Critical Values for Student’s t-Distribution.

Upper Tail Probability: Pr(T > t)

df 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0005
1 1.376 3.078 6.314 7.916 10.579 12.706 15.895 31.821 63.657 636.619
2 1.061 1.886 2.920 3.320 3.896 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 31.599
3 0.978 1.638 2.353 2.605 2.951 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.333 2.601 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.191 2.422 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 6.869
6 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.104 2.313 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.046 2.241 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.004 2.189 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 0.883 1.383 1.833 1.973 2.150 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 0.879 1.372 1.812 1.948 2.120 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 4.587
11 0.876 1.363 1.796 1.928 2.096 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 0.873 1.356 1.782 1.912 2.076 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 0.870 1.350 1.771 1.899 2.060 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 0.868 1.345 1.761 1.887 2.046 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 0.866 1.341 1.753 1.878 2.034 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 4.073
16 0.865 1.337 1.746 1.869 2.024 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 4.015
17 0.863 1.333 1.740 1.862 2.015 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 0.862 1.330 1.734 1.855 2.007 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 0.861 1.328 1.729 1.850 2.000 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 0.860 1.325 1.725 1.844 1.994 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.850
21 0.859 1.323 1.721 1.840 1.988 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.819
22 0.858 1.321 1.717 1.835 1.983 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 0.858 1.319 1.714 1.832 1.978 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.768
24 0.857 1.318 1.711 1.828 1.974 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 0.856 1.316 1.708 1.825 1.970 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.725
26 0.856 1.315 1.706 1.822 1.967 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 0.855 1.314 1.703 1.819 1.963 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 0.855 1.313 1.701 1.817 1.960 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 0.854 1.311 1.699 1.814 1.957 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 0.854 1.310 1.697 1.812 1.955 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.646
31 0.853 1.309 1.696 1.810 1.952 2.040 2.144 2.453 2.744 3.633
32 0.853 1.309 1.694 1.808 1.950 2.037 2.141 2.449 2.738 3.622
33 0.853 1.308 1.692 1.806 1.948 2.035 2.138 2.445 2.733 3.611
34 0.852 1.307 1.691 1.805 1.946 2.032 2.136 2.441 2.728 3.601
35 0.852 1.306 1.690 1.803 1.944 2.030 2.133 2.438 2.724 3.591
36 0.852 1.306 1.688 1.802 1.942 2.028 2.131 2.434 2.719 3.582
37 0.851 1.305 1.687 1.800 1.940 2.026 2.129 2.431 2.715 3.574
38 0.851 1.304 1.686 1.799 1.939 2.024 2.127 2.429 2.712 3.566
39 0.851 1.304 1.685 1.798 1.937 2.023 2.125 2.426 2.708 3.558
40 0.851 1.303 1.684 1.796 1.936 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 3.551
41 0.850 1.303 1.683 1.795 1.934 2.020 2.121 2.421 2.701 3.544
42 0.850 1.302 1.682 1.794 1.933 2.018 2.120 2.418 2.698 3.538
43 0.850 1.302 1.681 1.793 1.932 2.017 2.118 2.416 2.695 3.532
44 0.850 1.301 1.680 1.792 1.931 2.015 2.116 2.414 2.692 3.526
45 0.850 1.301 1.679 1.791 1.929 2.014 2.115 2.412 2.690 3.520
46 0.850 1.300 1.679 1.790 1.928 2.013 2.114 2.410 2.687 3.515
47 0.849 1.300 1.678 1.789 1.927 2.012 2.112 2.408 2.685 3.510
48 0.849 1.299 1.677 1.789 1.926 2.011 2.111 2.407 2.682 3.505
49 0.849 1.299 1.677 1.788 1.925 2.010 2.110 2.405 2.680 3.500
50 0.849 1.299 1.676 1.787 1.924 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 3.496
60 0.848 1.296 1.671 1.781 1.917 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 3.460
70 0.847 1.294 1.667 1.776 1.912 1.994 2.093 2.381 2.648 3.435
80 0.846 1.292 1.664 1.773 1.908 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 3.416
90 0.846 1.291 1.662 1.771 1.905 1.987 2.084 2.368 2.632 3.402
100 0.845 1.290 1.660 1.769 1.902 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 3.390
120 0.845 1.289 1.658 1.766 1.899 1.980 2.076 2.358 2.617 3.373
140 0.844 1.288 1.656 1.763 1.896 1.977 2.073 2.353 2.611 3.361
180 0.844 1.286 1.653 1.761 1.893 1.973 2.069 2.347 2.603 3.345
200 0.843 1.286 1.653 1.760 1.892 1.972 2.067 2.345 2.601 3.340
500 0.842 1.283 1.648 1.754 1.885 1.965 2.059 2.334 2.586 3.310
1000 0.842 1.282 1.646 1.752 1.883 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 3.300
∞ 0.842 1.282 1.645 1.751 1.881 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 3.291
60% 80% 90% 92% 94% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.9%
Confidence Level

Note: t(∞)α/2 = Zα/2 in our notation.

 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION Correlation and Regression
𝑛𝑛(∑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) − (∑𝑥𝑥)(∑𝑦𝑦)
NOTE: in the computation of the sample size n, always ROUND UP 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
�[𝑛𝑛(∑𝑥𝑥 2 ) − (∑𝑥𝑥)2 ][𝑛𝑛(∑𝑦𝑦 2 ) − (∑𝑦𝑦)2 ]
a. Total Enumeration
• Usually used when population size is considerably small To Test the Significance of Correlation Coefficient
• Retrieval rate: At least 95%

Examples:
1. Population size: N=48; n=95% of 48=45.60 ≈ 46

b.Yamane’s Formula
• Commonly known as Slovin’s formula
• Mistakenly named after Slovin
𝑵𝑵
𝒏𝒏 =
𝟏𝟏 + 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐
Where: n= sample size
N= population size
e= sampling error or margin of error, usually 5%=0.05 Steps in Hypothesis Testing: Correlation Coefficient

c. Cochran’s Formula
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒏𝒏 =
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 + 𝑵𝑵
Where: n= sample size
N= population size

Measure of Central Tendency

Population
∑𝑥𝑥
𝜇𝜇 =
𝑁𝑁
𝜇𝜇 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∑x = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Sample
∑𝑥𝑥
x� =
𝑛𝑛
x� = sample 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∑x = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
n = sample 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

The Median
𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑀𝑀𝑑𝑑 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
2
𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 + 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛+1
𝑀𝑀𝑑𝑑 = 2 2
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
2

Measures of Variability

The range
𝑹𝑹 = 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 − 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳
Where: 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Population Variance
Raw Score Method
(∑𝑥𝑥)2
∑𝑥𝑥 2 −
𝜎𝜎 2 = 𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁
Deviation Method
∑(𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2
𝜎𝜎 2 =
𝑁𝑁
Sample Variance
Raw Score Method
(∑𝑥𝑥)2
∑𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑛𝑛
2
𝑠𝑠 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
Deviation Method
∑(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝜎 2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
Coefficient of Variation
𝜎𝜎 𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = � � 𝑥𝑥 100 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = � � 𝑥𝑥 100
𝜇𝜇 𝑥𝑥̅