplying by one

over-something. So all the laws of division are really just laws of multiplication. The extra
definition of

xm xn xm n

Example: Find x8 ÷ x6?

x8÷x6 = (xxxxxxxx)÷(xxxxxx) = (xx)(xxxxxx)÷(xxxxxx) = (xx)(xxxxxx÷xxxxxx) = (xx)(1) = x2.
For division with like bases you subtract exponents, just as for multiplication of like bases you
add exponents:

What about dividing by a negative power, like y5/x−4?

Use the rule you already know for dividing:
y5/x−4 = y5 × x4

When you have a power of a power, the combined exponent is formed by multiplying. i.e.

Perform the operations to remove parentheses:

1. (x4)-5 = x4×–5 = x–20
2. (5x²)³ = 5 x 2 5 x 2 5 x 2 = 125x6

You probably know that anything to the 0 power is 1. But now you can see why. Consider x0.

By the division rule, you know that x3/x3 = x(3−3) = x0. But anything divided by itself is 1, so
x3/x3 = 1. Things that are equal to the same thing are equal to each other: if x3/x3 is equal to both 1
and x0, then 1 must equal x0. Symbolically,

x0 = x(3−3) = x3/x3 = 1

There’s one restriction. You saw that we had to create a fraction to figure out x0. But division by 0
is not allowed, so our evaluation works for anything to the zero power except zero itself:

Evaluating 00 is a separate advanced topic

Example : What is the value of each of these?

a. (a6b8c10 / a5b6d7)0 = 1

b. 17x0 = 17 × 1 = 17

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1. x1 = x 6. (xm)n = xmn
2. x-1 = 1/x 7. (xy)n = xnyn
3. x0 = 1 8. (x/y)n = xn/yn
4. x x = xm+n
m n
9. x-n = 1/xn
m
5. xm/xn = xm-n 10 xn n
xm

The laws of radicals are traditionally taught separately from the laws of exponents, and frankly
I’ve never understood why. A radical is simply a fractional exponent: the square (2nd) root of x is
just x1/2, the cube (3rd) root is just x1/3, and so on.

Example: You know that the cube (3rd) root of x is x1/3 and the square root of that is (x1/3)1/2.
Then use the power-of-a-power rule to evaluate that as x(1/3)(1/2) = x(1/6) which is the 6th root of x.

Example: Because the square root is the 1/2 power, and the product rule for the same power of
different bases tells you that (x1/2)(y1/2) = (xy)1/2.

Fractional or Rational Exponents So far we’ve looked at fractional exponents only where the top
number was 1. How do you interpret x2/3, for instance? Can you see how to use the power rule?
Since 2/3 = (2)(1/3), you can rewrite x2/3 = x(2)(1/3) = (x2)1/3 It works the other way, too: 2/3 =
(1/3)(2), so x2/3 = x(1/3)(2) = (x1/3)2

When a power and a root are involved, the top part of the fractional exponent is the power and
the bottom part is the root.

1. Write x 5 as a single power.

2. Simplify 3
(a 6 b9 ) (That’s the cube root or third root of a6b9.)
3. Find the numerical value of 274/3 without using a calculator.

Laws of exponents

am
(a) a m a n am n
(b) am n
(c) (a m ) n a mn (d) (ab) n a n bn
an
n
a an 1
(e) (f) a 0 1 (g) a n
(a 0)
b bn an

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1. If 5 x 3
253 x 4 , then find x.

(34 ) 4 96
2. Evaluate:
(27)7 39

3 3
3. Evaluate: 0.000729 0.008

4. Find the value of

(i) 26 (ii) 93 (iii) 112 (iv) 54

5. Express the following in exponential form:

(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 (ii) t × t (iii) b × b × b × b (iv) 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7

(v) 2 × 2 × a × a (vi) a × a × a × c × c × c × d

6. Express each of the following numbers using exponential notation:

(i) 512 (ii) 343 (iii) 729 (iv) 3125

7. If (ab 1 ) 2 x 1
(ba 1 ) x 2 then what is the value of x?

8. Identify the greater number, wherever possible, in each of the following?

(i) 43 or 34 (ii) 53 or 35 (iii) 28 or 82 (iv) 1002 or 2100

9. Express each of the following as product of powers of their prime factors:

(i) 648 (ii) 405 (iii) 540 (iv) 3,600

2n 4
2.2n 3
10. Evaluate: n 3
2
2.2

11. Simplify:

(i) 2 × 103 (ii) 72 × 22 (iii) 23 × 5 (iv) 0 × 102

(v) 24 × 32 (vi) 32 × 104

12. Simplify
(i) (–4)3 (ii) (–3) × (–2)3 (iii) (–3)2 × (–5)2 (iv) (–2)3 × (–10)3

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13. Compare the following numbers

(i) 2.7 × 1012; 1.5 × 108 (ii) 4 × 1014 ; 3 × 1017

14. Simplify
(25 ) 2 73 25 52 t 8 35 105 25
(i) (ii) (iii)
83 7 103 t 4 57 6 5

15. If the cube root of 132651 is 51, then what is the value of
3 3 3
132.651 0.132451 0.000132651 ?

x
1. If 3
0.008 , then find the value of x.
0.0064

2176 x
2. What is the value of x in the equation 1 1 1 ?
2401 7

3. If a, b, c are real numbers, find the value of a 1b b 1c c 1a .

(225)0.2 (225)0.3
4. Calculate .
(225)0.5 (225)0.2

5. Assertion (A): A number90356294 is divisible by 4.

Reason (R): A number with an even digit in the units place is always divisible by 2.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

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1. First find the number in place in P in the following number series and then find the value of the
expression given after the series.
173, 176, P, 194, 218, 266
The value of P 13 is

(a) 14.03 (b) 14.10 (c) 13.00 (d) 13.67

2. If X, Y are positive real numbers such that X > Y and A is any positive real number, then
X X A X X A X X A X X A
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Y Y A Y Y A Y Y A Y Y A

3. Find the value of 437 14 4

(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 21

4. If 4 x 4x 1
24 , then the value of (2 x) x is:
1
(a) (5)3/2 (b) 4 (c) (5)5/2 (d)
5

x y 10
5. If and x + y = 10, then the value of xy is:
y x 3

(a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 16 (d) 9

a b
1 1
x x
y y
6. The expression a b
reduces to:
1 1
y y
x x
a b a b
y x
(a) (b)
x y

a b a b
y x
(c) (d)
x y

t m n
2m 2n 2t
7. is equal to:
2n 2t 2m

(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 0
2

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2 3
8. The value of is:
3 5 2 1
of 1
6 3 4
1 12
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 5

(5)0.25 (125)0.25
9. The value of is:
(256)0.10 (256) 0.15
5 5 25 25
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 16

2x 1
10. In the equation 14, the value of x is:
(7) 1 (2) 1

(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 15 (d) 7

1
11. The value of (0.0001)1/2 (1000) 2/3
is:
4
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4 8
10
3 5
12. a5 is equal to:

(a) a2 (b) 1 (c) a10/3 (d) a5

13. If (28)2 is added to the square of a number, the answer so obtained is 1808. What is the number?

(a) 34 (b) 26 (c) 36 (d) 32

rx s px q
p q
14. If , then the value of x is:
q p
q s
(a) 1 (b)
p r
q r q r
(b) (c)
q s p s

3(12 n)
9(2 n 7)
15. The value of 5n
is:
3
1 9 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 13 9 3

16. The value of 10 25 108 154 225 is:

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10

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17. The value of x, if 2 x 2x 2 x 192 is:

1
(a) 5 (b) (c) 6 (d) None of these
6

7 5
a 1b 2 a 3b 5
18. is equal to:
a 2b 4 a 2b 3
(a) a 4b 2 (b) a 2b 4 (c) a 3b 2 (d) a 2b3

11 1 29
1. 2. 3. 4. (i) 64, (ii) 729, (iii) 121, (iv) 625
5 9 100
5. (i) 64, (ii) t2,, (iii) b4, (iv) 52 × 73, (v) 2a2, (vi) a3 × c3 × d
6. (i) 29, (ii) 73, (iii) 93, (iv) 55 7. x = 1
8. (i) 34 > 43, (ii) 35 > 53, (iii) 28 > 82, (iv) 2100 > 1002
9. (i) 23 × 34, (ii) 51 × 34, (iii) 22 × 33 × 5, (iv) 24 × 32 × 52
10. 1 11. (i) 2000, (ii) 196, (iii) 40, (iv) 0, (v) 144, (vi) 90000
12. (i) – 64, (ii) 24, (iii) 225, (iv) 8000 13. (i) 2.7 × 1012 > 1.5 × 108, (ii) 3 × 1017 > 4 × 1014
1071
15.
100

2/5
1
1. 0.0256 2. x = 1 3. 1 4. 5. (d)
15

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a)

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 13
A circle is a set of points all of which are at a certain constant distance from a fixed point. The fixed point
is known as centre.

A line joining the centre of a circle to any of the points on the circle is known
as its radius.

The circumference of a circle is the length of the boundary of the circle.

The circumference of a circle = 2 × π × radius = 2 π r units .
A
A
Minor
O Sector O segment

(i) B
B (ii)
AB is part of the circumference
and is known as an arc Major segment

A line which touches the circle at two distinct points is called a chord. The line AB in the second
diagram represents a chord. It divides the circle into a major segment and a minor segment.
P
The length of the
perpendicular from a point P to a line (l) is the distance of the line
from the point. i.e. PF l
F

A tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point (so it does not cross the
circle- it just touches it).

There are four types of constructions of triangles.

(1) SSS Triangle Construction : Here, it is necessary that sum of any two sides of a triangle must be
greater than the third side.

(2) SAS Triangle Construction : It means construction of triangle when two sides and the included
angle are given.

(3) ASA triangle Construction : It means construction of triangle when two of its angles and an
included side is given.

(4) RHS Triangle Construction : Construction of a right triangle when its hypotenuse and one side
is given.

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1. Draw XYZ with XY = 5.5 cm, YZ = 6 cm and ZX = 5.5 cm. Measure Y and Z. Name the
type of triangle constructed.

2. Construct JKL such that JK = 3 cm, KL = 4 cm and JL = 5 cm.

3. Construct an isosceles triangle in which the lengths of each of its equal sides is 7 cm and the
angle between them is 120°.

4. Construct LMN with MN = 4.5 cm, LN = 6.5 cm and m N = 135°.

5. Examine whether you can construct PQR such that QR = 4.3 cm, m Q = 85°, and m R = 115°.
Justify your answer.

6. Construct a right angled triangle with hypotenuse 7.6 cm long and one of the legs 5.2 cm long.

7. Construct an isosceles right-angled triangle PQR, where m PRQ = 90° and PR = QR = 4.7 cm.

8. Draw a line l. Draw a perpendicular to l at any point on l. On this perpendicular, choose a point X,
5.5 cm away from l. Through X, draw a line m parallel to l.

9. Construct UVW where UV = 7 cm, m UVW = 120°, and VWU = 40°.

10. Construct a XYZ where XY = 5 cm, YZ = 7.6 cm and ZX = 3.5 cm. Also find the type of
triangle formed.

11. Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 3 cm from it.

12. Draw a line parallel to a given line l and passing through a given point P.

1. The complement of 80º is

(a) 100º (b) 10º (c) 135º (d) 155º

2. In the figure, what value of x will make AOB a straight line?

(a) x = 30 (b) x = 35 (c) x = 25 (d) x = 40

3. In ABC, if A = 65º and C = 85º, then B=?

(a) 25º (b) 30º (c) 35º (d) 40º

4. The sum of all angles of triangle is :

(a) 90º (b) 100º (c) 150º (d) 180º

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5. In ABC, B = 90º, AB = 5 cm and AC = 13 cm, Then BC = ?

(a) 8 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 12 cm (d) None of these

6. In the given figure, PQ | | RS, PAB = 60º and ACS = 100º then BAC = ?

(a) 40º (b) 60º (c) 80º (d) 50º

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1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (a)

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 14
Symmetry is an important geometrical concept, commonly exhibited in nature and is used almost in every
field of activity. Artists professionals, designers, architects make use of idea of symmetry. The beehives,
flowers, rugs, handkerchiefs, everywhere you find symmetrical designs.

A figure, has a line symmetry, if there is a line about which the figure may be folded so that the two parts
of the figure will coincide.

In both the figures, line of symmetry is marked with dotted lines.

Note : The shapes that have a line of symmetry are known as “symmetrical”, while those which do not
possess any kind of line of symmetry, are termed as “asymmetrical”
A line parallel to horizontal plane is known as horizontal line of symmetry. The line of symmetry
perpendicular to horizontal plane is called vertical symmetry.

• Equilateral Triangle
It has 3 lines of symmetry. One is vertical line and other 2 is remaining corners. It has no horizontal
symmetry.

• Square
It has 4 lines of symmetry.

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• Pentagon
Regular pentagon has 5 lines of symmetry. One vertical and 4 corners.

Note : Regular polygon has as many lines of symmetry as it has sides.

Some other examples for line of symmetry.

Circle has infinite number of lines of symmetry.

Rectangle have two lines of symmetry.

Diagonals of rectangle are not line of symmetry.

Angle with equal arms has one line of symmetry i.e. the internal angle bisector.

Rhombus has two lines of symmetry i.e. the two diagonals

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Kite has single line of symmetry.

Rotation can be clockwise or anti-clockwise. When an object rotates, its shape and size, do not change.
The rotation turn an object about a fixed point. This fixed point is the CENTRE OF ROTATION. The
angle of turning during rotation is called the ANGLE OF ROTATION. A full turn means 360º.
For Eg. Windmill has a rotational symmetry. If you rotate a windmill by 90º about the fixed point, the
windmill will look exactly the same.

In a full turn, there are precisely four positions, when windmill looks exactly the same,. So it has
rotational symmetry of order 4.
Eg. Consider a square with P as one of its corners.

Here we performed quarter-turns about centre .

So, square has rotational symmetry of order 4 about its centre.

Circle is the shape that have both line and rotational symmetry. It has unlimited numbers of lines passing
through the centre that forms line of symmetry and has rotational symmetry around the centre for every
angle.

Note : Every object has a rotational symmetry of order 1, as it occupies same position after a rotation
of 360º.

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1. List all the letters of English alphabets and show how many of them have
(a) Vertical lines of symmetry? (b) Horizontal line of symmetry?
(c) Both lines of symmetry? (d) Unlimited lines of symmetry?
(e) No line of symmetry?
2. Draw a rough figure of the following shapes and show how many lines of symmetry they possess:
(a) scalene triangle (b) Isosceles triangle
(c) Equilateral triangle (d) Kite
3. Complete the sketch so that it has 90º rotational symmetry about O.

4. Complete the sketch so that it has line symmetry about l.

5. How many lines and symmetry are there in following figures?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

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6. Given the lines of symmetry, find the other holes.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

7. Give three examples of shapes with no lines of symmetry.

8. Name any two figures that have both line symmetry and rotational symmetry.
9. After rotating by 60º about a centre, a figure looks exactly the same as its original position. At
what other angles will this happen for the figure?
10. Draw mirror image of following words
(a) C ________ (b) J________ (c) U__________ (d) T___________
11. Give the order of rotational symmetry for each figure.

(a) (b) (c)

1. Which of the following has a horizontal line of symmetry?

(a) P (b) 3 (c) M (d) W
2. What is the number of lines of symmetry for regular pentagon?
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
3. A rhombus is symmetrical about its
(a) Diagonals (b) Sides (c) Angles (d) None of these
4. In the word “MATHS’ which letter shows rotational symmetry.
(a) M (b) A (c) H (d) S
5. Which of the lines in the picture are lines of symmetry of the given figure?

(a) only m (b) l and n (c) m and o (d) l, m, n, o

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6. Which of the lines are lines of symmetry of the given figure?

(a) q & s (b) only t (c) r and t (d) q, r, s, t

7. Fill in the blanks :

(a) A semi circle has order of rotation ……………..
(b) A regular hexagon has order of rotation ……………
(c) A rectangle has order of rotation ……………..
(d) A Rhombus has order of rotation …………….

8. How many lines of symmetry are there in equilateral triangle?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 2

9. A solid that has only one vertex is

(a) Pyramid (b) Cube (c) Cone (d) Cylinder

10. Total number of edges a cylinder has?

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

11. A solid that has two opposite identical faces and other faces as parallelogram is a
(a) Prism (b) Pyramid (c) Cone (d) Sphere

12. The solid with one circular face, one curved face and one vertex is known as
(a) Cone (b) Sphere (c) Cylinder (d) Prism

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (a) 1, (b) 6, (c), 4, (d) 2 8. (a) 9. (c)
10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a)

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1. If 4021 × D = ABBBD, then the sum of the digits of ABBBD × D IS _______.
(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 26
5
2. What is the 2019th digit to the right of the decimal point, in the decimal representation of ?
28
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 7

3. If X is a 1000 digit number, Y is the sum of its digits, Z the sum of the digits of Y and W the sum
of the digits of Z, then the maximum possible value of W is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 22

4. Let x be the number 0.000 … 001 which has 2019 zeroes after the decimal point. Then which of
the following numbers is the greatest?
10000 1
(a) 10000 x (b) 10000 x (c) (d) 2
x x
5. If 7 Rasagullas are distributed to eaah boy of group, 10 Rasagullas would be left. If 8 are given to
each boy then 5 Rasagullas would be left. So the person who distributes the Rasagullas brought
15 more Rasagullas and distributed the same number (x) Rasagullas to each. There is no
Rasagullas left. Then x is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 14

6. The sum of 5 positive integers is 280. The average of the first 2 numbers is 40. The average of the
third and fourth number is 60. The fifth number is ______.
(a) 60 (b) 70 `(c) 80 (d) 90

7. If a, b, c are reals such that a b 4 and 2c 2 ab 4 3c 10, find the numerical values of a, b
and c
(a) a 2, b 2, c 3 (b) a 1, b 1, c 2
(c) a 3, b 3, c 5 (d) a 4, b 4, c 2

8. The length of a rectangular sheet of paper is 33 cm. It is rolled along its length into a cylinder so
that its width becomes height of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is 1386 cubic cms. The
width of the rectangular sheet (in cm) is
(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 18

1 1 1 3 1
9. 1
2 3 6 4 3
30 20 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
37 17 5

2 4 3
10. 870 5 4 1 x
3 3 5
1 2 3 2
(a) 4933 (b) 4930 (c) 4932 (d) 4934
3 5 5 5

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Cla ss VI I : Olympia d Le ve l Que st ions SynConne c t - M a the m a t ic s

11. How many positive integers smaller than 400 can you get as a sum of eleven consecutive positive
integers?
(a) 37 (b) 35 (c) 33 (d) 31

12. Let x, y and z be positive real numbers and let x y z so that x y z 20.1. Which of the
following statements is true?
(a) Always xy < 99 (b) Always xy > 1 (c) Always xy 75 (d) Always yz 49

13. A sequence [an] is generated by the rule, an an 1 an 2 for n 3. Given a1 2 and a2 4, then
sum of the first 2019 terms of the sequence is given by
(a) 8 (b) 2692 (c) – 2692 (d) – 8

14. In the given below, ABC and CDE are two identical semi-circles of radius 2 units. B and D are
the mid-pints of the arc ABC and CDE respectively. What is the area of the shaded region?
B

A E
C

D
1
(a) 4 1 (b) 3 1 (c) 2 4 (d) (3 1)
2

15. In a triangle ABC, AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm median AD = 5 cm. Then, then area of the triangle
ABC in cm2 is ______.
(a) 21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d)

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