Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

Performance Parameters

• Average value of the output voltage, Vdc

• Average value of the output current, Idc
• Output dc power, Pdc
– Pdc = VdcIdc
• rms value of the output voltage, Vrms
• Output ac power, Pac
– Pac = VrmsIrms
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Efficiency, η
– η = Pdc/Pac
• Effective (rms) value of the ac component
of the output voltage, Vac
– Vac = ÖVrms2 – Vdc2
• Form factor, FF
– FF = Vrms/Vdc
• Ripple factor, RF
– RF = Vac/Vdc
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Alternate form for ripple factor

V
R F = ( ) - 1 = FF - 1
rms 2 2

V dc

• Transformer utilization factor, TUF

– TUF = Pdc/VsIs
– Vs, Is are rms voltage and current of the
transformer secondary
Input Voltage and Current
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Displacement angle, Φ
• Displacement Factor, DF
– DF = cos(Φ)
• Harmonic Factor, HF
1

I -I 2
é I 2
ù 1
2

HF = ( ) = ê( ) - 1ú
s s1 2 s 2

I ëI
2

s1 û s1
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Power Factor, PF

VI I
PF = cos F = cos F
s s1 s1

VI s s
I s
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Crest Factor, CF

I
CF = s ( peak )

I s
 Example

• Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the

diode, CF of the input current, input PF.
 Determine the Average Voltage, Vdc

1 T

V = òv (t )dt
T
dc L
0

1
T

V = sin wtdt
2

òV
T
dc m
0

V wT
V =- (cos m
- 1)
dc
wT 2
 1
f =
T
w = 2p f
V
V = m
= 0.318V
dc
p m

V 0.318V
I = = dc m

R R
dc
Determine the rms Voltage, Vrms
1

é 1 T
ù 2

V = ò v (t )dt
2

rms
êëT 0
L
úû
1

é 1 ù
T
2

V = ò (V sin wt ) dt
2
2

êëT
rms
0 úûm

V
V = = 0.5V
m

2
rms m

V 0.5V
I = = rms m

R R
rms
 Determine Pdc, Pac, and η

(0.318V ) 2

P = m

R
dc

(0.5V ) 2

P = m

R
ac

(0.318V ) 2

h= = 40.5%
m

(0.5V ) m
2
 Determine FF and RF
V 0.5V
FF = rms
= m

V dc
0.318V m

FF = 1.57 = 157%
R F = FF - 12

R F = 1.57 - 1 = 1.21 = 121%

2
 Determine the TUF
1

é 1 ù V 2

ò (V sin wt ) dt =
T

V = = 0.707V
2 m
s
êëT 0 úû m
2
m

0.5V
I =I = m

R
s load

(0.318V ) m
2

P R
T UF = = dc

VI 0.5V
(0.707V )(
s s ) m

R
m

T UF = 0.286
 Determine the PIV

• PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that

appears across the diode when reverse
biased. Here, PIV = Vm.

- - PIV +

+
Determine CF
I s ( peak )
CF =
Is
Vm
I s ( peak ) =
R
0.5Vm
Is =
R
Vm
CF = R = 2
0.5Vm
R
 Determine PF

Pac
PF = cos F =
VA
2
(0.5Vm )
PF = R = 0.707
0.5Vm
(0.707Vm )( )
R
 Summary – Half-Wave Rectifier

• RF=121% High
• Efficiency = 40.5 Low
• TUF = 0.286 Low
– 1/TUF = 3.496
– transformer must be 3.496 times larger than
when using a pure ac voltage source
Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load
 Waveforms of Current and Voltage

Conduction period of D1 extends beyond ωt = π

 Average Output Voltage
p +s
Vm
Vdc =
2p ò
0
sin wtd (wt )

Vm
[ - cos wt ]0
p +s
Vdc =
2p
Vm
Vdc = [1 - cos(p + s )]
2p
Vdc
I dc =
R
Increase average voltage and current by making σ = 0
23
Waveforms with Dm installed
 Single-phase half-wave rectifier (RL load) with freewheeling
diode

Circuit diagram

Waveforms

The effect of the freewheeling diode Dm is to prevent the negative voltage

appearing across the load, and as a result, the magnetic stored energy is
increased. At t=π/ω, the current from D1 is transferred to Dm and this process
is called commutation of diodes. Depending on the load time constant, the
load current may be discontinuous.
30
Application as a Battery Charger

Diode conducts for vs > E,

starting when Vmsinα = E
Waveforms for the Battery Charger

Diode turns off when

vs < E (at β = π – α)
Charging current
io = (vs – E)/R
io = (Vmsinωt – E)/R
for α < ωt < β
Rectifier is a circuit that converts an AC signal to a DC signal

Rectifier

AC Transforme
supply r
Block diagram of an uncontrolled diode rectifier
circuit
Note: In a diode rectifiers, the power flows only from the AC source to the DC
side.
Applications of Uncontrolled Rectifiers
• DC power supply for consumer electronic products such as radios, TVs,
DVD players, mobile phone chargers, computers, laptops and so on (low
power)
• DC motor drives (high power)
33
Depending on the type of input source, rectifiers are classified into two main
groups:

Half-wave
Single
phase
Full-wave
Uncontrolled
rectifier
Half-wave
Three
phase
Full-wave

Important
equations

34
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Transformer
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier

T
2
2
Vdc = ò Vm sin wt
T 0
2Vm
Vdc =
p
Vdc = 0.636Vm
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

PIV = 2Vm
The average value of output voltage

The average value of load current

The rms value of output voltage

The rms value of load current

Peak inverse voltage across each diode

38
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Bridge
 Full-Wave Bridge with Waveforms

Conduction pattern
D1 – D2 D3 – D4
PIV = Vm
The average value of output voltage

The average value of load current

The rms value of output voltage

The rms value of load current

Peak inverse voltage across each diode

Waveforms
42
 Single-phase bridge full-wave rectifier (RL load)

With a resistive load, the load

current is identical in shape to the
load voltage.
In practical applications, most
loads are inductive. The load
current shape and magnitude
depend on both the load
resistance R and inductance L.

Circuit diagram

Waveforms
43
Single-phase bridge rectifier with very large inductive load

44
Example: If a single-phase bridge rectifier supplies a very high inductive load
such as a dc motor. the turns ratio of the transformer is unity. Determine a)
the HF of the input current, and b) the input PF of the rectifier.

Note the output (load) current is constant and ripple free due to the highly inductive
load.
45
Fourier Analysis

Copyright © 2003 39
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Distortion in the Input Current

• Voltage is assumed to be sinusoidal

• Subscript “1” refers to the fundamental
• The angle is between the voltage and the current fundamental
Using Fourier series, the input current is can be analyzed as

Therefore, the rms value of the input current is

48
Therefore, the rms value of the fundamental component of the input current is

Therefore, the harmonic factor is

Since Φ=0, the displacement factor is

Therefore, the input power factor

49
Multiphase rectifier

50
Three phase bridge rectifier

Circuit diagram

55
Waveforms 56
The average value of output voltage

The rms value of output voltage

Peak inverse voltage across each diode

57
Example: A three-phase bridge rectifier supplies a high inductive load such
that the average load current Idc= 60 A and the ripple content is negligible.
Determine the ratings of the diodes if the line-to-neutral voltage of the supply
is 120V, 60Hz.
As shown, the average value of the
diode current

The rms value of the diode current

The peak inverse voltage across the

diode
Currents through
diodes 58
Example: For the following current waveform, determine the average, rms,
peak value of the current.

60
61
Example:
Example on 3-phase uncontrolled rectifier: