Department of Computer Engineering

(CMPN) SEM-II
Computer Organization & Architecture
By
Prof. Amaya Pethe

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 Subject: Computer Organization & Architecture

Syllabus:

Module Topic % Weightage in

Teaching Hrs. QP
No
1 Overview of Computer systems 04 09

2 Data Representation and Arithmetic 07 16

Algorithms
3 Processor Organization and 06 13
Architecture
4 Control Unit Design 08 18

5 Memory Organization 10 22

6 Principles of Advanced Processor 10 22

Total 45 100

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 Subject: Computer Organization & Architecture

Text Books:
1. William Stalling, “Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing and Performance”, Pearson Publication 10TH
Edition.

2. John P Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”,

McGraw-Hill Publication, 3RD Edition.

3. Dr. M. Usha and T. S. Shrikanth, “Computer system

Architecture and Organization”, Wiley publication.

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 Subject: Computer Organization & Architecture

Reference
Books: 1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Structured Computer
Organization”, Pearson Publication.

2. B. Govindarajalu, “Computer Architecture and

Organization”, McGraw-Hill Publication.

3. Malvino, “Digital computer Electronics”, McGraw-Hill

Publication, 3rdEdition.

4. Smruti Ranjan Sarangi, “Computer Organization and

Architecture”, McGraw-Hill Publication

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 Subject: Computer Organization & Architecture

Value Addition Course link:

https://www.udemy.com/course/computer-organization-and-architecture-
2024/?couponCode=NEWYEARCAREER

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 Team details
DIV-A
• Name of the team: COA_DIVA_CMPN_24-25
• Team Code:x2os7rd
DIV-C
• Name of the team: COA_DIVC_CMPN_24-25
• Team Code:1kzj4nb
DIV-B
• Name of the team: COA_DIVB_CMPN_24-25
• Team Code:ufohfqo

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 Module1: Overview of computer system

• What we will learn in this module:

• Overview of computer organization and architecture,
• Basic Organization of Computer and Block Level Functional Units
• Von- Neumann Model
 Subject: Computer Organization & Architecture
Computer Organization Computer Architecture
Organization describes how it does it. Architecture describes what the computer
does.
Computer Organization deals with Computer Architecture deals with
structural relationship. functional behaviour of computer system.
Organization indicates its performance. Architecture indicates system hardware.
For designing a computer, organization is For designing a computer, its
decided after its architecture. architecture is fixed first.
Computer Architecture is also called as
Computer Organization is frequently
instruction set architecture(A bit higher
called as micro architecture(Low Level).
Level).
Computer Organization deals with low- Computer Architecture deals with high-
level design issues. level design issues.
Organization involves Physical Architecture involves Logic (Instruction
Components (Circuit design, Adders, sets, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache
Signals, Peripherals, Memory) optimization)

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 Computer Evolutions

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 Technologies for
Generations -CPU Hardware Features Software Representative
-Main Memory features computers
-Aux. Memory
EDVAC(Electronic
First - Vaccume Tube Machine Discrete Variable
(1946 -54) - Ferrite core Fixed Point Arithmetic Language Computer) or UNIVAC
- Punched Cards (Universal Numeric
or ALP Integrator and Variable
Computer)
Second -Discrete Transistors - Floating Point Arithmetic HLL Programming
--Ferrite Core -Subroutines
(1955-64) -Library Routines
IBM 7094
-Magnetic Disc(FD) -IOP (Input output processor)
-BATCH
PROCESSING

-IC (Using SSI/MSI) -Micro-programming (for structured -Multi- programming

Third CPU)
(1965-74) - Semiconductor Memory -Pipelining (to improve speed of IBM 360
-Multiprocessing
(ROM & RAM) CPU)
- FD or HD -Cache Memory (to increase speed
of entire memory system of -Virtual Memory
computer)
- IC (Using LSI/VLSI) -Micro controller -Multiuser OS like
Fourth - Semiconductor Memory -Windows Today’s
technology -UNIX
(1975- till (ROM & RAM) -Massive -LiNUX
computer
date) - FD or HD or CD Parallelism Problem oriented systems
languages

Fifth Future AI-based

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

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 Basic Block diagram of Digital Computer
The way in which all the visible components Fixed point processor
of computer are INTERCONNECTED so
that they can have necessary synchronization Floating point Processor
is called COMPUTER ORGNIZATION Digital Signal Processor(DSP)
CPU Text processor
Speech/word processor

ALU

Input Output
Reg
Devices Devices

CU
Keyboard Printer
Mouse Monitor
Light pen Speaker
Touch Screen X-Y Plotter
Microphone
Web Camera
The designing aspect of Main
individual component of the Memory
computer is called COMPUTER ROM/RAM
ARCHITECTURE

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Input Unit

Key Board Mouse

Joystick Light Pen Scanner

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Output Unit

Display Printer

Plotter Head Phone Speaker

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Memory Unit

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Computers Memory Hierarchy
What are Main Memory, cache memory & Secondary memory?

Auxillary
Memory
E.g. FD,
HD or
Main 700 ns
CD
Memory
4GB
D_RAM
Used to provide
1MB
BACK_UP CPU
storage due to Holds only one prog
its LARGE size which is to be executed
and Very SMALL Cache 100ns
cost Memory
S_RAM
2KB
Holds repeatedly requested data
during programs execution to
speedup memory system
 Computers Memory Hierarchy:
What is Main memory , cache Memory & Auxiliary Memory?
Standard definitions of memory units of computer system.
1.Main memory: The memory unit in the computers memory hierarchy which is
DIRECTLY accessible to CPU is called MAIN MEMORY. (It is mostly D-RAM & holds only one
program)
2. Cahe Memory: The smallest and FASTEST S-RAM unit inserted
between main memory and CPU
to hold repeatedly requested
Data during programs execution
to increase SPEED of computers
memory is called Cache Memory.
3. Auxiliary Memory: The memory unit
which is not directly accessible to
CPU But provided in large size to
provide BACK UP storage is called
Auxillary Memory
 Virtual Memory
• The block schematic of virtual memory is
• Virtual memory is an address translation mechanism implemented in software that translates the virtual address generated by the CPU for
accessing LARGE auxiliary memory into the physical address of very SMALL main memory.
• This will allow the computer to execute programs of LARGE sizes in the presence of SMALL main memory.

Address Translation
VA Mechanism
(in software)
PA
Virtual Address Physical Address
( Generated by (For very small main
CPU during Adv. Of virtual Memory: memory which is
programs 1. Allows to run BIG programs physically available
execution for even if main memory is small. in computer system)
LARGE Aux. 2. It makes programmer free from
Memory) storage calculation
3. It reduces Avg. cost of memory
system of computer
 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Control Unit

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Hardwired
Control Unit Here, the signals are generated by special hardwired logic
circuits. This type of unit is difficult to modify. They are also
quite expensive and are not capable of handling complex
instructions. This is used by those computers which use RISC
architecture.
Microprogrammed
In this type, the signals are generated using microinstructions
which are stored in the control memory. It is easier to modify
and is also less expensive. However, it is slower as compared to
a hardwired type. It is capable of handling complex instruction
and is used in devices that use CISC architecture.
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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems

• Fundamental Units of a Computer

Arithmetic &
Logic Unit

Operand 1 Operand 2

Decoded Signals Status

from CU

Result
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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems

• Connections between Processor and the memory

Processor

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems

• Typical Operating Steps

Main Memory

MAR MDR

PC IR

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Basic Operating Principle of simple CPU

PROGRAM
Address ADDR : Instruction
Bus 1050 : 81h (Opcode)
1051 : 72h (Opcode) External Memory
RD 1052 : 02h (Data) containing prog for
1053 :76h (Opcode) average of two nos.
WR

Data Bus
System Bus

MAR IR Accumulator
R2
1050 81h E.g. R1

PC ID
1051 (To select 81st ALU
microprog.)

M/C cycle
Encoder Control signals like
ER1,ER2,EADD etc.
 Example of ALP for finding average of Two Numbers in reg.r1 and r2

Address Hex Code of Machine Mnemonic Operation

Instruction Code
81h 1000 0001 ADD R1,R2 (R1) (R1)+(R2)
1050

1051 72h DIV R1,02h (R1) Avg.

0111 0010

1052 02h 0000 0010

1053 76h 0111 0110 HLT STOP

 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems

• Introduction to buses

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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Introduction to buses

Basic functions of the Buses in the Computer system

• Data sharing
• Addressing
• Control signals
• Providing power to the components
• Sharing the system time

Types of buses
• Address Bus
• Data bus
• Control Bus
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 Module 1 : Overview of Computer Systems
• Introduction to buses
Address Bus-
The group of wires/conductors carrying address information to memory
and I/O devices in the computer system
Data Bus-
The group of wires/conductors carrying data information to or from
memory and I/O devices in the computer system
Control Bus-
The group of wires/conductors carrying control signals to memory and
I/O devices in the computer system
Address Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus is collectively called as System
Bus.
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 Types of computer Architectures
Von- Neuman Architecture Harvard Architecture
Prog Data
Memory memory memory
addr bus addr bus
Addr Bus Data
Inst
& Program CPU Memory
CPU Memory ( RAM)
Data Bus
Data
(ROM)

Prog Data
memory data memory data
bus bus
Von Neumann model(Typical CPU
Organization.)

PCU