DT PROJECT

COMPONENTS
International AND
Journal of Advances WORKING
in Engineering andPRINCIPLE
Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

and Arduino gives command to relay which turn cellsmounted in a framework for installation. Solar
on/off the sprayer. panels use sunlight as a source of energy to
COMPONENTS generate direct current electricity. A collection of
 Solar panel: PV modules is called a PV panel, and a system of
A solar panel, or photo-voltaic (PV) panels is an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system
module, is an assembly of photo-voltaic supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.

Fig.1

Solar panels collect clean renewable In a well-balanced grid-connected

energy in the form of sunlight and convert that light configuration, a solar array generates power during
into electricity which can then be used to provide the day that is then used in the home at night. Net
power for electrical loads. Solar panels are metering programs allow solar generator owners to
comprised of several individual solar cells which get paid if their system produces more power than
are themselves composed of layers of silicon, what is needed in the home. In off-grid solar
phosphorous (which provides the negative charge), applications, a battery bank, charge controller, and
and boron (which provides the positive charge). in most cases, an inverter are necessary
Solar panels absorb the photons and in doing so components. The solar array sends direct current
initiate an electric current. The resulting energy (DC) electricity through the charge controller to the
generated from photons striking the surface of the battery bank. The power is then drawn from the
solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of battery bank to the inverter, which converts the DC
their atomic orbits and released into the electric current into alternating current (AC) that can be
field generated by the solar cells which then pull used for non-DC appliances. Assisted by an
these free electrons into a directional current. This inverter, solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the
entire process is known as the Photovoltaic Effect. most demanding electrical load requirements. The
An average home has more than enough roof area AC current can be used to power loads in homes or
for the necessary number of solar panels to produce commercial buildings, recreational vehicles and
enough solar electricrity to supply all of its power boats, remote cabins, cottages, or homes, remote
needs excess electricity generated goes onto the traffic controls, telecommunications equipment, oil
main power grid, paying off in electricity use at and gas flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much
night. more

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

 12v Battery:

Fig.2

A twelve-volt battery has six single cells standby or emergency power for telephone
in series producing a fully charged output voltage exchanges and computer data centers.
of 12.6 volts. A battery cell consists of two lead
plates a positive plate covered with a paste of lead Batteries have much lower specific energy
dioxide and a negative made of sponge lead, with (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as
an insulating material (separator) in between. gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by
the higher efficiency of electric motors in
Primary (single-use or “disposable”) converting chemical energy to mechanical work,
batteries are used once and discarded, as the compared to combustion engines.
electrode materials are irreversibly changed during
discharge; a common example is the alkaline In most car batteries you have six cells,
battery used for flashlights and a multitude of and therefore a 12-volt battery. The plates are
portable electronic devices. Secondary submerged in sulphuric acid that triggers a reaction
(rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and between the two plates. … The result is a chemical
recharged multiple times using an applied electric reaction that produces electrons. The electrons race
current; the original composition of the electrodes around the plates and generate electricity.
can be restored by reverse current. Examples A fully charged battery will typically display a
include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and voltmeter reading of about 12.6 to 12.8 volts. If
lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics your voltmeter is showing a voltage anywhere
such as laptops and mobile phones. between 12.4 and 12.8, that means your battery is
in good shape. Any voltage above 12.9 volts is a
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, good indicator that your battery has excessive
from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and voltage.
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in Batteries take time to recharge. It could take hours.
smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium- A 12-volt battery could take up to 12-24 hours to
ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, charge fully. When recharging your battery,
huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide remember that if it gets too hot while you’re
charging it, you need to stop charging.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

 Charge controller:

Fig.3

A charge controller, charge regulator or auxiliary or “shunt” load, such as an electric water
battery regulator limits the rate at which electric heater, when batteries are full.[6]
current is added to or drawn from electric
batteries.It prevents overcharging and may protect Simple charge controllers stop charging a
against overvoltage, which can reduce battery battery when they exceed a set high voltage level,
performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk. and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops
It may also prevent completely draining (“deep back below that level. Pulse width modulation
discharging”) a battery, or perform controlled (PWM) and maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
discharges, depending on the battery technology, to technologies are more electronically sophisticated,
protect battery life. The terms “charge controller” adjusting charging rates depending on the battery’s
or “charge regulator” may refer to either a stand- level, to allow charging closer to its maximum
alone device, or to control circuitry integrated capacity.[citation needed]
within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or
battery charger. A charge controller with MPPT capability
Charge controllers are sold to consumers frees the system designer from closely matching
as separate devices, often in conjunction with solar available PV voltage to battery voltage.
or wind power generators, for uses such as RV, Considerable efficiency gains can be achieved,
boat, and off-the-grid home battery storage particularly when the PV array is located at some
systems.[1] In solar applications, charge controllers distance from the battery. By way of example, a
may also be called solar regulators. Some charge 150 volt PV array connected to an MPPT charge
controllers / solar regulators have additional controller can be used to charge a 24 or 48 volt
features, such as a low voltage disconnect (LVD), a battery. Higher array voltage means lower array
separate circuit which powers down the load when current, so the savings in wiring costs can more
the batteries become overly discharged (some than pay for the controller.[citation needed]
battery chemistries are such that over-discharge can
ruin the battery).[5] Charge controllers may also monitor
A series charge controller or series battery temperature to prevent overheating. Some
regulator disables further current flow into batteries charge controller systems also display data,
when they are full. A shunt charge controller or transmit data to remote displays, and data logging
shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an to track electric flow over time.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

Charge controller circuits are used for

Circuitry that functions as a charge rechargeable electronic devices such as cell phones,
regulator controller may consist of several laptop computers, portable audio players, and
electrical components, or may be encapsulated in a uninterruptible power supplies, as well as for larger
single microchip, an integrated circuit (IC) usually battery systems found in electric vehicles and
called a charge controller IC or charge control IC. orbiting space satellites

 Arduino:

Fig.4

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and
and breadboard-friendly board based on the TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
ATmega328P released in 2008. It offers the same being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB
connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board in connection to the computer (but not for serial
a smaller form factor. communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial
The Arduino Nano has a number of library allows for serial communication on any of
facilities for communicating with a computer, the Nano’s digital pins. The ATmega328 also
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial Arduino software includes a Wire library to
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 simplify use of the I2C bus. [5]
(RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30
the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino male I/O headers, in a dip-30 like configuration,
software) provide a virtual com port to software on which can be programmed using the Arduino
the computer. The Arduino software includes a Software integrated development environment
serial monitor which allows simple textual data to (IDE), which is common to all Arduino boards and

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

running both online and offline. The board can be Input Voltage: 6 to 20 Volts
powered through a type-b micro-USB cable, or Digital I/O Pins: 14 (plus 6 can PWM output pins)
through a 9V battery.In 2019, Arduino released the Analog Input Pins: 8
Arduino Nano Every, a pin-equivalent evolution of DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
the Nano. It features a more powerful ATmega4809 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
processor, and twice the RAM. Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
Microcontroller: Microchip bootloader
ATmega328P Operating Voltage: 5 Volts

 Driver (L298N) :

Fig.5

This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power is less than or equal to 12V, then the internal
motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper circuitry will be powered by the voltage regulator
Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor and the 5V pin can be used as an output pin to
driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N power the microcontroller. The jumper should not
Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC be placed when the power supply is greater than
motors with directional and speed control. 12V and separate 5V should be given through 5V
terminal to power the internal circuitry.
The L298N Motor Driver module consists of an ENA & ENB pins are speed control pins for Motor
L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05 Voltage Regulator, A and Motor B while IN1& IN2 and IN3 & IN4 are
resistors, capacitor, Power LED, 5V jumper in an direction control pins for Motor A and Motor B.
integrated circuit. Applications of L298N Module:
Drive DC motors.
78M05 Voltage regulator will be enabled only Drive stepping motors
when the jumper is placed. When the power supply In Robotics

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0308424440 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 432
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

 Servo motor:

Fig.6

A servo motor is a rotary actuator or a

motor that allows for a precise control in terms of The very simple servomotors can position
the angular position, acceleration, and velocity. only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang
Basically it has certain capabilities that a regular control of their motor. Further the motor always
motor does not have. Consequently it makes use of rotates at full speed. Though this type of
a regular motor and pairs it with a sensor for servomotor doesn’t have many uses in industrial
position. motion control, however it forms the basis of
simple and cheap servo used for radio control
Servo motor works on the PWM ( Pulse models. Servomotors also find uses in optical
Width Modulation ) principle, which means its rotary encoders to measure the speed of output
angle of rotation is controlled by the duration of shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the
pulse applied to its control PIN. Basically servo motor speed. Now this, when combined with a PID
motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled control algorithm further allows the servomotor to
by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and some be in its command position more quickly and more
gears. Basically a servo motor is a closed-loop precisely with less overshooting . Servo motors
servomechanism that uses position feedback to control position and speed very precisely.
control its motion and final position. Moreover the
input to its control is a signal ( either analogue or Now a potentiometer can sense the
digital ) representing the position commanded for mechanical position of the shaft. Hence it couples
the output shaft . with the motor shaft through gears. The current
position of the shaft is converted into electrical
The motor is incorporates some type of signal by potentiometer, and is compared with the
encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In command input signal. In modern servo motors,
the simplest case, we measure only the position. electronic encoders or sensors sense the position of
Then the measured position of the output is the shaft . We give command input according to the
compared with the command position, the external position of shaft . If the feedback signal differs
input to controller. Now If the output position from the given input, an error signal alerts the user.
differs from that of the expected output, an error We amplify this error signal and apply as the input
signal generates. Which then causes the motor to to the motor, hence the motor rotates. And when
rotate in either direction, as per need to bring the the shaft reaches to the require position , error
output shaft to the appropriate position. As the signal become zero , and hence the motor stays
position approaches, the error signal reduces to standstill holding the position. The command input
zero. Finally the motor stops. is in form of electrical pulses . As the actual input
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

to the motor is the difference between feedback required position . The amount of power require by
signal ( current position ) and required signal, the motor is proportional to the distance it needs to
hence speed of the motor is proportional to the trave.
difference between the current position and

 60 rpm DC motor:

Fig.7

An electric motor is a device used to power electronics has made replacement of DC

convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. motors with AC motors possible in many
Electric motors are extremely important in modern- applications.
day life. The basic principle on which motors
operate is Ampere’s law. This law states that a wire 60RPM DC Motor is high quality low cost
carrying an electric current produces a magnetic DC geared motor. It has steel gears and pinions to
field around itself. ensure longer life and better wear and tear
properties. The gears are fixed on hardened steel
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary spindles polished to a mirror finish. The output
electrical motors that converts direct current shaft rotates in a plastic bushing. The whole
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most assembly is covered with a plastic ring. Gearbox is
common types rely on the forces produced by sealed and lubricated with lithium grease and
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors require no maintenance. The motor is screwed to
have some internal mechanism, either the gear box from inside.
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically Although motor gives 60 RPM at 12V but
change the direction of current in part of the motor. motor runs smoothly from 4V to 12V and gives
wide range of RPM, and torque. Tables below
DC motors were the first form of motor gives fairly good idea of the motor’s performance
widely used, as they could be powered from in terms of RPM and no load current as a function
existing direct-current lighting power distribution of voltage and stall torque, stall current as a
systems. A DC motor’s speed can be controlled function of voltage.
over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its For compatible wheels refer to Wheels and
field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, Accessories product category.
toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight You can also mount this motor on the chassis using
brushed motor used for portable power tools and Motor Mount for Centre Shaft Economy Series DC
appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in Motor
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

For adding Position Encoder, refer to Encoder Kit Brush type: Precious metal
for Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor Gear head diameter:
Specifications 37mm Gear head length:
DC supply: 4 to 12V 21mm Output shaft:
RPM: 60 at 12V Centred Shaft diameter:
Total length: 46mm 6mm
Motor diameter: 36mm Shaft length: 22mm
Motor length: 25mm Gear assembly: Spur
Motor weight: 100gms

 Relay:

Fig.8

A relay is an electrically operated switch. other operating principles have been invented, such
It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor
multiple control signals, and a set of operating properties for control without relying on moving
contact terminals. The switch may have any parts. Relays with calibrated operating
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
thereof. overload or faults; in modern electric power
Relays are used where it is necessary to systems these functions are performed by digital
control a circuit by an independent low-power instruments still called protective relays.
signal, or where several circuits must be controlled Latching relays require only a single pulse
by one signal. Relays were first used in long- of control power to operate the switch persistently.
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they Another pulse applied to a second set of control
refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets
transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind
extensively in telephone exchanges and early have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful
computers to perform logical operations. in applications when interrupted power should not
affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.
The traditional form of a relay uses an The use of relays for the logical control of
electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but complex switching systems like telephone
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who contacts in series, the OR function by connecting
formalized the application of Boolean algebra to normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a
relay circuit design in A Symbolic Analysis of logical input can be done with a normally closed
Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform contact. Relays were used for control of automated
the basic operations of Boolean combinatorial systems for machine tools and production lines.
logic. For example, the boolean AND function is The Ladder programming language is often used
realised by connecting normally open relay for designing relay logic networks.

10. HC05 bluetooth module –

The HC-05 is a very cool module which The HC-05 has two operating modes, one
can add two-way (full-duplex) wireless is the Data mode in which it can send and receive
functionality to your projects. You can use this data from other Bluetooth devices and the other is
module to communicate between two the AT Command mode where the default device
microcontrollers like Arduino or communicate with settings can be changed. We can operate the device
any device with Bluetooth functionality like a in either of these two modes by using the key pin as
Phone or Laptop. There are many android explained in the pin description.
applications that are already available which makes
this process a lot easier. The module communicates It is very easy to pair the HC-05 module
with the help of USART at 9600 baud rate hence it with microcontrollers because it operates using the
is easy to interface with any microcontroller that Serial Port Protocol (SPP). Simply power the
supports USART. We can also configure the module with +5V and connect the Rx pin of the
default values of the module by using the command module to the Tx of MCU and Tx pin of module to
mode. So if you looking for a Wireless module that Rx of MCU as shown in the figure below
could transfer data from your computer or mobile During power up the key pin can be
phone to microcontroller or vice versa then this grounded to enter into Command mode, if left free
module might be the right choice for you. However it will by default enter into the data mode. As soon
do not expect this module to transfer multimedia as the module is powered you should be able to
like photos or songs; you might have to look into discover the Bluetooth device as “HC-05” then
the CSR8645 module for that. connect with it using the default password 1234
and start communicating with it. The name

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

password and other default parameters can be Default Password: 1234 or

0000 changed by entering into the Default Communication: Slave
Default Mode: Data Mode
Data Mode Baud Rate: 9600, 8, N, 1
HC-05 Default Settings Command Mode Baud Rate: 38400, 8, N,
1

 Wheels:

A wheel is a disc or circle-shaped wheels with teeth, known as gears. The principle
mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage.
things to roll; in other words, the wheel spins, and
object on the wheels moves more easily along the Four disc wheels with 50mm diameter are
ground. It is a simple machine. used for movement purpose. The movement of
machine is dependent on the movement of wheels.
Most land vehicles roll on wheels. Wheels Wheels will rotate with rotation of motor in
are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood forward position. Hence the motor will also move
or metal known as an axle. Many machines have in forward direction

4.2 Construction:-

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0308424440 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 437
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management
(IJAEM) Volume 3, Issue 8 Aug 2021, pp: 424-440 www.ijaem.net ISSN:

4.3 Working:
 This machine is going to run on solar energy
Solar powered remote controlled seed
i.e., solar panel will capture the solar energy
sowing machine is device which works on solar
and going to convert it itntoelectrical energy.
energy with the help of remote. When farmer going
 Reduces the human efforts in the field.
to sow the seed he can do it by ourself without any
 Reduces the cost of work.
man power. Solar panel is the main component of
this device. Solar energy takes and store’s all the  Seed get fertilized at the same time of sowing.
solar energy and after convet it into Electrical  Seed gets sowed at proper depth.
energy and converts it to battery thus farmer/person
doesn’t need to worry about the charging of 5.2 Disadvantages Of solar powered remote
battery. And in addition to this we set the program control seed sowing machine with sprayer:
in nano Arduino. So now the whole device going to  Needs prepared soil at the correct temperature .
work on remote/mobile app with the help of  Tiny seedlings are often bait for snails, mice
blutooth. Sprayer is going to work like a fertilizing and other munching creatures.
machine when it’s needed so farmer can spray the  Small seeds often get sowed too thickly and
fertilizer or water during seed sowing or after seed need to be thinned.
sowing.  Autumn sowing can be damaged by overwinter
wet and cold.
V. CHAPTER5 :RESULT AND
APPLICATION 5.3 Application Of solar powered remote
5.1 Advantages Of solar powered remote controlled seed sowing machine with sprayer:
control seed sowing machine with sprayer: • Farming

6.4
Results:

Fig.11

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