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Lecture 2

The document outlines the history of computer generations, highlighting advancements in technology from vacuum tubes to ultra-large scale integration. Each generation is characterized by improvements in processing speed, memory capacity, size, and cost. Key developments include the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor memory, and microprocessors.

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Amaresh Swain
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4 views14 pages

Lecture 2

The document outlines the history of computer generations, highlighting advancements in technology from vacuum tubes to ultra-large scale integration. Each generation is characterized by improvements in processing speed, memory capacity, size, and cost. Key developments include the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor memory, and microprocessors.

Uploaded by

Amaresh Swain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 2

EET 2211
4TH SEMESTER – CSE & CSIT
CHAPTER 1, LECTURE 2
A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ü The computer generations are classified based on the
fundamental hardware technology employed.

ü Each new generation is characterized by greater processing


performance, larger memory capacity, smaller size and lower
cost than the previous one.

2 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
GENERATION APPROXIMATE TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL SPEED
DATES (operations per
second)

1 1946-1957 Vacuum tubes 40,000


2 1957-1964 Transistors 2,00,000
3 1965-1971 Small and medium scale 10,00,000
integration
4 1972-1977 Large scale integration 1,00,00,000

5 1978-1991 Very large scale integration 10,00,00,000

6 1991- Ultra large scale integration >10,00,00,000

3 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
FIRST GENERATION : VACUUM TUBES
ü The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for digital
logic elements and memory.
ü Famous first generation computer is known as IAS computer (is the
basic prototype for all general-purpose computers).
ü Basic design approach is the stored-program concept.
ü The idea was proposed by von Neumann.
ü It consists of (i) a main memory (which stores both data and
instructions), (ii) an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) (capable of
operating on binary data), (iii) a control unit (which interprets the
instructions in memory and causes them to be executed), and (iv)
Input-Output (I/O) (equipment operated by the control unit).

4 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
Contd.

Fig.: IAS computer structure [Source: Computer


5 LECTURE 2 Organization and Architecture by William Stallings] 6/2/2021
Contd.
VON NEUMANN’S PROPOSAL
1) As the device is primarily a computer, it has to perform the
elementary arithmetic operations.
2) The logical control of the device, i.e. the proper sequencing of
operations can be most efficiently carried out by the central
control unit.
3) Any device that is to carry out long and complicated sequences
of operations must have a memory unit.
4) The device must have interconnections to transfer information
from R (outside recording medium of the device) into specific
parts C (CA+CC) and M (main memory), and form the specific
part I (input).
5) The device must have interconnections to transfer from its
specific parts C and M into R, and form the specific part O
(output).

6 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
Contd.
ü The memory of IAS consists of 4096 storage locations (words of 40
binary digits/bits each).
ü It stores both data and instructions.
ü Numbers are represented in binary form and instructions are in binary
codes.
ü Each number is represented by a sign bit and a 39-bit value.
ü A word may alternatively contain 20-bit instructions.
ü Each instruction consists of an 8-bit operation code/opcode (specifying
the operation to be performed) and a 12-bit address designating one of
the words in the memory (0-999).

Fig.: IAS memory format


[Source: Computer
Organization and
Architecture by William
Stallings]

7 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
Contd.

Table: IAS instruction set [Source: Computer Organization and


8 LECTURE 2 Architecture by William Stallings] 6/2/2021
SECOND GENERATION : TRANSISTORS
ü Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.
ü Transistor is a solid-state device made form silicon; smaller,
cheaper and generates less heat than vacuum tubes.
ü Complex arithmetic & logic units, control units, high level
programming language, and the provision of system software were
introduced.
ü E.g. IBM 7094 where data channels or independent I/O modules
were used with their own processor and instruction sets.
ü Multiplexers were used which are the central termination point
for data channels, CPU and memory.

9 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
THIRD GENERATION : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ü The integrated circuits consists of discrete components like transistors,
resistors, capacitors etc.
ü Two fundamental components that are required are gates and memory
cells.
ü Gates control the data flow.
ü Memory cells store 1 bit data.
ü Governed by Moore’s Law which states that the number of transistors
doubles in every 18 months.

Fig.: Fundamental computer elements [Source: Computer


Organization and Architecture by William Stallings]
10 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
LATER GENERATIONS
Two important developments of later generations are:

1. SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY : First application of


integrated circuit is processor. It is faster, smaller in size,
memory cost decreased with corresponding increase in
physical memory density.

2. MICROPROCESSORS : It star ted in 1971 with the


development of first chip 4004 to contain all the components
of a CPU on a single chip.

11 LECTURE 2 6/2/2021
Contd.

Table: Evolution of Intel Microprocessors [Source: Computer


12 LECTURE 2 Organization and Architecture by William Stallings] 6/2/2021
Contd.

Table: Evolution of Intel Microprocessors [Source:


Computer Organization and Architecture by William
13 LECTURE 2 Stallings] 6/2/2021

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