CE446

CONTRACTS AND SPECIFICATION

GROUP 2

MEMBERS:
1. CARL AMBROSS MAGNO
2. JOHN MICAHAEL DUREMDES
3. WARREN BOLANOS
 CONTRACTS AND SPECIFICATION

Contracts

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. The contract provides
assurance that the parties will perform the roles and responsibilities as intended

Construction contracts

It is an agreement between a client that wants construction done and a general contractor. This
type of contract details the contractor’s scope of work, including their right to subcontractor any
of the work, how and what they will charge for the work, and any applicable plans or work
orders

General Conditions

The works undertaken under the contract shall be subjected to the provisions of the Section or
General
Requirements and pertinent Sections of the Technical Specifications.

Scope of Work

The work to be undertaken by the Contractor under the Contract shall include; Furnishing of all
labour, materials, equipment, plant, tools and other incidentals necessary to complete in all
respect the various items of work involved, in accordance with the conditions of the Contract,
Plans, Technical Specifications and other contract documents including addenda, if any.

Essential Elements of a Contract

• Offer
• Acceptance
• Consideration
• Legality

Types of Construction Contract

Lump-sum Contract

Sometimes called Drawings and Specifications Contract, a lump sum contract used a fixed price
for all work done on the project. The contractor agrees to perform a stipulated job of work in
exchange for a fixed sum of money.

Cost-plus Contract

A cost-plus contracts require the owner to fully pay all project costs on top of a separate
payment to cover the builder’s overhead and profit.

Unit Price Contract

Unit price contracts typically prices out different categories based on things like the type of task
and materials used. Better suited for small projects and can typically be adjusted if part of the
scope changes. It’s easy to identify what costs need to be altered to adjust for the new project
scope.
Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) Contract

(GMP contract puts a limit on the final budget of a project. Its goal is to make the budgeting
process easier for the project owner, but it does shift some financial risk to the contractor.

Design-Build Contract

A Design-Build contract requires a 6 collaboration between the project designer (the architect or
engineer) and the builder. It saves time and money and can prevent situations where an owner
may be caught in the
middle of a dispute between a contractor and a designer.

Definitions of Terms

In the Contract, as hereinafter defined, the following words and expressions shall have the
meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the context otherwise rewired.

Addendum - A written additional information, provisions, and or other document issue by the
Owner prior to the closing date for the receipt of Bids which is made an integral part of the
Tender and Contract documents.

Additional Contract Time - the period of time allowed the Contractor by the Owner in addition
to the stipulated Contract Time necessitated by a duly issued work or change order.

Adjusted Original Contract Price - The increase of decrease price of the stipulated Original
Contract Price fixed or agreed upon by the contracting parties based on valid grounds in
pursuance of existing laws, decrees, rules or regulations governing adjustment or escalation of
contract prices.

Approved/ Approval - Approved/ Approval in writing, including subsequent written

confirmation of previous verbal approval.

Bid/Tender - The written offer of a Bidder/Tenderer submitted the prescribed dorm in response
to the invitation to Bid/Tender and the bid/tender documents issued by the Owner to furnish
the required labour, equipment and materials to execute the specified work within the time
prices quoted in the Bid as submitted.

Architect - Is commissioned by the Owner to make the design and prepare the Plans and
Specifications and act as the executive Head of the Project.

Bid/ Tender Documents - Collectively, the Invitation to Bid/ Tender, Instructions to Bidders/
Tenderer, Form of Contract Agreement, Conditions of Contract, Drawings/Plans, Specifications,
and Form of Bid/Tender and the requires Annexes, including Addenda.

Bidder/Tenderer - An individual, partnership, corporation, association, firm or joint venture

submitting a bid/tender to the Owner to undertake the performance of the works.

Calendar Days - A period of Twenty-four (24) hours extended from midnight which includes all
days of the calendar.
Construction Plant - all equipment, facilities, supplies and other incidentals required for
execution and completion of the Works Exclusive of materials or other things intended to form
or forming part of the Permanent Works.
Contract/ Contract Documents - The duly perfected and approved Contract Agreement
including the Conditions of Contract, Drawings/Plans, Specifications, Invitation to Bid,
Instruction to Bidders/ Tendered including its Annexes, Addenda, Performance Bond,
Pre-qualifications Statements, Evidence of Working Capital 9Cash Deposit), Notice Award and
“Conforme”, and other documents required in the Contract Agreement.

Contract Price - The unit o prices or lump or other sums named in the notice of Award to be
paid to the Contractor in consideration of the Implementation of the Works, subject to such
addition thereto or deduction therefrom as may be made under the provisions or stipulated in
the Contract.

Contract Time Extension - The period of time allowed by the Owner for the delay suffered by
the Contractor due to causes beyond his control.

Contract Time Suspension - The suspension of the running of the contact time upon request by
the Contractor at the instance of the Owner due to valid causes.

Contract Work/ Works - The Furnishing of labor, materials, supplies, equipment facilities and
other incidentals necessary for convenient to the successful of the Works and carrying out of all
the duties and obligations imposed in the Contract as defined by the Contract Documents.

Contractor - The individual, partnership, firm, corporation, company, or joint ventures,

association, or syndicate whose bid/tender has been accepted by the Owner and which includes
the Contractor’s personal representative, successors and permitted assigns.

Owner- could be either public or private person. Public if the project is owned by the Republic of
the Philippines represented by for National Project and the Mayor for Municipality or Governor
for Provincial project as the case may be

Specifications- The description in detail of the Works to be executed, the character and quality
of materials and workman- ship and special responsibility of the Contractor that are covered by
the Conditions of the Contract. It includes addenda, supplemental specifications, special
provisions and bulletins referred to in the Contract Documents together with all the written
agreements made

Sub-Contractor- The individual, partnership, firm or corporation, joint venture, association or

syndicate having a direct contract with the Contractor for furnishing service or work un- der the
Contract duly approved by the Owner.

Contract Documents

Contact Documents are the group of documents that define the price, conditions, clauses,
schedule, and scope of the executed work, along with any other job-specific details.

1. contract agreement
2. conditions of contract
3. drawings/plans
4. specifications
 5. invitation to bid/tender
6. instruction to bidders
7. addenda
8. form of bid including the following annexes:
a. authorization of the signatory
b. bid prices in the bill of quantities
c. detailed estimates
d. construction schedules
e. construction methods
f. project organizational chart
g. manpower schedule
h. equipment utilization schedule
i. cash flows and payments schedule
j. affidavit of site inspection
k. bid bond
9. performance bond
10. pre-qualification estimate
11. certificate of cash deposit
12. notice of award of contract and “conforme” thereto
13. other contract documents that may be required by existing laws.

Discharge of a Contract

Discharge is a broad term meaning a release of the parties from their contractual obligations. It
might be caused by full or substantial performance.

• Economic Impractically as an Excuse

• Destruction of Work by Fire
• Frustration of the Purpose of Contracts
• Discharge by Force Majeure
• Supervising Illegality or by Operation of Law

Specifications

Specifications in construction, also called construction specifications or specs, are details within
a construction service contract that outline all the important aspects necessary for project
fulfillment. Throughout the project’s duration, contractors and construction crews may use
specifications as a reference for questions that arise and to ensure the correct fulfillment of each
project requirement.

Construction companies and their clients use specifications to create mutual objectives and
establish consistent expectations for a project. Often, the project’s architects and designers
create specifications for construction crews and clients to review before finalization. For large
scale and complex projects, companies may hire professional specification writers to complete
the task.

Two Types Specifications

Simple Specification- Is appropriate only to simple form of labor and materials, supplies, or
machine which had become standard. It needs no special knowledge in preparation.
Detailed Specifications- Is mandatory as the design becomes more elaborate and parts of the
structures are numerous and complicated. Specification of this type should be complete. The
materials and methods of construction of each part should be described in detail.
Requirement of a Good Specifications

1. It should be clear
2. It should be brief
3. It should be definite
4. It should be fair
5. It should be determinate
6. Specifications should not be ambiguous
7. Specifications should not be unnecessary severe
8. Specifications should not be arbitrary

General Conditions

• All parts of the construction shall be finished with first class workmanship to the fullest
talent and meaning of the plans and the specifications, and to the full satisfaction of the
designing Architect and the project owners.
• Any defective material or poor workmanship should be replaced or improved by the
contractor without additional cost to the owner.
• The construction site shall be conform to all the requirements of the National Building
Code of the Philippines and the rules and regulations enforced in the locality

Clearing the Site

• The building site shall be leveled to a suitable grade according to the plans. •
It should be cleared of rubbish, roots and other perishable materials.

Staking Out The Building Lines

The building lines shall be staked out and all lines and grades shown in the drawings accurately
established before any excavation is started.

Excavation For Foundation

All excavation shall be made to grade indicated in the drawings. Where the building site is
covered with any kind of fill, the excavation for footings shall be made deeper until the specified
safe bearing capacity of the soil is reached.

Backfilling Of Excavation

When the concrete poured for the foundation has hardened and can already withstand the
pressure resulting from fills, the materials removed from excavations shall be used for backfilling
them.
The fills and backfills shall be placed in layers not more than 150 mm (6”) in thickness. Each
succeeding layer shall be thoroughly compacted by wetting, tamping, and rolling.

Concrete Works

Concrete should be mixed thoroughly such that there is uniform distribution amount among the
cement and aggregates. The concrete should be vibrated and its forms should be tapped as it is
deposited to its final position, to prevent formation of voids in the concrete member which will
weaken the building.
Water to be used for mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids,
salt, alkalis and other organic materials.

Proportioning Of Concrete Mixture

All concrete works for a construction project shall be undertaken in accordance with the
standard specifications for Plain and Reinforced Concrete as approved by the government.

CLASS A concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part cement, 2 parts fine aggregate and 4 parts coarse
aggregate by volume, plus enough water to make the
mixture into a pliable paste.

CLASS B concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part cement, 2-1/2 parts fine aggregate and 5 parts
coarse aggregate by volume, plus enough water to make the mixture into a pliable paste.

CLASS C concrete shall be a mixture of 1 part cement, 3 part fine aggregate and 6 parts coarse
aggregate by volume, plus enough water to make the mixture into a pliable paste.

FINE AGGREGATE for concrete shall consist of natural sand or of inert materials with similar
characteristics, having hard, clean and durable grains, free from organic materials or loam.

COARSE AGGREGATE for concrete shall be of crushed rock of durable qualities, or clean and
hard gravel. Size of the coarse aggregate to be used shall vary from 200mm (3/4”) to 400mm
(1-1/2”).

Concrete SLAB ON FILL be poured on a layer of hard gravel fill spread over well compacted and
thoroughly tamped earth fill.

Forms For Concrete Works

Forms for all reinforced concrete shall be adequately supported and braced or tied together to
maintain the correct positions in the shapes of poured concrete.
Wooden forms shall be constructed sufficiently tight to prevent the bulging of concrete
members upon pouring or leaking/draining of water during curing.

Steel Reinforcing Bars

Steel reinforcing bars to be used for this project shall consist of standard deformed structural
bars meeting ASTM specifications.
The steel reinforcements for concrete shall be formed accurately according to the sizes of the
columns, beams and girders, footings, slabs, etc., where they are to be used.

Roof Framing, Roofing and Accessories

The materials to be used for roof framing such as trusses, struts, and web members shall consist
of steel angles 1/4” thick. Other accessories for the roof frames are shown in the Details of Truss
Joints and in the Roof Framing Plan.
Ceiling Boards

Commonly Used Ceiling Boards - Ordinary Plywood - Marine Plywood - Gypsum Ceiling Board -
Fiber Cement Board - Aluminum Board - Vynil Board, etc.,
Doors, Windows, And Accessories

The designs and specifications of materials for doors and windows to be installed for the project
are shown in the Schedule of Doors and Windows detail drawings.

Plumbing Works and Fixtures

Plumbing works and materials shall be in accordance with the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines. Soil and waste pipes shall be properly graded or pitched
downward to facilitate easy discharge of the solid and liquid waste from the
plumbing fixtures or receptacles to their place of disposal. Slopping types must be
well supported and rigidly suspended to prevent sagging, displacement or pipe
breakage, resulting in leakage of waste matter.

Plumbing Pipes and Fittings

Pipes and fittings to be used are as follows:

a. Hot and cold water pipes
b. Service entrance pipes
c. Sewer line pipes
d. Stainless steel floor drains
e. Hose bibbs, brass finish

Electrical Works

Specifications for electrical works are included in the electrical plans of the project.
Materials using electrical works:
a. installed voltage
b. wiring to be used
c. wiring devices
d. panel board
e. intercom
f. TV antennae wiring

Floor Finishes

Materials to be used as floor finishes shall be specified and followed according to the
construction plan.

Painting And Varnishing

All painting and varnishing works for a project shall be executed in first class workmanship using
specific brands products. Surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned to remove mortar, dust, grease,
rust and other foreign substances that may be present on areas to be painted or varnished.

Surface defects such as cracks, dents and holes must be filled with putty and sandpapered
before final coat of paint or varnish is applied.
All concrete surfaces to be painted shall first be given a coat of concrete neutralizer. Metal and
steel must be prime with anti-rust paint before the application of subsequent coats of paint.

All rough and finishing wood materials such as ceiling joints and hangers, door frames, stair
treads, railing cabinet and closet doors and shelves, baseboards, moulding, etc., must be treated
with anti-termite solution approved by the Architect and Owners.
The overall color scheme to be followed in painting and varnishing the building, including those
of other materials like tiles, plumbing fixtures and other accessories shall be left to the decision
of the Owners and the Architects.

References
I. Books
a. Estimating Bill of Materials by Vicente A. Tagayun
b. Specifications and Contracts by Max Fajardo