What is database Management System?

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to manage and
organize data in a structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well
as manage the security and access controls for that database.

Advantages of Database Management System:

The advantages of database management systems are:

1. Data Security: The more accessible and usable the database, the more it is prone to security
issues. As the number of users increases, the data transferring or data sharing rate also increases
thus increasing the risk of data security. It is widely used in the corporate world where
companies invest large amounts of money, time, and effort to ensure data is secure and used
properly. A Database Management System (DBMS) provides a better platform for data privacy
and security policies thus, helping companies to improve Data Security.

2. Data integration: Due to the Database Management System we have access to well-managed
and synchronized forms of data thus it makes data handling very easy and gives an integrated
view of how a particular organization is working and also helps to keep track of how one
segment of the company affects another segment.

3. Data abstraction: The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract
view of the data. Since many complex algorithms are used by the developers to increase the
efficiency of databases that are being hidden by the users through various data abstraction
levels to allow users to easily interact with the system.

4. Reduction in data Redundancy: When working with a structured database, DBMS provides
the feature to prevent the input of duplicate items in the database. for e.g. – If there are two
same students in different rows, then one of the duplicate data will be deleted.

5. Data sharing: A DBMS provides a platform for sharing data across multiple applications and
users, which can increase productivity and collaboration.

6. Data consistency and accuracy: DBMS ensures that data is consistent and accurate by
enforcing data integrity constraints and preventing data duplication. This helps to eliminate data
discrepancies and errors that can occur when data is stored and managed manually.

7. Data organization: A DBMS provides a systematic approach to organizing data in a structured

way, which makes it easier to retrieve and manage data efficiently.

8. Efficient data access and retrieval: DBMS allows for efficient data access and retrieval by
providing indexing and query optimization techniques that speed up data retrieval. This reduces
the time required to process large volumes of data and increases the overall performance of the
system.

Application of DBMS:
There are different fields where a database management system is utilized. Following are a few
applications that utilize the information base administration framework.
 1. Railway Reservation System:
In the rail route reservation framework, the information base is needed to store the record or
information of ticket appointments, status of train’s appearance, and flight. Additionally, if trains get
late, individuals become acquainted with it through the information base update.

2. Library Management System

There are many books in the library so; it is difficult to store the record of the relative multitude of
books in a register or duplicate. Along these lines, the data set administration framework (DBMS) is
utilized to keep up all the data identified with the name of the book, issue date, accessibility of the
book, and its writer.

3. Banking
Database the executive’s framework is utilized to store the exchange data of the client in the
information base.

4. Education Sector
Presently, assessments are led online by numerous schools and colleges. They deal with all
assessment information through the data set administration framework (DBMS). In spite of that
understudy’s enlistments subtleties, grades, courses, expense, participation, results, and so forth all
the data is put away in the information base.

5. Credit card exchanges

The database Management framework is utilized for buying on charge cards and age of month to
month proclamations.

6. Social Media Sites

We all utilization of online media sites to associate with companions and to impart our perspectives
to the world. Every day, many people group pursue these online media accounts like Pinterest,
Facebook, Twitter, and Google in addition to. By the utilization of the data set administration
framework, all the data of clients are put away in the information base and, we become ready to
interface with others.
7. Broadcast communications
Without DBMS any media transmission organization can’t think. The Database the executive’s
framework is fundamental for these organizations to store the call subtleties and month to month
postpaid bills in the information base.

8. Accounting and Finance

The information base administration framework is utilized for putting away data about deals, holding
and acquisition of monetary instruments, for example, stocks and bonds in a data set.

Physical and Logical Data Independence:

1. Logical Data Independence:

o Logical data independence refers characteristic of being able to change the conceptual schema
without having to change the external schema.
o Logical data independence is used to separate the external level from the conceptual view.
o If we do any changes in the conceptual view of the data, then the user view of the data would
not be affected.
o Logical data independence occurs at the user interface level.

2. Physical Data Independence

o Physical data independence can be defined as the capacity to change the internal schema
without having to change the conceptual schema.
o If we do any changes in the storage size of the database system server, then the Conceptual
structure of the database will not be affected.
o Physical data independence is used to separate conceptual levels from the internal levels.
o Physical data independence occurs at the logical interface level.

Difference between Schema and Instance in DBMS:

“Schema” and “Instance” are key ideas in a database management system (DBMS) that help
organize and manage data. Let’s begin by examining their distinctions from one another.
Instances:

An Instance is the state of an operational database with data at any given time. It contains a
snapshot of the database. The instances can be changed by certain CRUD operations, such as like
addition, and deletion of data. It may be noted that any search query will not make any kind of
changes in the instances.
Example:

Let’s say a table teacher in our database whose name is School, suppose the table has 50 records so
the instance of the database has 50 records for now and tomorrow we are going to add another fifty
records so tomorrow the instance has a total of 100 records. This is called an instance.

Schema:
Schema is the overall description of the database. The basic structure of how the data will be stored
in the database is called schema.
Schema is of three types: Logical Schema, Physical Schema and view Schema.
 Logical Schema – It describes the database designed at a logical level.
 Physical Schema – It describes the database designed at the physical level.
 View Schema – It defines the design of the database at the view level.

Schema

Difference Between Schema and Instance:

Schema Instance

It is the collection of information stored in

It is the overall description of the database.
a database at a particular moment.
 Schema Instance

Data in instances can be changed using

The schema is same for the whole database.
addition, deletion, and updation.

Does not change Frequently. Changes Frequently.

Defines the basic structure of the database i.e. It is the set of Information stored at a
how the data will be stored in the database. particular time.

Data Dictionary:
A Data Dictionary can be defined as a collection of information on all data elements or contents of
databases such as data types, and text descriptions of the system.
Types of Data Dictionary
Data Dictionary is basically of two types. We will discuss each of them.
 Integrated Data Dictionary
 Stand Alone Data Dictionary

The Three Levels of DBMS Architecture:

The 3-Tier Schema consists of three distinct levels, each with its own purpose and function:

1. Internal Level: The internal level, or physical schema, describes the physical storage structure of
the database. It details how data is stored in blocks, the storage space allocations, access paths, and
the optimization of internal structures. This level is concerned with the technical aspects of data
storage, such as data compression, encryption, and the use of data structures like B-Trees and
hashing1.
2. Conceptual Level: Also known as the logical level, the conceptual schema provides a blueprint of
the entire database structure. It outlines what data is stored and the relationships among those data.
This level abstracts the internal details of data storage, focusing instead on the overall design of
the database. Database administrators and developers typically interact with the DBMS at this
level1.
3. External Level: The external level comprises multiple schemas or views, each tailored to different
user groups. These views, also referred to as subschemas, present a portion of the database that is
relevant to a particular group, hiding the rest. For example, a faculty member may have a view that
includes course details of students, while students may have a view that encompasses academic,
account, and hostel information

Data Models
Data Model is the modeling of the data description, data semantics, and consistency constraints of the
data.
There are 4 types of data models:

1) Relational Data Model

2) Entity-Relationship Data Model
3) Object-based Data Model
4) Semistructured Data Model

Object-based Data Model:

An extension of the ER model with notions of functions, encapsulation, and object identity, as well.
This model supports a rich type system that includes structured and collection types. Thus, in 1980s,
various database systems following the object-oriented approach were developed. Here, the objects
are nothing but the data carrying its properties.

Entity-Relationship Model( ER Model):

It is a high-level data model which is used to define the data and the relationships between them. It
is basically a conceptual design of any database which is easy to design the view of data.
Components of ER Model:
1. Entity: An entity is referred to as a real-world object. It can be a name, place, object, class, etc.
These are represented by a rectangle in an ER Diagram.
2. Attributes: An attribute can be defined as the description of the entity. These are represented
by Ellipse in an ER Diagram. It can be Age, Roll Number, or Marks for a Student.
3. Relationship: Relationships are used to define relations among different entities. Diamonds
and Rhombus are used to show Relationships.