BDwbU

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi

f‚wgKv
we`y¨r Qvov AvaywbK mf¨Zv wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU‡¶‡ÎB we`y¨r-Gi cÖ‡qvM
†`Lv hvq| evwo-Ni, †`vKvb-cvU Av‡jvwKZ Kiv, KjKviLvbv, Uªvg, †Uªb, cvLv mewKQyi Rb¨ we`y¨r-Gi
cÖ‡qvRb| †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd cÖf…wZ mPj ivL‡Z we`y¨r-Gi cÖ‡qvRb| Gme‡¶‡Î
we`y¨r‡K Av‡jvKkw³, Zvckw³, hvwš¿K kw³ BZ¨vw`‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| myZivs we`y¨r GK cÖKvi kw³|
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 5.1

w¯’i we`y¨r I Pj we`y¨r

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• we`y¨r-Gi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
• w¯’i we`y¨r wK wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Pj we`y¨r m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• w¯’i we`y¨r I Pj we`y¨r-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kxZKv‡j wPiæwb w`‡q ˆZjnxb ﮋ Pyj AuvPov‡j PUPU kã nq Ges G wPiæwbwU‡K †QvU †QvU
KvM‡Ri UzKivi Kv‡Q wb‡j GwU UzKiv¸‡jv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h wPiæwb‡Z GK A`„k¨
kw³i mÂvi n‡q‡Q Ges Gi d‡j wPiæwb KvM‡Ri UzKiv¸‡jv‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Q| G A`„k¨ kw³‡K we`y¨r
e‡j| c`v‡_©i AšÍwb©wnZ MV‡bi Kvi‡Y `y‡Uv e¯Ízi Nl©‡Yi d‡j we`y¨r Drcbœ nq| cÖ‡Z¨K c`v_© cigvYy
Øviv MwVZ| Avi cigvYy‡Z i‡q‡Q mgmsL¨K B‡jKUªb I †cÖvUb| B‡jKUªb aYvZ¥K PvR© Ges †cÖvUb
aYvZ¥K PvR© enb K‡i| `y‡Uv e¯Ízi Nl©‡Yi d‡j e¯Íz `ywUi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| d‡j
†h †Kv‡bv GKwU n‡Z B‡jKUªb Qy‡U wM‡q Ab¨wU‡Z P‡j hvq| †h e¯Íz n‡Z B‡jKUªb P‡j hvq, †m e¯Íz nq
aYvZ¥K A_©vr B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ Ges †h e¯Íz‡Z B‡jKUªb P‡j hvq, †m e¯Íz nq FYvZ¥K A_©vr B‡jKUª‡bi
AvwaK¨| †hgb, KuvP `Û‡K wmé Kvco Øviv Nl‡j KuvP `‡Ûi B‡jKUªb wmé Kvc‡o P‡j hvq| d‡j KuvP
`Û nq aYvZ¥K Ges wmé Kvco nq aYvZ¥K myZivs Nl©‡Yi d‡j aYvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K PvR© Drcbœ nq|
Pv‡R©i msÁv ¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h GUv B‡jKUªb ev †cÖvU‡bi †gŠwjK ¸Y hvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e¯Íz‡Z A`„k¨
e‡ji D™¢e N‡U|
PvR© ev we`y¨r-Gi `ywU ag© Av‡Q| h_v-
AvKl©Y ag© : wecixZ ag©x PvR© ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i|
weKl©Y ag© : mgRvZxq PvR© ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i|
Avevi we`y¨r‡K `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v : w¯’i we`y¨r I Pj we`y¨r

w¯’i we`y¨r
†h PvR© ev Avavb PjvPj bv K‡i †Kv‡bv e¯Íz‡Z Ave× _v‡K Zv‡K w¯’i we`y¨r e‡j| PvwR©Z GKwU wPiæwb‡K
†QvU †QvU KvM‡Ri UzKivi wbKU ai‡j †`Lv hv‡e GwU KvM‡Ri UzKiv‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Q| Gevi wPiæwbwUi
Dci nvZ eywj‡q †bIqvi ci KvM‡Ri UzKivi wbKU ai‡j †`Lv hv‡e KvM‡Ri UzKiv‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Qbv|
Gi KviY n‡”Q wPiæwbwU‡K nvZ w`‡q ¯úk© Kivi mgq PvR©¸‡jv m‡½ m‡½ nvZ w`‡q kix‡ii g‡a¨ P‡j hvq
d‡j wPiæwb Avi AvKl©Y K‡i bv|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 44
 mvaviY weÁvb

w¯’i we`y¨r †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e my‡hvM †c‡j PvR©¸‡jv MwZkxj nq| Nl©‡Yi d‡j Av‡ek
cÖwµqvq w¯’i we`y¨r Drcbœ nq|
Pj we`y¨r
hLb PvR©¸‡jv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q AbeiZ wbw`©ó w`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Pj
we`y¨r e‡j| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv †h we`y¨r e¨envi Kwi †mwU n‡”Q Pj we`y¨r| G Pj we`y¨rB cvLv
†Nvivq, evwZ R¡vjvq, KjKviLvbv Pvjvq Ges bvbvwea KvR m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
Pj we`y¨r‡K `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- GKgyLx cÖevn I cwieZ©x cÖevn|
GKgyLx cÖevn : hLb mg‡qi mv‡_ cÖevngvÎvi w`‡Ki †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv ZLb †m cÖevn‡K GKgyLx
cÖevn e‡j|

cÖevngvÎv i

mgq t
wPÎ: 5.1-1 : GKgyLx cÖevn
mvaviYZ wWwm Wvqbv‡gv Øviv GKgyLx cÖevn Drcbœ Kiv nq|
cwieZ©x cÖevn : †h Zwor cÖev‡ni mg‡qi mv‡_ w`‡Ki cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cwieZ©x cÖevn e‡j|
cÖevngvÎv i

we`y¨r

mgq t
wPÎ 5.1-2 : cieZ©x cÖevn
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv cwievnxi `ycÖv‡šÍB‡jKUª‡bi Pv‡R©i ˆelg¨ †`Lv w`‡j GKwU Pvc ev e‡ji D™¢e nq| G‡K
ZworPvjK ej e‡j| G ZworPvjK e‡ji Kvi‡Y Zwor cÖevwnZ nq|

mvims‡¶c
◗ we`y¨r Gi `ywU ag© Av‡Q h_v- AvKl©Y ag© I weKl©Y ag©|
◗ we`y¨r `yB cÖKvi| h_v- w¯’i we`y¨r I Pj we`y¨r|
◗ †h PvR© ev Avavb PjvPj bv K‡i †Kv‡bv e¯Íz‡Z w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K w¯’i we`y¨r e‡j| Avi hLb
◗ PvR©¸‡jv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q AbeiZ wbw`©ó w`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Pj
we`y¨r e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ n‡j †Kvb PvR© Drcbœ nq
K. abvZ¥K L. FbvZ¥K M. abvZ¥K I FbvZ¥K N. †Kv‡bvwUB bv
2. wmé Kvco‡K KuvP Øviv Nl‡j Kuv‡P †Kvb ai‡bi PvR© Drcbœ nq?
K. abvZ¥K L. abvZ¥K M. †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv N. abvZ¥K I FbvZ¥K

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 45

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. Pv‡R©i cÖevn n‡j †Kvb ai‡bi Zwor n‡e?

K. w¯’i Zwor L. Pj Zwor M. mg cÖevn N. Amg cÖevn|

cvV 5.2

we`y¨r †Kvl

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• we`y¨r †Kvl wK wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r †Kv‡l wK c`v_© e¨envi Kiv nq Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r †Kv‡li Kvh©cÖYvjx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl

†h hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq ivmvqwbK kw³ n‡Z we`y¨r kw³ Drcbœ K‡i Aweivg
we`y¨r cÖevn eRvq ivLv nq Zv‡K we`y¨r †Kvl e‡j| mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡”Q †fvëvi mij‡Kvl| BUvwji weÁvbx Av‡jvKmv‡›`ªv
†fvëvi bvgvbymv‡i G‡K †fvëvi we`y¨r †Kvl e‡j| G †Kv‡l GKwU
Kuv‡Pi cvÎ _v‡K (wPÎ 5.2-1)| cvZjv mvjwdDwiK GwmW Øviv cv‡Îi
cÖvq wZb PZz_v©sk c~Y© Kiv _v‡K| GKwU `¯Ívi cvZ Ges GKwU Zvgvi
cvZ wKQyUv e¨eav‡b Lvov Ae¯’vq AvswkKfv‡e cv‡Îi jNy Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨
Wzev‡bv _v‡K| cvZ `ywUi Dc‡ii cÖv‡šÍGKwU K‡i eÜbx ¯Œz AvUKv‡bv
_v‡K| `¯Ív I Gwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j Zvgvi cvZ †e‡q
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi ey`ey` DV‡Z _v‡K| Zvgvi cvZwU abPv‡R© Ges `¯Ívi
cvZwU FYPv‡R© PvwR©Z nq| AZGe Zvgvi cvZ abcvZ Ges `¯Ívi cvZ
wPÎ : 5.2-1 mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl
FbcvZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j cvZ `ywUi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©‡K¨i m„wó nq| GLb GKwU cwievnx Zvi w`‡q
cvZ `ywUi eÜbx ¯Œz `ywU‡K hy³ Ki‡j cwievnx Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn evB‡ii w`‡K Zvgvi cvZ
†_‡K `¯Ívi cv‡Z Ges Gwm‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q `¯Ívi cvZ †_‡K Zvgvi cv‡Zi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K|
hZ¶Y cvZ؇qi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©K¨ eRvq _v‡K ZZ¶Y we`y¨r cÖevn eRvq _v‡K|
mvaviY we`y¨r †Kv‡li we`y¨r cÖevn AwaK¶Y ¯’vqx nq bv| KviY we`y¨r cÖev‡ni d‡j Zvgvi cv‡Zi Dci
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi ey`ey` R‡g we`y¨rcÖev‡n evav m„wó K‡i| mvaviY we`y¨r †Kv‡li G ÎæwU‡K †cvjvib
e‡j| GKwU eªv‡ki mvnv‡h¨ gv‡S gv‡S Zvgvi cvZ N‡l Gi ey`ey` mwi‡q w`‡j we`y¨rcÖevn Avevi Pj‡Z
_v‡K| we`y¨r cÖevn Pjvi mgq mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡W `¯Ív ivmvqwbK wewµqvq `ªexf~Z nq| mvjwdDwiK
Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ GwmWI e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
WªvB‡mj (ﮋ we`y¨r †Kvl)
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b A‡bK Kv‡R ﮋ we`y¨r †Kvl e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| G †Kv‡l `¯Ívi ˆZwi †PvO Ges
GKwU Kve©b `Û e¨eüZ nq| `¯Ívi †Pv‡O wbkv`j, Kqjvi ¸ov Ges g¨v½vwbR WvB-A·vB‡Wi wgkª‡Yi
mv‡_ mvgvb¨ cvwb wgwk‡q †jB ev Kv`vi gZ Ae¯’vq `¯Ívi †Pv‡Oi g‡a¨ fwZ© Kiv nq| †Pv‡Oi g‡a¨ GKwU

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 46

 mvaviY weÁvb

Kve©‡bi `Û Ggbfv‡e emv‡bv nq hv‡Z Zv †PvOwU‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i| Kve©b `ÛwUi gv_vq wcZ‡ji Uzwc
jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Kve©b `‡Ûi Pvicv‡k Mvjv ev wc‡Pi ¯Íi w`‡q †X‡K
†`Iqv nq|
G †Kv‡li `¯Ívi †PvOwU FY-†giæ Ges Kve©b `Û ab-†giæ wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| G †Kv‡l g¨v½vwbR WvB-A·vBW †cvjvib wbevi‡bi KvR K‡i|
G‡Z mvaviYZ 1.5 †fvë Pv‡ci we`y¨r cvIqv hvq|

wPÎ : 5.2-2: ﯋ we`y¨r †Kvl

mvims‡¶c
◗ †h hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq ivmvqwbK kw³ n‡Z we`y¨r kw³ Drcbœ K‡i Aweivg we`y¨r cÖevn eRvq ivLv
nq Zv‡K we`y¨r †Kvl e‡j|
◗ we`y¨r †Kvl cÖavYZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl I ﮋ we`y¨r †Kvl|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †K?
K. †fvëv L. wbDUb M. GwWmb N. A¨vi‡nwgqvm
2. mvaviY we`y¨r †Kv‡l †Kvb avZzi cvZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
K. Zvgv I `¯Ív L. `¯Ív I wUb M. Kcvi I Kve©b N. Zvgv I wUb
3. ﮋ †Kv‡l KZ Pv‡ci we`y¨r cvIqv hvq?
K. 1.5 L. 2 M. 4 N. 1
4. †ewki fvM †¶‡Î †Kvb †KvlwU e¨envi Kiv nq?
K. mvaviY we`y¨r †Kvl L. ﮋ we`y¨r †Kvl M. evB‡µv‡gU †Kvl N. †KvbwUB bq|

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 47

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 5.3

we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r kw³‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r kw³‡K Ab¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi cÖavb wfwËB n‡”Q we`y¨r| Kw¤úDUvi,

†Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v· BZ¨vw`i Avwe®‹v‡i we`y¨r Gi
`vb Acwimxg| weRjx evwZ, KjKviLvbv, †ijMvwo Pvjv‡ZI we`y¨r
e¨eüZ nq| maviYZ Avgiv we`y¨r kw³‡K wZbwU kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i
_vwK-
1. we`y¨r kw³‡K Zvc I Av‡jvK kw³‡Z
2. we`y¨r kw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z wPÎ : 5.3-1: we`~¨‡Zi Zvcb wµqv,
3. we`y¨r kw³‡K †PŠ¤^K kw³‡Z Av‡jvKb wµqv, †PŠ¤^K wµqv
wb‡P GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Kiv n‡jv †hLv‡b GKmv‡_ wZbwU kw³ cvIqv hvq| Ges ivmvqwbK wµqv
GKwU Kv‡Pi exKv‡i wKQy jeY-cvwb †bIqv nq| Gi †fZ‡i `y‡Uv Kve©b `‡Ûi AvswkK wbgw¾Z Kiv nq|
myZv †cuPv‡bv `y‡Uv Zvgvi Zvi w`‡q Kve©b `Û `y‡Uv hy³ Kiv nq| GKwU `‡Ûi Zv‡i U‡P©i evj¦ †cuwP‡q I
Ab¨ `‡Ûi Zv‡i GKwU big †jvnvi †c‡iK †cuwP‡q Zv‡ii `y'cÖvšÍ`y‡Uv Pvi cuvPwU U‡P©i e¨vUvixi ms‡hv‡Mi
mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| †`Lv hv‡e, we`y¨r kw³ Zvc I Av‡jvK kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍ‡ii d‡j evj¦wU R¡‡j D‡V‡Q| ivmvqwbK wµqvi d‡j Kve©b
ZwirØv‡i ey`&ey`& †`Lv hv‡”Q| Zvi †cuPv‡bv big †jvnvi `‡Ûi wbKU
K‡qKwU wcb Avbv n‡j †`Lv hvq Zv wcb¸‡jv‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Q A_©vr
we`y¨r kw³ Py¤^K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q (wPÎ 5.3-1)|
we`y¨r kw³‡K Zvc, Av‡jv I hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi : †Kv‡bv we`y¨r
Drm †_‡K GKwU cvLv, GKwU evj¦ GKwU †iva ms‡hvRb Ki‡j Zvc I
Av‡jvK kw³ Ges hvwš¿K kw³ cvIqv hvq (wPÎ 5.3-2)|
eZ©bx‡Z myBP Ab Ki‡j we`y¨r cÖevn cwRwUf cÖvšÍ†_‡K †b‡MwUf
cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K Av‡m| cw_g‡a¨ †iva R G evav cvq| G evavi d‡j
†iv‡a Zv‡ci m„wó nq hv nvZ Øviv ¯úk© Ki‡j Abyfe Kiv hvq| G
bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i B‡jKwUªK Pyjøx I Bw¯¿ KvR K‡i| wØZxq ch©v‡q
we`y¨r cÖev‡ni c‡_ c‡o GKwU we`y¨r evj¦, †`Lv hvq Av‡jv R¡j‡Q| wPÎ : 5.3-2: Zvc kw³ Av‡jvK kw³,
GLv‡b we`y¨r kw³‡K Av‡jvK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Ni-evwoi hvwš¿K kw³, we`y¨r Drm
evwZ¸‡jv G wbq‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q we`y¨r

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 48

 mvaviY weÁvb

cÖevn GKwU we`y¨r cvLv‡K Nyiv‡”Q| G‡¶‡Î we`y¨r kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| †gwk‡bi PvKv
Nyiv‡bv, KjKviLvbv BZ¨vw`‡Z we`y¨r‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| Gfv‡e we`y¨r
kw³‡K Av‡jvK, Zvc I hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
mvims‡¶c
◗ Avgiv mvaviY we`y¨r kw³‡K wZbwU kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i _vwK| h_v-Zvc I Av‡jvKkw³,
ivmvqwbK kw³, Py¤^K kw³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. we`y¨r kw³ mvaviYZ KZ cÖKvi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq?
K. 2 L. 3
M. 4 N. 5
2. ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦ R¡vjv‡j †Kv‡bv kw³ †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq?
K. we`y¨r kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z L. we`y¨r kw³ Py¤^K kw³‡Z
M. we`y¨r kw³ Av‡jvK kw³‡Z N. we`y¨r kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z
3. †c‡i‡K Zvi †cuwP‡q we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡j †Kv‡bv kw³ †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq?
K. we`y¨r kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z L. we`y¨r kw³ Py¤^K kw³‡Z
M. we`y¨r kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z N. we`y¨r kw³ Av‡jvK kw³‡Z|

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 49

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 5.4

we`y¨r cwigv‡ci GKK

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• we`y¨r cÖev‡ni wewfbœ GK‡Ki msÁv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r ¶gZv wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
• ˆe`y¨wZK ¶gZv MYbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• we`y¨r cÖevngvÎv cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evwoi wewfbœ Kv‡R we`y¨r kw³‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| GRb¨ we`y¨r kw³i cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb|
we`y¨r cwigv‡ci K‡qKwU GKK m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

A¨vw¤úqvi
divwm weÁvbx Auv‡›`ª A¨vw¤úqvi (1775-1836)-Gi bvgvbymv‡i we`y¨r cÖev‡ni GK‡Ki bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q
A¨vw¤úqvi| GwgUvi bvgK h‡š¿ A¨vw¤úqvi GK‡K mivmwi cÖevngvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq|
†Kv‡bv cwievnxi †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i ga¨ w`‡q GK †m‡K‡Û 1 Kzj¤^ PvR© cÖevwnZ n‡j H cwievnx‡Z †h
we`y¨r cÖevngvÎvi m„wó nq Zv‡K GK A¨vw¤úqvi e‡j|
∴ GK A¨vw¤úqvi = 1 Kzj¤^/1 †m‡KÛ
A¨vw¤úqv‡ii AvšÍR©vwZK msÁv : k~b¨¯’v‡bi GK wgUvi `~‡i Aew¯’Z Amxg ˆ`‡N©¨i `ywU mgvšÍivj cwievnxi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z †h gvÎvi we`y¨r cÖev‡ni d‡j ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZ wgUvi ˆ`‡N©¨ 2×10-7 wbDUb ej m„wó nq
Zv‡K GK A¨vw¤úqvi e‡j|
GK A¨vw¤úqvi = 103 wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi = 106 gvB‡µv A¨vw¤úqvi

†fvë
`ywU PvwR©Z cwievnx‡K GKwU cwievnx Zvi w`‡q hy³ Ki‡j Pv‡R©i Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U| G Av`vb-cÖ`vb e¯Íz
`ywUi Pv‡R©i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| †h ivwki Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K ˆe`y¨wZK wefe ev ˆe`y¨wZK
Pvc e‡j| G ˆe`y¨wZK Pvc ev wef‡ei e¨envwiK GKK n‡”Q †fvë| we`y¨r Pvc ev wefe Drcbœ Kiv nq
we`y¨r †Kvl Øviv| we`y¨r †Kv‡li Avwe®‹viK †fvëvi bvgvbymv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK Pvc cwigv‡ci GKK‡K †fvë
ejv nq| WªvB-†m‡ji we`y¨r Drcv`K †h †Kv‡bv `y'we›`yi g‡a¨ we`y¨r Pv‡ci cv_©K¨ mivmwi †fvë GK‡K
cwigvc Kiv nq|
GK Kzj¤^ abvZ¥K PvR©‡K Amxg `~iZ¡ n‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK †¶‡Îi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z hw` GK Ryj KvR
m¤úbœ nq Z‡e D³ we›`yi wefe‡K 1 †fvë e‡j|

1 Ryj
AZGe, 1 †fvë = 1 Kyj¤^

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 50

 mvaviY weÁvb

Ing
†Kv‡bv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq cwievnx c`v_© we`y¨r cÖev‡ni c‡_ euvav m„wó K‡i|
G euvav †`evi ag©‡K †iva e‡j| Rvg©vb weÁvbx mvBgb Ing-Gi bvgvbymv‡i †iva cwigv‡ci GKK‡K Ing
ejv nq| weÁvbx Ing ˆe`y¨wZK Pvc, ˆe`y¨wZK cÖevn Ges ˆe`y¨wZK †iv‡ai g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i‡Qb|
†iv‡ai e¨envwiK GKK Ing|
†Kv‡bv cwievnxi `ycÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ GK †fvë n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q hw` GK A¨vw¤úqvi cÖevngvÎv P‡j
Z‡e D³ cwievnxi †iva‡K GK Ing e‡j|
1 Ryj
1 Ing = 1 A¨w¤úqvi

Ing‡K Ω (Omega) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|

IqvU
†Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i ev Dr‡mi KvR Kivi nvi‡K Gi ¶gZv e‡j| A_©vr †Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZK Drm GKK
mg‡q †h KvR K‡i Zv‡K Zvi ¶gZv e‡j| ˆe`y¨wZK ¶gZvi e¨envwiK GKK nj IqvU (Watt)|
ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi ev‡j¦i KZ kw³ e¨q nq Zv eySvevi Rb¨ 40, 60, 100 cÖf„wZ IqvU †jLv _v‡K| weÁvbx
†Rg&m Iqv‡Ui bvgvbymv‡i we`y¨rkw³i cwigv‡ci bvg IqvU n‡q‡Q|
†Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿ 1 †fvë cÖvšÍxq wefe cv_©‡K¨ 1 A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r cÖevn mieivn Ki‡j Gi ¶gZv‡K
1 IqvU e‡j|
Avgiv Rvwb, ¶gZv P = VI
ev IqvU (Watt) = †fvë × A¨vw¤úqvi
we`y¨r ¶gZvi e¨envwiK eo GKK nj wK‡jvIqvU|
1 wK‡jvIqvU = 103 IqvU
1 IqvU ¶gZv m¤úbœ we`y¨r Drm 1 NÈv Pj‡Z _vK‡j †h cwigvY kw³ e¨q nq Zv‡K 1 IqvU-NÈv ejv
nq| 1 wK‡jvIqvU ¶gZv m¤úbœ we`y¨r Drm 1 NÈv a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡j †h cwigvY kw³ e¨q nq Zv‡K 1
wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv ev 1 BDwbU ejv nq|
1 BDwbU = 1 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv|
BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi e¨envwiK GKK|

mgm¨v : 220 †fvë we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’vi 100 IqvU GKwU evwZ R¡vjv‡Z KZ A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r
cÖevn Pj‡e?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, IqvU = †fvë × A¨vw¤úqvi
A_ev, A¨vw¤úqvi = (IqvU/†fvë) = (100 IqvU/200 †fvë)
1
=2
mgm¨v : cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi Rb¨ 1.50 UvKv g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡j 60 IqvU kw³i 5wU evwZ 10 NÈv
R¡vjv‡Z KZ e¨q n‡e?
mgvavb : 60 IqvU × 5 = 300 IqvU
300 IqvU × 10 NÈv = 3000 IqvU-NÈv
= 3 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
= 3 BDwbU

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 51

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†gvU e¨q = 1.50 × 3 = 4.50 UvKv|

mgm¨v : 100 †fvë we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’vq †Kv‡bv cwievnxi g‡a¨ 2 A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡j
H Zv‡ii †iva KZ?
mgvavb : †iva = †fvë ÷ A¨vw¤úqvi
= 100 †fvë ÷ 2 A¨vw¤úqvi
= 50 Ing|

mvims‡¶c
◗ A¨vw¤úqvi : †Kv‡bv cwievnxi †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i ga¨ w`‡q GK †m‡K‡Û GK Kzj¤^ PvR© cÖevwnZ
n‡j H cwievnx‡Z †h we`y¨r cÖevngvÎvi m„wó nq Zv‡K GK A¨vw¤úqvi e‡j|
◗ †fvë : GK Kzj¤^ abvZ¡K PvR©‡K Amxg `yiZ¡ n‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK †¶‡Îi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z hw`
GK Ryj KvR m¤úbœ nq Z‡e D³ we`y¨r wefe‡K GK †fvë e‡j|
◗ Ing : †Kv‡bv cwievnxi `y¤^cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ GK †fvë n‡j Gi ga¨ w`‡q hw` GK
A¨vw¤úqvi we`y¨r cÖevn P‡j Z‡e D³ cwievnxi †iva‡K GK Ing e‡j|
◗ we`y¨r ¶gZvq e¨envwiK eo GKK nj wK‡jvIqvU|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. GK A¨vw¤úqvi mgvb KZ wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi?
K. 106 wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi L. 103 wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi
M. 102 wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi N. 105 wgwj A¨vw¤úqvi
2. WªvB-†m‡ji we`y¨r Drcv`b KZ †fvë?
K. 2.5 L. 1.0 M. 1.5 N. 2
3. mvBgb Ing †Kvb †`‡ki weÁvbx wQ‡jb?
K. Av‡gwiKv L. Bsj¨vÛ M. Rvg©vb N. Rvcvb
4. we`y¨r ¶gZvi GKK wK?
K. †fvë L. Ing M. A¨vw¤úqvi N. IqvU
5. GK BDwbU KZ wK‡jvIqvU NÈvi mgvb?
K. `yB L. GK M. wZb N. GKnvRvi|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 52

 mvaviY weÁvb

cvV 5.5

ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ wK wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
• ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZi (†hgb : evj¦, cvLv, wnUvi, Bw¯¿, NÈv BZ¨vw`) Kvh©cÖYvjx eY©bv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ni-evwo‡Z †h mKj ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K M„n¯’vwj ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ
ejv nq| G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj- K. ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦ I wUDe jvBU; L. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv; M. ˆe`y¨wZK
wnUvi (Pyjøx); N. ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿; O. ˆe`y¨wZK NÈv; P. †iwd«Rv‡iUi BZ¨vw`|

ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦
Zwor cÖev‡ni Zvcxq wµqv cÖ‡qv‡M ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ Avwe®‹…Z
n‡q‡Q| MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ‡K cÖavbZ
wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- Kve©b wdjv‡g›U, avZe wdjv‡g›U I
M¨vmc~Y© evwZ|

mvaviYZ GKwU Kuv‡Pi ev‡j¦ wbw®Œq M¨vm ev evqyk~b¨ _v‡K| `yBwU

†gvUv Zvi evj¦wUi evqy wbiæ× gy‡Li ga¨ w`‡q cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|

GB `yB Zv‡ii `yB cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ miæ Uvs‡÷‡bi Zvi KzÛjx mshy³ wPÎ 5.5.1 : ˆe`y¨wZK evj&e

_v‡K| GwU‡K wdjv‡g›U e‡j| AvRKvj wdjv‡g›U Uvs‡÷b, Avqib Ges g¨v½vwb‡Ri wgkª‡Y ˆZwi Kiv
nq| G msKi avZzi bvg Dj‡d«gvBm| A‡bK mgq Kve©b wdjv‡g›U wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| wdjv‡g‡›Ui
†iva A‡bK †ewk _vKvq Zwor Pvjbvi mgq Zv‡ci D™¢e nq Ges Av‡jv cvIqv hvq| wdjv‡g‡›Ui †iv‡ai
Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi ¶gZvi evj¦ ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K|
ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv
Mi‡gi w`‡b ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯Íz| GLv‡b
Zworkw³‡K Py¤^Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvLv Pvjbv Kiv nq|
cvLvi g‡a¨ GKwU ¯’vqx Py¤^K Ges Zv‡ii KzÛjx _v‡K| Zwor
cÖevwnZ Ki‡j Zv‡ii KzÛjx‡Z Avweó Py¤^K Drcbœ nq Ges `ywU
†PŠ¤^‡Ki wµqvq K‡q‡ji N~Y©b Drcbœ nq| GLv‡b Zwor kw³
wPÎ 5.5.1 : ˆe`y¨wZK evj&e

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 53

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Py¤^K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| K‡q‡ji mv‡_ evB‡i wZbwU cvLv mshy³ _v‡K †h¸‡jvi N~Y©‡b Avgiv evZvm
cvB| ˆe`y¨wZK cvLvi N~Y©b wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ †i¸‡jUi ev wbqš¿K e¨envi Kiv nq| †i¸‡jUi K‡qKwU
†iva Øviv wbwg©Z| G †iva we`y¨r cÖevn wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges MwZi n«vm ev e„w× mvab K‡i|
ˆe`y¨wZK wnUvi
Zvc Acwievnx c`v_© †hgb- PxbvgvwU ev dvqvi †K¬-Gi †gvUv Pv‡Ki
Dci †Nviv‡jv Luv‡P D”P Av‡cw¶K †iva I MjbvsK wewkó bvB‡µv‡gi
(wb‡Kj, †jvnv I †µvwgqv‡gi msKi) ˆZwi DËvcK KzÛjx AvUKv‡bv
_v‡K| we`y¨r mieivn jvB‡b hy³ K‡i, KzÛjxi ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ
Ki‡j KzÛjx †jvwnZ Zß n‡q I‡V Ges cÖPyi Zvc wbM©Z K‡i| cvqvhy³
GKwU †d«‡gi g‡a¨ KzÛjxmn PvKwU emv‡bv _v‡K| Pv‡Ki g‡a¨ K‡qKwU wPÎ : 5.5-3: ‰e`y¨ywZK wnUvi
wQ`ª _v‡K; G Kvi‡Y cwiPjb c×wZ‡Z Zvc Dc‡i DV‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ ivbœvi Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq|
ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿
wÎfzRvK…wZ fvix Zjvwewkó GKwU avZe Avei‡Y bvB‡µvg KzÛjx
A‡åi cvZ w`‡q fv‡jvfv‡e AšÍixY Ae¯’vq ivLv _v‡K| G‡Z hš¿wU
e¨enviKv‡j e¨enviKvixi mv‡_ we`y¨revnx KzÛjxi ¯úk© Øviv wec`
NUvi Avk¼v _v‡Kbv| Bw¯¿i cøvM mieivn jvB‡b hy³ K‡i we`y¨r
cÖevwnZ Kiv n‡j KzÛjxwU jvj n‡q I‡V Ges cÖPyi Zvc wbM©Z K‡i|
d‡j evB‡ii avZe AveiYwU DËß nq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ Rvgv Kvco
BZ¨vw` Bw¯¿ Kiv nq| wPÎ : 5.5-4: ‰e`y¨ywZK Bw¯¿

ˆe`y¨wZK NÈv
wPÎ 5.5-5 GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK NÈvi wPÎ| myBP ÔAb' Ki‡j Zwor
cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j Zwor Py¤^KwU big †jvnvi cvZwU‡K (hv‡K Av‡g©Pvi
ejv nq) AvKl©Y K‡i| d‡j nvZzwowU NÈvq G‡m AvNvZ K‡i Ges
k‡ãi m„wó nq| Zwor Py¤^‡Ki AvKl©‡Yi `iæb w¯úªsmn nvZzwowU ¯úk©
¯Œz †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| G‡Z eZ©bx wQbœ nq Ges Zwor cÖevn eÜ n‡q
hvq| d‡j Zwor Py¤^K Avi Py¤^K _v‡K bv Ges Gi AvKl©Y kw³I _v‡K wPÎ 5.5.5 : ˆe`y¨wZK NÈv

bv| d‡j w¯úªs-Gi Uv‡b nvZzwowU Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b wd‡i hvq Ges ¯Œz‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G‡Z cybivq
eZ©bx m¤ú~Y© nq, Zwor cÖevn cÖevwnZ nq, Zwor Py¤^K Avevi nvZzwowU‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K Uv‡b, d‡j nvZzwowU
NÈv‡K AvNvZ K‡i| GB cÖwµqv hZ¶b myBP Ab _v‡K ZZ¶b Pj‡Z _v‡K|

wbivcËv wdDR
†Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx‡Z we`y¨r cÖevnKv‡j mieivn jvBb †_‡K hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ gvÎvi we`y¨r
cÖevwnZ n‡q AwMœKvÛ NUv‡Z bv cv‡i ev M„‡n e¨eüZ ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ bó n‡Z bv cv‡i †m Rb¨
ˆe`y¨wZK wbivcËv wdDR e¨eüZ nq| ˆe`y¨wZK wdDR e¨e¯’vq cÖevn wbivc` gvÎv AwZµg Kivi c~‡e©B
m‡i wM‡q cÖevn eÜ K‡i †`q| ˆe`y¨wZK wdDR mvaviYZ mxmv I wUb (mxmv 75% Ges wUb 25%) Gi
msK‡ii Dchy³ e¨v‡mi GK UzKiv miæ Zvi| Gi MjbvsK cÖvq 300° †mjwmqvm| Giƒc GK LÛ Zvi
Pxbv gvwUi ev‡· evwoi ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx‡Z we`y¨r mieivn jvB‡bi mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| ZviwUi

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 54

 mvaviY weÁvb

`ycÖvšÍev‡·i `ywU avZe ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| GwU‡K ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx‡Z †kªYx mgev‡q hy³ Kiv
nq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mieivn jvB‡bi cÖevn wbw`©ó wbivc` gvÎv AwZµ‡gi Av‡MB H Zv‡ii ZvcgvÎv
Mjbvs‡K †cŠu‡Q hvq Zvn‡j jvB‡bi ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|
†iwd«Rv‡iUi
kxZj †Kv‡bv e¯Íz †_‡K Zvc KLbI Avcbv Avcwb Dò e¯Íz‡Z cÖevwnZ nq
bv| †Kv‡bv e¯Íz †_‡K Zvc †ei K‡i Avb‡Z n‡j Zvi R‡b¨ Avgv‡`i
hvwš¿K kw³ e¨q Ki‡Z nq| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³
e¨q K‡i Zvckw³ †ei K‡i †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| †iwd«Rv‡iUi ev
wngvqK AvRKvj GKwU eûj e¨eüZ kxZjxKiY hš¿| G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
Lv`¨ e¯Íz ev Ab¨vb¨ cPbkxj mvgMÖx‡K wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq msi¶Y Kiv nq|
Gi cÖavb Ask GKwU kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kvô hvi g‡a¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ `ªe¨vw`
ivLv nq| kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kv‡ôi evB‡i Pviw`‡Ki ZvcgvÎv ¯^fveZB †ewk
_v‡K, d‡j ¯^vfvweK Dcv‡q kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kv‡ôi ZvcgvÎv n«vm cvq bv|
Avgiv Rvwb †Kv‡bv Zij c`v‡_©i ev‡®ú cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ myß Zvc
cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_©‡K hw` kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kv‡ôi mwbœK‡U ev‡®ú
cwiYZ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ev®úxfe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc kxZjxKiY
cÖ‡Kvô †_‡K †U‡b †ei K‡i †bIqv hv‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶ G cÖwµqv‡ZB
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡i kxZjZv m„wó Kiv nq e‡j G‡K A‡bK mgq Zvc cv¤ú ejv wPÎ 5.5-6 : †iwd«Rv‡iUi
n‡q _v‡K|
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kvô‡K wN‡i _v‡K Zvgvi ˆZwi duvcv b‡ji KzÛjx| G‡K ev®úxfeb KzÛjx
e‡j| GB KzÛjxi g‡a¨ DØvqx c`v_© †d«qb e¨envi Kiv nq| †d«qb n‡”Q WvB‡K¬v‡ivWvB‡d¬v‡iv wg‡_b|
GB b‡ji mv‡_ GKwU ms‡KvPb cv¤ú mshy³ _v‡K| cv¤ú Pvjy Kiv n‡j b‡ji wfZ‡ii Pvc K‡g hvIqvq
†d«qb `ªyZ ev®úxf‚Z nq| GR‡b¨ †h myßZvc cÖ‡qvRb Zvi LvwbKUv †d«qb wb‡R mieivn K‡i Avi evKxUv
Av‡m kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kvô †_‡K, d‡j kxZjxKiY N‡U|
ev®úxf‚Z †d«qb‡K GLb Nbxfeb KzÛjxi g‡a¨ G‡b K‡¤úªmv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ msKzwPZ Kiv nq| Gmg‡q †d«qb
M¨vm myß Zvc eR©b K‡i cybivq Zi‡j cwiYZ nq| Zij †d«qb cybivq ev®úxfeb KzÛjx‡Z cvVv‡bvi
Av‡MB G Zvc †ei K‡i †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zv bv n‡j kxZjxKiY cÖ‡Kv‡ôi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡e|
Kb‡Wbmv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Zvgvi Rvwj‡Z G Zvc cwienb cÖwµqvq mÂvwjZ nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K
cwiPjb I wewKiY cÖwµqvq Zvc cwi‡e‡k Qwo‡q hvq|

†Rbv‡iUi ev WvBbv‡gv
†h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡K
†Rbv‡iUi ev WvBbv‡gv e‡j|G h‡š¿i g~jbxwZ nj ev¯Íe †¶‡Î
d¨viv‡Wi Zwor Py¤^Kxq Av‡e‡ki m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM| WvBbv‡gv `y'cÖKv‡ii
h_v- cwieZ©x WvBbv‡gv I GKgyLx WvBbv‡gv
wPÎ 5.5-7 (K) : cwieZ©x WvBbv‡gv
cwieZ©x Wvqbv‡gv : G h‡š¿ GKwU ¯’vqx Py¤^K _v‡K| Py¤K ^ NS Gi
ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b GKwU KuvPv †jvnvi Dci ABCD GKwU AvqZvKvi
KzÛjx _v‡K| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB KzÛjxi msL¨v G‡Ki †ewk nq| G‡`i
cÖ‡Z¨KwUB c„_K c„_K Z‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i| KuvPv †jvnvi cvZwU‡K
Av‡g©Pvi e‡j| G‡K GKwU †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi g‡a¨ Bwćbi mvnv‡h¨
mgMwZ‡Z Nyiv‡bv nq| GB AvqZKvi KzÛjxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ `ywU w¯øc wis
D1 D2 GKB A¶ B1 B2 Gi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i| KzÛjx Nyi‡jB Giv
Nyi‡Z cv‡i| w¯øc wis Gi mv‡_ `ywU eªvk B1 I B2 ¯Œz jvMv‡bv _v‡K|
GB eªvk ØvivB wis `ywU eZ©bx R-Gi m‡½ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| KzÛjx
†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î Nyi‡Z _vK‡jB G‡Z Zwor cÖevn Avweó n‡e Ges Avweó wPÎ 5.5-7 (L) : GKgyLx WvBbv‡gv

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 55

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Zwor cÖev‡ni gvb cÖavbZ †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖvek¨ I KzÛjxi N~Y©‡bi †e‡Mi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e| KzÛjxi
GKevi c~Y© N~Y©‡b Gi g‡a¨ Avweó Zwor cÖev‡ni AwfgyL GKevi cwiewZ©Z n‡e| ABCD KzÛjxwU †PŠ¤^K
ej‡iLvi m‡½ mg‡KvY _vK‡j H mgq ej I cÖevngvÎv me‡P‡q †ewk n‡e|
GKgyLx Wvqbv‡gv : GKgyLx cÖevn WvBbv‡gv‡Z w¯øc wis-Gi cwie‡Z© `ywU Aa© e„ËvKvi avZe cvZ C1 C2
e¨envi Kiv nq [wPÎ 5.5-7 (L)]| cvZ `yBwUi ga¨Kvi ¯’vb duvKv _v‡K Ges ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ AšÍixZ
Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G cvZ `ywU‡K Kgy¨‡UUi e‡j| Kgy¨‡UU‡ii Mv‡q `ywU eªvk B1 B2 jvMvb _v‡K| Kgy¨‡UUi I
KzÛjxi A¶ GKB Z‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i| B1 B2 eªvk `ywU ewneZ©bx R Gi m‡½ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Av‡g©Pvi
KzÛjx ABCD Gi N~Y©‡bi d‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó nq hvi AwfgyL nq cieZ©x| cvZ I Py¤^‡Ki g‡a¨ Ggb
cwigv‡Y duvK ivLv nq Ges eªvk B1 B2-Ggbfv‡e avZe cv‡Zi m‡½ msjMœ _v‡K hv‡Z KzÛjx 180 wWwMÖ
Nyi‡jB avZe cvZ `yBwU wb‡R‡`i ¯’vb e`j K‡i| d‡j cwieZ©x cÖevn ewneZ©bx‡Z GKgyLx cÖev‡ni m„wó
K‡i|

UªvÝdigvi
†h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †fv‡ëR ev wefe cwieZ©b Kiv nq Zv‡K UªvÝdigvi e‡j| mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi
UªvÝdigvi e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v- D”Pavcx I wb¤œavcx|
D”Pavcx : †h UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wb¤œ †fv‡ëR‡K D”P †fv‡ë‡R cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K D”Pavcx
UªvÝdigvi e‡j|
wb¤œavcx : †h UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ D”P †fv‡ëR‡K wb¤œ †fv‡ë‡R
cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K wbæavcx UªvÝdigvi e‡j| UªvÝdigv‡i mvaviY
`ywU KzÛjx _v‡K| GKwU‡K cÖvBgvwi AciwU‡K †m‡KÛvwi KzÛjx
e‡j| hw` cÖvBgvwi K‡q‡ji cvK msL¨v †m‡KÛvwi K‡q‡ji cvK
msL¨v A‡c¶v †ewk nq Z‡e UªvÝdigviwU wb¤œavcx UªvÝdigvi wnmv‡e
KvR Ki‡e|
wPÎ 5.5-8 : mij UªvÝdg©vi
Acic‡¶ cÖvBgvwi K‡q‡ji cvKmsL¨v †m‡KÛvwi K‡q‡ji cvK msL¨v A‡c¶v Kg n‡j UªvÝdigviwU
D”Pavcx wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi K‡q‡ji cvK msL¨v Ges

†fv‡ë‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK©wU wb¤œiƒc :

‡MŠY KzÛjxi †fv‡ëR ev ZwoZPvjK ej ‡MŠY KzÛjxi cvK msL¨v ev c¨uvP msL¨v
gyL¨ KzÛjxi †fv‡ëR ev ZwoZPvjK ej = gyL¨ KzÛjxi cvK msL¨v ev cu¨vP msL¨v
UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ A‡bK KvR Kiv nq| †hgb- DaŸ©Mvgx UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †fv‡ëR e„w× K‡i `~i-
`~iv‡šÍwe`y¨r cvVvb nq| wb¤œMvgx UªvÝdig©v‡ii Øviv Avgiv †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uc †iKW©vi BZ¨vw` Pvjbv
Kwi| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î G.wm, †K. wW. wm †Z cwiYZI Ki‡Z nq|

mvims‡¶c
◗ Ni evwo‡Z †h mKj ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K M„n¯’vjx ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ
e‡j| †hgb-ˆe`y¨wZK wnUvi, ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv, ˆe`y¨wZK NÈv, †iwd«Rv‡iUi
BZ¨vw`|
◗ †h hš¿ hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡K †Rbv‡iUi ev Wvqbv‡gv e‡j|
◗ †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †fv‡ëR ev wefe cwieZ©b Kiv nq Zv‡K UªvÝdigvi e‡j|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 56

 mvaviY weÁvb

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 57

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. Kuv‡Pi ev‡j¦i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i wdjv‡g›U _v‡K?
K. †jvnv L. Uvs‡÷b
M. g¨v½vwbR N. Uvs‡÷b, Avqi‡bi Ges g¨v½vwb‡Ri msKi c`v_©
2. ev‡j¦i ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni mgq Zvc Drcbœ nIqvi KviY wK?
K. wdjv‡g‡›Ui †iva †ewk L. wdjv‡g‡›Ui †iva Kg
M. wdjv‡g‡›Ui †iva _v‡K bv N. †Kv‡bvwUB bv
3. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq?
K. †i¸‡jUi L. myBP M. †Rbv‡iUi N. K‡qj
4. wdD‡R †h Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi MjbvsK KZ?
K. 300° L. 200° M. 100° N. 400°
5. †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i †Kvb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq?
K. †d«qb L. wbqb M. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW N. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
6. †Rbv‡iUi Øviv †Kvb kw³‡K †Kvb kw³i iƒcvšÍi KviY wK?
K. Zwor kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq
L. hvwš¿K kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq
M. Py¤^K kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z
N. hvwš¿K kw³ Py¤^K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq|

cvV 5.6

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 58

 mvaviY weÁvb

nvDR Iqvwis

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• B‡jKwUªK Iqvwis wK wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• mgvšÍivj I wmwiR ms‡hvRb wK wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• M„‡n evj¦ I cvLvi ms‡hvM wKfv‡e _v‡K eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

nvDR Iqvwis
eZ©gv‡b †ewki fvM Ni-evwo‡Z we`y¨r Av‡Q| G we`y¨rkw³ e¨envi
K‡i M„‡n evwZ R¡vjv‡bv, cvLv Pvjv‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR n‡q _v‡K| we`y¨r
Gi ms‡hvM wKfv‡e †`qv nq wPÎ 5.6-1 G †`Lv‡bv nj| wP‡Î GKwU

myBP I `ywU evwZ mgvšÍiv‡j ms‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z `ywU evwZB wPÎ 5.6-1 : ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©Yx
e¨vUvwii cy‡ivcywi Pvc ev †fv‡ëR cv‡e|
ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi ms‡hv‡Mi g~j K_v cÖwZwU evwZi ev cvLvi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Dchy³ †fv‡ëR cÖ‡qvM Kiv| evB‡i
†_‡K we`y¨r mieiv‡ni cÖavb `ywU Zv‡ii m‡½ cÖwZwU evwZ ev cvLv GRb¨B mgvšÍivj K‡i Ry‡o †`qvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
wPG 5.6-2 G mieiv‡ni `ywU Zvi †gBbm, wdDR, wgUvi BZ¨vw`mn `yBwU evwZ, GKwU cvLv I GKwU
c- v‡Mi ms‡hvM e¨e¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| †gBbm Gi `yBwU Zv‡ii
GKwU‡K jvBf ev RxešÍ Zvi Ges Ab¨wU‡K wbi‡c¶ Zvi e‡j|
RxešÍZv‡iB we`y¨rPvc _v‡K| †mRb¨B gvwUi m‡½ ms¯ú‡k© †i‡L GB
ZviwU‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j †`‡ni wfZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn P‡j Ges kK
jv‡M| G‡Z g„Zz¨I n‡Z cv‡i| wbi‡c¶ Zv‡i †Kv‡bv Pvc _v‡K bv|
†gBb Zvi wdDR n‡q wgUv‡i hvq| †h we`y¨rkw³ LiP n‡”Q Zv wgUvi
hš¿wU‡Z wjwce× n‡Z _v‡K| wgUvi n‡Z Zvi `yBwU †gBb myB‡P hvq|
GB myB‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ evwoi wfZi cÖevn eÜ Kiv ev Pvjv‡bv hvq| †gBb
myB‡Pi m‡½ wdDR _v‡K| myBP n‡Z Zvi `ywU eÈb ev‡· hvq Ges
wPÎ 5.6-2 : ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©Yx
†mLvb †_‡K cÖavb Zvi `yBwU wewfbœ kvLv jvB‡b wef³ n‡q hvq|
cÖ‡Z¨K kvLv jvB‡bi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K wdDR _v‡K| wP‡Î GKwU evwZ, GKwU cvLv I GKwU cøvM m‡K‡Ui
ms‡hvM †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mvims‡¶c

we`y¨r kw³ I M„‡n we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi c„ôv 59

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

◗ M„‡n we`y¨r cÖevn mgfv‡e Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©wb ˆZwi Kiv nq|
◗ †gBb‡mi `yBwU Zv‡ii GKwU‡K jvBf ev RxešÍZvi I Ab¨wU‡K wbi‡c¶ Zvi e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. we`y¨r wej wnmve Kiv nq †Kv‡bv h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨?
K. †fvëwgUvi L. G¨vwgUvi
M. ˆe`y¨wZK wgUvi N. B‡jK‡Uªv wgUvi
2. M„‡n Zwor ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †h Zv‡i Pvc _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq-
K. wbi‡c¶ Zvi L. RxešÍZvi
M. Kvh©Kix Zvi N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖ‡kœvËi
1. Kvco I KuvP `‡Ûi Nl©‡Yi d‡j wK NUbv N‡U wjLyb|
2. Pjwe`y¨r KZ cÖKvi I wK wK wjLyb|
3. wbivcËv wdDR †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq wjLyb|
4. Avgiv M„‡n wK wK ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kwi Zvi bvg I KvR ms‡¶‡c eY©bv w`b|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKwU mvaviY Zwor †Kv‡li eY©bv w`b|
2. GKwU WªvB‡m‡ji wbg©vY †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|
3. wdDR wK? Gi MVb I Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. GKwU GKgyLx Wvqbv‡gvi MVb I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
5. wd«‡Ri MVb I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
6. wnUv‡ii g~jbxwZ eY©bv Kiæb|
7. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLvi MVb I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
8. nvDR Iqvwis m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 1 : 1. K 2. K 3. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 2 : 1. K 2. K 3. K 4. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 3 : 1. L 2. M 3. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4 : 1. L 2. M 3. M 4. N 5. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 5 : 1. N 2. K 3. K 4. K 5. K 6. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 6 : 1. M 2. L

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 60