CS304 - Object Oriented Programming

Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q1: What is the purpose of overloading the stream insertion (<<) and extraction (>>)
operators?

To allow objects of user-defined classes to be input and output using cin and cout, just like
built-in types.

Q2: What is the syntax for overloading the subscript [] operator?

ReturnType operator[](int index);

Q3: What is the difference between pre-increment (++obj) and post-increment (obj++)
operators?

Pre-increment increments then returns the new value, while post-increment returns the original
value then increments.

Q4: What is the syntax for defining a type conversion operator?

operator TargetType() const;

Q5: What are the three types of inheritance in C++?

Public, protected, and private inheritance.

Q6: What is a virtual function?

A function declared in a base class that can be overridden in derived classes to achieve runtime
polymorphism.

Q7: What is a pure virtual function?

A virtual function set to 0 in the base class, making the class abstract and requiring derived
classes to override it.

Q8: What is the purpose of a virtual destructor?

To ensure the proper destructor is called when deleting a derived class object through a base
class pointer.

Q9: What is multiple inheritance?

When a class inherits from more than one base class.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q10: What is a template?

A blueprint for creating generic classes or functions that can work with different data types.

Q11: What is the syntax for a function template?

template <typename T>

ReturnType functionName(T parameter);

Q12: What is a class template?

A blueprint for creating a family of classes that can work with different data types.

Q13: What is template specialization?

Providing a specific implementation for a template when used with a particular data type.

Q14: What is the Standard Template Library (STL)?

A collection of powerful, reusable, and adaptable software components in C++.

Q15: What are the main components of STL?

Containers, algorithms, and iterators.

Q16: What is an iterator?

An object that provides a way to access elements of a container sequentially without exposing
the underlying structure.

Q17: What is a container in STL?

An object that stores a collection of other objects and organizes them in a well-defined way.

Q18: What is the difference between sequence containers and associative containers?

Sequence containers store elements in a linear sequence, while associative containers store
elements in a way that allows fast retrieval based on keys.

Q19: What is an algorithm in STL?

A function template that implements a procedure to be performed on containers.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q20: What is exception handling?

A mechanism for handling runtime errors or exceptional situations in a program.

Q21: What are the keywords used for exception handling in C++?

try, catch, and throw.

Q22: What is the purpose of the try block?

To enclose the code that might throw an exception.

Q23: What is the purpose of the catch block?

To handle exceptions that are thrown in the corresponding try block.

Q24: What is the purpose of the throw keyword?

To explicitly throw an exception.

Q25: What is stack unwinding?

The process of destroying local objects and calling destructors for automatic objects when an
exception is thrown.

Q26: What is a function object (functor)?

An object that can be used as if it were a function.

Q27: What is the advantage of using function objects over regular functions?

Function objects can maintain state between calls and can be customized through their member
variables.

Q28: What is a lambda expression?

A convenient way to create anonymous function objects.

Q29: What is the syntax for a basic lambda expression?

[capture clause](parameters) -> return_type { function body }

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q30: What is smart pointer?

An object that acts like a pointer but provides additional features such as automatic memory
management.

Q31: What are the three main types of smart pointers in C++11?

unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and weak_ptr.

Q32: What is the purpose of unique_ptr?

To manage a single object and ensure it is deleted when the unique_ptr goes out of scope.

Q33: What is the purpose of shared_ptr?

To allow multiple pointers to share ownership of a dynamically allocated object.

Q34: What is the purpose of weak_ptr?

To observe an object owned by shared_ptr without affecting its lifetime.

Q35: What is RAII?

Resource Acquisition Is Initialization, a programming technique where resource management is

tied to object lifetime.

Q36: What is a move constructor?

A special constructor that transfers ownership of resources from one object to another instead
of copying.

Q37: What is a move assignment operator?

An assignment operator that transfers ownership of resources from one object to another
instead of copying.

Q38: What is the purpose of the noexcept specifier?

To indicate that a function will not throw exceptions.

Q39: What is a constexpr function?

A function that can be evaluated at compile time.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q40: What is a default function?

A function that the compiler will automatically generate if it is used but not explicitly defined.

Q41: What is a deleted function?

A function that is explicitly forbidden to be used.

Q42: What is a friend function?

A function that is not a member of a class but has access to its private and protected members.

Q43: What is a friend class?

A class whose members have access to the private and protected members of another class.

Q44: What is the purpose of the const keyword when used with member functions?

To indicate that the function will not modify the object's state.

Q45: What is a mutable data member?

A data member that can be modified even in a const object.

Q46: What is a static data member?

A data member that belongs to the class rather than to any specific object of the class.

Q47: What is a static member function?

A function that belongs to the class rather than to any specific object of the class.

Q48: What is the purpose of the explicit keyword?

To prevent implicit type conversions for constructors or conversion operators.

Q49: What is a namespace?

A declarative region that provides a scope for the identifiers inside it.

Q50: What is the purpose of the using directive?

To bring all names from a namespace into the current scope.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q51: What is the difference between struct and class in C++?

The default access specifier for members and bases is public for struct and private for class.

Q52: What is an abstract class?

A class that contains at least one pure virtual function and cannot be instantiated.

Q53: What is a concrete class?

A class that can be instantiated, i.e., it has no pure virtual functions.

Q54: What is the diamond problem in multiple inheritance?

An ambiguity that arises when a class inherits from two classes that have a common base class.

Q55: What is virtual inheritance?

A way to solve the diamond problem by ensuring only one instance of the common base class is
inherited.

Q56: What is a vtable?

A table of function pointers used to implement virtual functions.

Q57: What is the purpose of the volatile keyword?

To indicate that a variable may change unexpectedly, preventing certain compiler optimizations.

Q58: What is a copy constructor?

A constructor that creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.

Q59: What is a destructor?

A special member function that is called when an object is destroyed.

Q60: What is the rule of three?

If a class defines any of the copy constructor, copy assignment operator, or destructor, it should
probably explicitly define all three.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q61: What is the rule of five?

An extension of the rule of three that includes move constructor and move assignment operator.

Q62: What is a delegating constructor?

A constructor that calls another constructor of the same class to do part of the initialization.

Q63: What is a conversion operator?

A member function that defines how to convert an object to another type.

Q64: What is the purpose of the static_cast operator?

To perform conversions between related types, such as those in an inheritance hierarchy.

Q65: What is the purpose of the dynamic_cast operator?

To perform safe downcasting in inheritance hierarchies, with runtime type checking.

Q66: What is the purpose of the const_cast operator?

To add or remove the const qualifier from a variable.

Q67: What is the purpose of the reinterpret_cast operator?

To convert between unrelated types, such as between pointers and integers.

Q68: What is a union?

A special class type where all members share the same memory location.

Q69: What is an enumeration?

A user-defined type consisting of a set of named constants.

Q70: What is the difference between a C-style enum and a C++11 enum class?

An enum class provides stronger type safety and doesn't allow implicit conversions to int.

Q71: What is a reference?

An alias for an existing variable.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q72: What is the difference between a pointer and a reference?

A reference must be initialized when declared and cannot be null, while a pointer can be null
and can be reassigned.

Q73: What is a function pointer?

A pointer that points to a function rather than a data object.

Q74: What is a member function pointer?

A pointer that points to a member function of a class.

Q75: What is the purpose of the typeid operator?

To obtain type information of an object at runtime.

Q76: What is RTTI?

Run-Time Type Information, a feature that exposes information about an object's data type at
runtime.

Q77: What is a placement new?

A version of the new operator that constructs an object at a specific memory address.

Q78: What is the purpose of the alignof operator?

To query the alignment requirement of a type.

Q79: What is the purpose of the alignas specifier?

To specify the alignment requirement for a type or object.

Q80: What is a trivial class?

A class that has compiler-provided default constructor, copy constructor, copy assignment
operator, and destructor.

Q81: What is a POD type?

Plain Old Data type, a class or struct that is both trivial and standard-layout.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)
Q82: What is a variadic template?

A template that can take a variable number of template arguments.

Q83: What is perfect forwarding?

A technique to pass arguments to another function while preserving their value category
(lvalue/rvalue).

Q84: What is SFINAE?

Substitution Failure Is Not An Error, a principle used in template metaprogramming.

Q85: What is a type trait?

A template that provides information about types at compile time.

Q86: What is std::initializer_list?

A lightweight proxy object that provides access to an array of objects.

Q87: What is uniform initialization?

A feature introduced in C++11 that provides a consistent syntax for initialization of objects.

Q88: What is a range-based for loop?

A control structure that iterates over all elements in a range without using an explicit iterator.

Q89: What is auto type deduction?

A feature that allows the compiler to deduce the type of a variable from its initializer.

Q90: What is decltype?

A keyword that yields the type of its operand, which is useful in generic programming.

Q91: What is a trailing return type?

A syntax for writing function declarations where the return type comes after the parameter list.

Q92: What is a scoped enumeration?

An enumeration where the enumerators are only accessible through the enumeration name.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)

 CS304 - Object Oriented Programming
Final Term Short Question & Answers (Lecture 19 to 45)

Q93: What is a default member initializer?

An initializer for a non-static data member that is used if the member is not initialized by a
constructor.

Q94: What is a delegating constructor?

A constructor that calls another constructor in the same class as part of the initialization.

Q95: What is an inheriting constructor?

A feature that allows a derived class to inherit constructors from its base class.

Q96: What is a user-defined literal?

A feature that allows you to define your own suffixes for literals.

Q97: What is an inline namespace?

A namespace that allows its members to be treated as if they were members of the enclosing
namespace.

Q98: What is a thread_local variable?

A variable that has thread storage duration, meaning each thread has its own copy.

Q99: What is a constexpr variable?

A variable whose value can be computed at compile time.

Q100: What is a nullptr?

A keyword representing a null pointer literal, which is more type-safe than using 0 or NULL.

Prepared by Sheikh Abdul Rehman (BC200416639)