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CH 1

The document provides an introduction to fluid power systems, detailing their generation, control, and transmission using pressurized fluids. It classifies fluid power systems into fluid logic, electrical, and electronic controllers, and outlines various applications across industries such as agriculture, aviation, and medical fields. Additionally, it discusses the properties of hydraulic fluids, the principles of Pascal's Law, and the advantages of fluid power systems over mechanical power.

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hailemariamb2121
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15 views16 pages

CH 1

The document provides an introduction to fluid power systems, detailing their generation, control, and transmission using pressurized fluids. It classifies fluid power systems into fluid logic, electrical, and electronic controllers, and outlines various applications across industries such as agriculture, aviation, and medical fields. Additionally, it discusses the properties of hydraulic fluids, the principles of Pascal's Law, and the advantages of fluid power systems over mechanical power.

Uploaded by

hailemariamb2121
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering and Technology College

Department of MEng & MaEng


FP& EM Control Systems
CH-1:
Introduction to Fluid Power System
Prepared by Hailemariam B. (MSc)
Introduction to Fluid Power
 Fluid power is the technology that deals with the
generation, control, and transmission of power to a usable
form where it needed using pressurized fluids (it may be
liquid or gas) under pressure. Fluid power is used to push,
pull, regulate, or drive virtually all the machines of modern
industry.
 For example, fluid power steers and brakes automobiles,
launches spacecraft, harvests crops, mines coal, drives
machine tools, controls airplanes, and processes food.
 Fluid power can be subdivided into Hydraulics and
Pneumatics. Hydraulic systems use pressurized liquid such
as oil or water. Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases
such as air or other gas.
Classification of Fluid Power System
1. Fluid logic controller: This type of system is controlled by hydraulic
oil or air. The system employs fluid logic devices such as AND,
NAND, OR, NOR, etc.
2. Electrical controller: This type of system is controlled by electrical
devices. The four basic electrical devices that are used to control the
fluid power systems are switches, relays, timers, and solenoids.
These devices help to control the starting, stopping, sequencing,
speed, positioning, timing and reversing of actuating cylinders and
fluid motors.
3. Electronic controller: This type of system is controlled by
microelectronic devices. The electronic brain is used to control the
fluid power muscles for doing work. This system uses the most
advanced type of electronic hardware including programmable logic
controller (PLC) or microprocessor (P). In the electrical control, a
change in system operation results in a cumbersome process of
redoing hardware connections.
Applications of Fluid Power System
1) Agriculture: Tractors and farm equipments like ploughs,
movers, chemical sprayers, fertilizer spreaders.
2) Aviation: Fluid power equipments like landing wheels on
airplane and helicopter, aircraft trolleys, aircraft engine test
beds.
3) Building Industry: For metering and mixing of concrete
ingredients from hopper.
4) Construction Equipment: Earthmoving equipments like
excavators, bucket loaders, dozers, crawlers, and road graders.
5) Defense: Missile-launch systems and Navigation controls

4
Applications of Fluid Power System
6) Medical: Medical equipment such as breathing assistors,
heart assist devices, cardiac compression machines, dental
drives and human patient simulator.
7) Fabrication Industry: Hand tools like pneumatic drills,
grinders, bores, riveting machines, nut runners
8) Food and Beverage: All types of food processing
equipment, wrapping, bottling
9) Foundry: Full and semi-automatic moulding machines,
tilting of furnaces, die casting machines
10) Material Handling: Jacks, Hosts, Cranes, Forklift,
Conveyor system

5
Advantage of Fluid Power System
1) Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate and can be
controlled accurately.
2) Multiplication forces: Linear or rotary force can be multiplied
by a fraction of a kilogram to several hundreds of tons.
3) Multifunction control: A single hydraulic pump or air
compressor can provide power and control for numerous machines
using valve manifolds and distribution systems.
4) Low-speed torque: Unlike electric motors, air or hydraulic
systems can produce a large amount of torque while operating at
low speeds and this large amount of torque is constant.
5) Constant force or torque: Fluid power systems can deliver
constant torque or force regardless of speed changes.
6) Low weight to power ratio: The hydraulic system has a low
weight to power ratio compared to electromechanical systems.
Fluid power systems are compact.
6
Hydraulic Fluids and Their Properties
The single most important material in a hydraulic system is the
working fluid.
A hydraulic fluid has four primary functions
1) Transmit power
2) Lubricate moving parts
3) Seal clearances between mating parts
4) Dissipate heat
To accomplish the above and to achieve efficient system
operation, they should have the following properties:
Inexpensive, Good lubricity; Ideal viscosity; Chemical
stability; Compatibility with system materials; High degree of
incompressibility; Fire resistance; Good heat transfer
capability; Low density; Nontoxic, Readily available etc.,
7
Hydraulic Fluids
Fluids are liquids and gases.
Liquids
For a given mass, will have a definite volume
independent of the shape of its container .

A free surface will be formed.

Assumed incompressible so the their volume does


not change with pressure change. There is a small
change but, ignored for most engineering
applications. 8
Cont…
Gases
 Gases are fluids that are readily compressible.
 Their volume will vary to fill the vessel containing
them.
 Increase in pressure causes gases to decrease
volume.
 Air is the only gas commonly used in fluid power:
• Inexpensive and readily available
• Fire resistant
• Not messy (Clean)
• Can be exhausted back into the atmosphere
9
Cont…
Fluid properties
 Properties to be dealt with include density, pressure,
compressibility, viscosity, and viscosity index.
 Density: designated by ρ = m/V (kg/m3)
 Specific weight: γ = W/V (N/m3) = ρg
 Specific gravity: ratio-density comparison with that
of water SG = ρ/ρH2O.
 Pressure: Force (normal) per unit area (N/m2 = Pa, larger
pressures: kPa, MPa, GPa)
 In the case of any liquid, pressure at the bottom of the
column: P = γH. Liquid column height or head (H)=p/γ
Viscosity: it is a measure of fluid resistance to flow. Less viscosity,
easy flow due to its thinner and low body. It may be dynamic viscosity or
kinematic viscosity. Kinematic viscosity is defined as absolute
viscosity divided by density. & &
Any two different fluids can have the same dynamic viscosity but
different kinematic viscosity due to density difference.
Fluid properties
Bulk Modulus (): it is a measure of incompressibility of a fluid.
The higher Bulk Modulus, the less compressibility or the stiffer
the fluid.

Example
A 10-in^3 sample of oil is compressed in a cylinder until its pressure is
increased from 100 to 2000 psi. If the bulk modulus equals 250,000 psi,
find the change in volume of the oil.
Solution: Rewriting to solve for change in V, we have

This represents only a 0.76% decrease in volume, which shows that oil is
highly incompressible.
Pascal’s Law (Multiplication of Force)
 All the hydraulic and Pneumatic systems circuits are working under
the principle of Pascal’s Law.
 Pascal’s Law state that the intensity of pressure in a static fluid is the
same at all points in horizontal plane since pressure depends only in
depth or height for a specific fluid at specific location.
 Example: A hydraulic press has a diameter ratio between the
two pistons of 8:1. The diameter of the larger piston is 600 mm and it
is required to support a mass of 3500 kg. The press filled with
hydraulic fluid of sp. gravity 0.8. Calculate the force required on the
smaller piston to provide the required force when the two pistons are
at the same level.
(Hint: sp. Gravity of a fluid substance
= density of a substance/density of water)
Pascal’s Law (Multiplication of Force)
Exercise
1-1. Define the term fluid power.
1-2. Why is hydraulic power especially useful when performing heavy
work?
1-3. What is the difference between the terms fluid power and hydraulics
and pneumatics?
1-4. Compare the use of fluid power to a mechanical power by listing the
advantages and disadvantages of each.
1-5. Name five hydraulic applications and five pneumatic applications.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!!!

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