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Hypothesis Testing

The document discusses hypothesis testing, explaining key concepts such as the null hypothesis, type I and type II errors, and the significance level (alpha). It outlines the importance of stating hypotheses and decision criteria prior to data collection to maintain objectivity and rigor in research. Additionally, it provides examples of hypothesis testing scenarios and calculations to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis based on statistical evidence.

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Zuleyka Pilipino
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16 views3 pages

Hypothesis Testing

The document discusses hypothesis testing, explaining key concepts such as the null hypothesis, type I and type II errors, and the significance level (alpha). It outlines the importance of stating hypotheses and decision criteria prior to data collection to maintain objectivity and rigor in research. Additionally, it provides examples of hypothesis testing scenarios and calculations to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis based on statistical evidence.

Uploaded by

Zuleyka Pilipino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis Testing – Exercises-Ch.

7
Marian Joy R. Tan
Shin Odi

BSPSY 55_1-2

1. In your own words, explain what the null hypothesis is.

The null hypothesis is a statistical assumption that there is no significant difference or effect between the
variables being studied. It’s like saying there is no relationship or no change, and any observed difference is due to
random variation or chance.

2. What are type I and type II errors?

Type I errors occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, meaning that a significant effect
or difference is detected when there isn’t one in reality. It’s essentially a false positive.

Type II errors occurs when the null hypothesis in incorrectly accepted, meaning that no significant effect
or difference is detected when there actually is one. It’s essentially a false negative.

3. What is a?

Alpha (a).It Represent the probability of making a type I error, which is rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is actually true. Typically the significance level is set before hand, often 0.005 or 0.01,
depending on the desired level of confidence in the results.

4. Why do we phrase null and alternative hypothesis with population parameters and not sample mean?
We phrase null and alternative hypothesis with population parameters because hypothesis
testing aims to make inferences about the population based on sample data. By using population
parameters in the hypothesis we’re making statements about the characteristics of the entire
population, not just the specific sample from which the data was collected. This allows us to draw
broader conclusions and make predictions beyond the immediate sample.

5. If our null hypothesis is “HO: µ=40”, what are the three possible alternative hypothesis?

The three possible alternative hypothesis would be:

H1:µ ≠ 40 (two-tailed test)


H1:µ < 40 (left-tailed test)
H1:µ > 40 (right-tailed test
6. Why do we state our hypothesis and decision criteria before we collect our data.

Stating hypothesis and decision criteria before collecting data help maintain objectivity in the analysis
process. It prevents biases that might arise from examining the data first and then forming hypothesis to
fit the observed results. By defining these parameters beforehand, researchers ensure transparency and
rigor in the scientific method, allowing for clearer interpretation of result and reducing the risk of data-
driven conclusion.

7. When and why do you calculate an effect size?

Calculating an effect size in the context of a null hypothesis allows researchers to determine the
practical significance of their findings, regardless of whether the null hypothesis is rejected or not. Even if
a statistical test fails to reject the null hypothesis, an effect size can still indicate the magnitude of the
difference or relationship observed in the data. This information is valuable for understanding the real-
world implications of the study and can guide future research or decision-making processes.

8. Determine whether you would reject the null hypothesis in the following situation.

For each situation, let's compare the test statistic or p-value to the critical value or significance level
(alpha) to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis:

1. Situation 1: z = 1.99, two-tailed test at α = 0.05


- Since this is a two-tailed test, we compare the absolute value of the z-score to the critical value of ±1.96 for α =
0.05.
- |z| = 1.99 > 1.96
- Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis.

2. Situation 2: z = 0.34, z* = 1.645


- Since this is a one-tailed test, we compare the z-score to the critical value of 1.645 for α = 0.05.
- z = 0.34 < 1.645
- Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

3. Situation 3: p = 0.03, α = 0.05


- Since p < α, we reject the null hypothesis.

4. Situation 4: p = 0.015, α = 0.01


- Since p < α, we reject the null hypothesis.

In summary: - We reject the null hypothesis in situations 1, 3, and 4.


- We fail to reject the null hypothesis in situation 2.
9. You are part of a trivia team and have tracked your team’s performance since you started playing,
so you know that your scores are normally distributed with mu = 78 and s = 12. Recently, a new
person joined the team, and you think the scores have gotten better. Use hypothesis testing to
see if the average score has improved based on the following 8 weeks’ worth of score data : 82,
74, 62, 68, 79, 94, 90, 81, 80.

Step 1: H0 : mu = 78 “The average score is not different after the new person joined,” HA:
mu > 78 “The average score has gone up since the new person joined.”

Step 2: One-tailed test to the right, assuming a = .05, z* = 1.645

Step 3: M = 88.75, = 4.24, z = 2.54

Step 4: z > z*, reject H0. Based on 9 weeks of games, we can conclude that our average
score (M = 88.75) is higher now that the new person is on the team, z
= 2.69, p < .05, d = 0.90.

10. You get hired as a server at a local restaurant, and the manager tells you that servers tips are S42 on
average but vary about S12 (µ = 42, Ω=12). You decide to track your tips to see if you make a different
amount, but because this is your first job as a server, you don’t know if you will make more or less in
tips. After working 16 shifts, you find that your average nightly amount is S44.50 from tips. Test for a
difference between this value and the population mean at the α=0.05 level of significance.
t= 44.50-42
12
√16
t= 44.50-42
3
t= 2.50
3
t= 0.8333

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