MODULE 5: PLANE GEOMETRY

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. GRANT LLOYD L. LAWAGUEY

Topic Learning Outcome:

1. Understand the properties of Triangles and common quadrilaterals.
2. Understand the properties of circles.
3. Apply area formulas for various shapes, including rectangles, triangles, parallelograms,
circles, and composite figures.
4. Calculate the perimeter of polygons and composite figures

TRIANGLES
TYPES OF TRIANGLES
A. Based on Sides

Scalene Triangle – No Sides Equal

Isosceles Triangle – Two Sides are Equal (Two Angles are also Equal)
Equilateral Triangle (Equiangular Triangle) – All Sides are Equal (All Angles are 60°)

B. Based on Angles

Acute Triangle – all angles are less than 90°

Obtuse Triangle – one of the angles is greater than 90°
Right Triangle – one of the angles is a right angle (90°)
Trigonometric Ratio

Pythagorean Theorem

AREA OF TRIANGLES

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ NOTE: base (b) is perpendicular to the height (h)

HERON’S FORMULA
𝐴 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
where 𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) =

or 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵

QUADRILATERALS

PARALLELOGRAM – a quadrilateral in which both pairs of sides are parallel and equal

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)

RECTANGLE – a parallelogram where all angles are equal to 90 degrees

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑏 + ℎ)

SQUARE – a rectangle where all sides are equal

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =𝑠

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑠

TRAPEZOID – a quadrilateral that has one pair of parallel sides

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2)ℎ

CIRCLE

PARTS OF THE CIRCLE

Chord – a straight line that connects two points on
the circumference of the circle.

Diameter – a chord that passes through the center

of the circle. The largest distance between any two
points on the circle.

Center – the point equidistant from all points on

the circle

Radius – a line segment joining the center of the circle to any single point on the circle.
Its length is half the length of the diameter of the circle.

Sector – A region bounded by two radii of the circle and either of the two possible arcs.

Segment – A region bounded by the chord and one of the two possible arcs connecting
the endpoints of the arc.

Tangent – A coplanar straight line that has one single point in common with the circle.

Secant – An extended chord, intersecting a circle in two points.

AREAS AND PERIMETER OF A CIRCLE

Area of Circle in terms of radius 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
Area of Circle in terms of diameter 𝐴 =

Circumference in terms of radius 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

Circumference in terms of diameter 𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑

Arc length 𝑐 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑏 Area of Sector 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑐 = 𝑟 𝜃
ℎ
Area of Segment 𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴
𝑟 𝜃 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑐 − 𝑏ℎ

𝑐
 Area of Ellipse

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

where 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟

𝑏 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟

Area of Parabolic Segment

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

EXAMPLES

1. Find the area of the shaded region

Sol’n:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(6.1 𝑓𝑡) = 37.21𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(4.1 𝑓𝑡) = 16.81𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴
𝐴 = 37.21𝜋 − 16.81𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 = 20.4𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡

2. The section of a certain solid consists of a semi-circle, a rectangle and a triangle,

as shown. The altitude of the rectangle is three times the radius of the semi-circle,
the altitude of the triangle is twice the same radius. The area of the triangle is 20
sq.ft. Find the area of the section.

Sol’n:
To solve the radius of the semicircle
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑏 = 2𝑟 ℎ = 2𝑟
𝐴 = (2𝑟)(2𝑟) = 2𝑟

Since the given area of the triangle is 20 sq. ft

20 = 2𝑟
𝑟 = 10
𝑟 = √10

Solve for the area of the rectangle

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑏 = 2𝑟 ℎ = 3𝑟
𝐴 = (2𝑟)(3𝑟) = 2√10 3√10 = 6√10 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
Solve for the area of the semi-circle
√
𝐴 = = = 5𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡

Solve for the area of the section

𝐴 =𝐴 +𝐴 +𝐴 = 20 + 6√10 + 5𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡

3. Find the area of an equilateral triangle of side a.

Sol’n:
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝑏=𝑎
ℎ =?

To solve for h, consider half of the triangle which is a right triangle.

Using Pythagorean theorem, 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑐=𝑎
𝑎=ℎ
𝑏=
𝑎 =ℎ −
√ √
ℎ= 𝑎 − = 𝑎 − = = =
√

Solve the area of the equilateral triangle

√ √
𝐴 = (𝑎) =

4. Find the shaded area in the diagram. O is the center of the Circle and AT is a
tangent of the circle

Sol’n:

Consider triangle AOT

∠𝑇 = 90° because AT is a tangent of the circle so 𝐴𝑇 ⊥ 𝑂𝑇

Let ∠𝑂 = 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = =
𝜃 = tan = 66.80 °
Solve for the Area of the triangle
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ = (7 𝑐𝑚)(3 𝑐𝑚) = 10.5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
Solve for the Area of the sector
𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃 = (3 𝑐𝑚) (66.80 °) = 5.25 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
° °
Solve for the Shaded Area
𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴 = 10.5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚 − 5.25 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 5.25 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
 5. Two pulleys of radii 16 cm and 20 cm have their centers 40 cm apart. Find the
length of the piece of the string that will be required to pass tightly round the
circles if the string does not cross over.

Sol’n:
Solve for c1 (arc length)
𝑐 = 𝑟𝜃 = (16 𝑐𝑚)(180 °) = 16𝜋 𝑐𝑚
°

Solve for c2 (arc length)

𝑐2 = 𝑟𝜃 = (20 𝑐𝑚)(180 °) = 20𝜋 𝑐𝑚
°

Consider the triangle

Solve for a
𝑎 = 20 𝑐𝑚 − 16 𝑐𝑚 = 4 𝑐𝑚

Solve for x using Pythagorean Theorem 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

𝑥 = 40 + 4
𝑥 = √40 + 4 = 4√101 𝑐𝑚

Solve for the length of string

𝑙 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 16𝜋 + 20𝜋 + 4√101 + 4√101
𝑙 = 36𝜋 + 8√101 𝑐𝑚

6. Find the area of the shaded region

Sol’n:
𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴

For the larger trapezoid

𝐴 = (𝑏 + 𝑏 )(ℎ)
= (12 𝑖𝑛 + 18 𝑖𝑛)(8 𝑖𝑛) = 120 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛

For the smaller trapezoid

for h, ℎ = 8 𝑖𝑛 − 2 𝑖𝑛 = 6 𝑖𝑛

for 𝑏 and 𝑏
𝑏 = 18 𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑎
𝑏 = 12 𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑎

To solve for a
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 90 °
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐷 = 90 ° therefore ∠𝐷 = ∠𝐵
∠𝐷 + ∠𝐶 = 90° therefore ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐴
By similar triangles,
=

By Pythagorean theorem
𝑏 = (8 𝑖𝑛) + 𝑥

Solving for 𝑥, 𝑥 + 12 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑥 = 18 𝑖𝑛
2𝑥 = 18 𝑖𝑛 − 12 𝑖𝑛
2𝑥 = 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛

Solving for 𝑏
𝑏 = √8 + 3 𝑖𝑛
𝑏 = √73 𝑖𝑛

Solving for a
√
=
√ √
𝑎= = 𝑖𝑛

Solving for 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏

√ √
𝑏 = 18 − 2𝑎 = 18 − = 18 − 𝑖𝑛
√ √
𝑏 = 12 − 2𝑎 = 12 − = 12 − 𝑖𝑛

Solving for Area of the smaller trapezoid

√ √
𝐴 = (𝑏 + 𝑏 )(ℎ) = 18 − + 12 − (6) = 90 − 3√73 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛

Solving for the Area of the shaded region

𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴 = 120 − 90 − 3√73 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝐴 = 30 + 3√73 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Two circles of radii 6 cm and 8 cm have their centers 10 cm apart. Find the area
common to both circles.

2. Two pulleys of radii 7 cm and 11cm have their centers 24 cm apart. Find the length of
piece of string that will be required to pass tightly round the circles if
a) The string cannot cross over
b) The string crosses over itself

3. In the diagram, find the value of A in radians if the perimeter is

equal to 40 cm.

4. A metal washer 1 in in diameter is pierced by 1/2 in hole. What

is the area of one face of the washer.
5. A carpark is in the shape of a parallelogram. The lengths of
the sides of the carpark are given in meters. What is the area of
the carpark?

6. The area of the parallelogram is 48 cm, and the perimeter of

the parallelogram is 34 cm. Find b and h.

7. The diagram shows the design for the frame of a piece of jewelry. The
frame is made of wire. Find the length of the wire needed to make the
frame.