6 V. 3. 'Iui\'.

\oTE.-Ilre I)Lstitutio', .lesires to cdll dtte tiot to the Jtct tlktt titis SleciticotiotL tnteuded to incl de tlrc techtical broi'isions neccssdr! -;or tlk suppl! o.i the u,1tcn,,l hcreit rt.ferred to, bttt tlots ,ot Prrtort to coutpisa all thc ,ccessor-r' prot.isro tts o.t n colttroct. is

l1|-l:i.

16ritish 5tnrrDnrDs 3nlrtitution.

Sncllp.'rrtED b! nlrtal Gblrlel. FoiMEo tl{ I90l 15 THE ENotNEERrtlc S?ANDARos Cov!r:TEr. lNcoBpoRATED lN l9l8 As rHE BrrtrsH ExcrNeenrNc SfaNoAsDs issocrArroN.

British Standard Spect.fiL'al ttt ior -litt'ra1t )[ateria].

HIGH STRENGTH PLYWOOD FOR AIRCRAFT.

\orE :-This
Specidcation details requrrements for trvo grades of pl1rr'ood, c.9.,

(i) Grade -\, for 3'ply onll'. This grade is intended to be used onll' rvhere rt is necessart for
design reasons, and for bent parts.

(ii) Grade B for 3 ply other than tbat corered by Grade -\,
Grade B rvill be supplied uoless otherrvise specified,

and also for rnultiplr'.

PaFt 1.-Species of Tlmben and Quality of Veneor..

PaFt 2.-Co6stnuction

ol

Boends.

Par"t 3.-GeneFat PFovisions applyinEl

to atl Plywood.

PaFt 4. -TestinE.

- PART 1.

..
shall

Species

ol Timben and Quality o? VnF.

1. specier ot Timbs'.. The species of tirrrber used in the construction of the pl;'r';ood be:_ Birch fEuropeau, Ss'eet, Yellorv or Paper' lEastern and \\'estern) ], and Rock ]Iaple for grades
both of plvs'ood. . F,uropean Beech for Grade B pJ;'nood with the concul'rence of the designing firru.

onl5'. This tiurber rDust oDlt be supplied

b. guatity 6r vcneF. (a) The veneers, *.hich rnay be rotary approved individually by the Inspector before a,sselnbly.
i.yll.d

or slice cut, sbtll

be
I

-'ice \r'- net.

irrcG :/,.. Post -free,

6 V. 3. ,lrrlr',
(t,) 'l'lre grotvtlr nntl otltr:t t,lr:rr':tt,tt't isl,ics t'f tlttr vttttt'ttts
Charactcristicsr

i1l l:|.
:

slrrr,ll lttr itt

iIr'('{

| (I iI

rr(i(

! rvil,lr
(;r^,le ll

tlrt foll,rl irrg

trr,lrlc

llirclr or Ma0lo .,nly

Cradc A

llirch or Nl:rl,l0

(i) Splits
(

i\{[Iit 0f wi(lth rrot exceeding 0'(l I inch (lulit llot excee(ling (Lc ertenl shewn by Fig. I.!
n

As

irirrl:

r\

ii) l)ote

(t) C,rrcs- r\s (irarlc A (2) lr,rccr. n (lrrit r{)t cx, ccttinA llrc (:\lcrI sll()Nl by lrig, 2 (rr itpl,roxirnle trluillL rrt
l)rrie areirs irr [;tr:e r'crrrx:t s shlll orrly lre Dr,r'rrritttxl to trritrr:iclc whcr tlrc crtcht ol lhe (l{rtc irr orrc l:t|c is n()l gleirier thrur (llnt shervrt ir [iig. l, irn(l tll(' l':rt(:llt irt tlre other f;rr:e rircs not c\ccc(l (hlrt slcrvrr in liig. 2 l)olc ext:ccdiog thr: o\lerrt shervrr irr lrig. I rtrrrl irrcgrrl:rr gr:tirr (s,ic (vii) bekrrv) sirrll rrrrt Irc lretrrrittc,l ir tlrc sirr e lrlacc in any olle veoucr

'\ (t) L'olc's. lirr ltl[: (r) l."rt cs. ,\s (irirrle :\

As

(irtrlr

(iii) Stteak rliscolouratiorr (iv) Ingrown bark(Sec Fig. l0)

Arlrrtit
Dxclu<le

Arlnrit Adnrit

(l) Corcs. I,lrt:lrrdc (2) I;,rccs. A<lrrrit u1r to itr ir({r(:r.iir(e wi{ltlr of I irr. itt lrry l2 itt.
lirclrrde lixclrrde

(v) Burr

(Sce

Fic.

ll)
Fig. l2)

Dxclude

(l)
(1)

Cor,r". rtuc1".

A(krit

("il Ijird

pechs_ (See

Adrnit

Adnrit

,\rlltit
,\s (irrrrle r\
(rr

(vii) lrregular Grain

(a) Short Grain

Adrrrit slrort gnrin aroutxl

kuots and to the extent sltown in Fig,3 rvhich indicates rniltl short gra{ir dtte t<r crook irt the log

gtaitt arotttrl litrrrts;rrttl tLc ex(eot slrc*tt in liig.5 slrith inrlir::ttes it|plcr irtlrle slt<rrt gririrt tltte to crook in the krg
r\rh
rt

(l) Corc". As (irade A (2) l.irccs. Arlrtit short

(D)

Fig. l8) (c) wild craio

Wavy Grain (scs

Adlnit
A(hrrit to t[e extent showr
orrll' sliglrt tlistur batx:e of the gt irin, rvitL, in partic:trl:rr, the lilrres only sliglrtly iuclitred to thc surface

it

.\drrrit

liig, 4 rvhich intlir:ltes

il

(l) C"r'c". ,\s (iratft::\ (2) ,.',r."". ,\rlrrril lo tllc r\lerrl \lr(:\!lr rlr lrig. b ri s,hi, h rrrtli<:rlc irlrlrrc< i:rlrle grlritt tlrstttllrrrrr< r', rtilll tlrc lrrrrrtls uf rrrltl gr;tin sliglrtlv rrnlglr lnrt r rrrrsir[:r:rlrly (J lcss scvere thart tlte slrcllttg ol(:late slrcrvrr ilr l;ig.
It rr:gttlrtr gr airr artrl rlott' r:rctrrlirlg llrrr r:\tr:lrl sll(:\\'rl ilr liig. I slrall nrrt bc pcrrrrittrrl t() 'r(r: t irt i,l,lx,silc

l'lrr lrrrl,'

l)uirlls irt tlre frtr e lettt crs

). 266

Amendment No. I : JulY,

to
6V

194'f

3. High Srrengtb Plywood for Aircraft

Corrigendum 3. I tcn \/-Burt.

he

p- rt rvording in columns 2 and 3, Grade A and Grade B or te ro be deleted, and io each column the follorvirrg be .-ded r" Adm,t nor exceeding the extent shorvn
h1, 6gure 11."

(viii) Ilough cutting (ix) l(no(s'

lixclu<lc

A<lrrrit to tlte rlegree shewn

in lrig.

13.

lirr:lrrrlt:.

Arhrrit live kn(,ts tll) to % rr. dilrrreter or al)llr()x irratcly

e<ltrivalent arel, the nrininrurr distance betrveen the ceDlres of arry two in lny one r'eueer'

(l) Oorcs. Adrrrit livc or <learl krrols of rvirltlr rrot exceetliug Z in. (n ler(tll iu the directiorr of tlre gntirt not exceeding }{ itr. I loles tttity be 1)resent ir lhe linots
(2) Ir,rcu.r. Atlrrrit irs tln)ve /s irr. :urtl %
r

(l) Corcs: lixt:lrrlc (l)

/r,rccs. As ( ir rttlc li,

irr.

to l)e not less than fi itrclcs. Exclude deatl koots or klot

holes.

esl'ec tively

Ilirr h or lt'lirple

'l'he rrrirrirtrttnr (li$ttrrce l)et$/celr tho centlcs (tf itlry trvo klrols rlcscritrcrl al)ove, eilhcl of rvlrir:lr is of rvirlth grelter thlrn ,6 in. ar(l up to atrrl irrr:ltrtling I irI., in
any orre verteer', shall be not lcss thitn
[>

lf width exceeds rZ iD. the distaDce slrlll

thirn lO inches
exceeding present in

inclres be not lcss

direction of the gr;rin. 'Ilte rrriuinrtrnr distitnce between the centres of tlte clusters in tny onc veneerr shitll be 6 inches, lloles nlity be preseDt in lhe l<nots

Clusters of stttitll lile or rlearl kuots, of rvidth trot k in, or length not exceetling )l irt. nrty be lll verreers. No cltrsler shall be nrore llrlrtr in. in rvidth, or nrorc thaD 2 in. in lerlgth in the

(x) llirds Eye (xi) Holesother than knot

xclurle

(l)

Corcs.

lixclude

As (ir:ttk:
l\l

ll,
I

iirr

lr

(2) F6ccs.

ndnrit to the extcnt slrervn in lrig. l7

aple

lroles

Iixclrrtle

Any such hole slrrrll be regitrdtl ;ts ir knot o[ erlrrivalent .rrea and its size ittttl llosilir)tr tcl:ltile krotltcr-lroles or krrots shall be ru specilied irr (ix) alxrve
Exclutle

As (ir;rrle
I'vl

i,

llirch

plc

(xii) Filline or inlayins Exclude r F'or dcscr il)l ion ol llrese chiraclcristilrs t.t Alrpcrrdix A

l'l xclru

lr

the nccssity of limirinB th numlrcr of cttr8t'ries. The tcrm " onc vcnc( " mcans a vcner, ioinle{l or nnioi"tcd, as n5rnrblcd i'rlo a board'

6 V. 3. Julr'.

1!,13.

PART 2.

Constnuction of Boar.ds.
t.]r

e leneels

3. l*embly of vneeF!. :-

The follou'ing precautiol)s

slull

be ,rllscrtetl

in

it.sellrbiilrq

(a) L-nles.s otlierrt'ise sper:ified in the coutttct, the gr.atn 6f fhg 0uter' \-el)eel'i of 3-pl.\' shall rnn ptlallel to the leugth of rire boald, and thrrt of the cole sl:riil rrru rrt right ;trrde.
th ereto.

,.1b1 t-nless otherrlise specilieti iD tLre cr)ntract, the gr:riu of tdjaceuc shrr,ll cross at light au:.lles lhl.oughout the thicliDess of the boartl.

leileels of urultil)1.\'

(c) Beech leneels shall not be ruised nith leneers of birch or locli rrrirple. lllirch rrurl lock maple veneel s lltLr)' be utised).

lna,nufactufer.

4. Edge doin. in venon., (a) Veueers tra)' contain edge joins. i.c.. joius r.urrniui palallel to the grain rlitection, 'fhe uuurbel of such joins shnll be nt the'option of !lr,'
(b) The.joins shall be c:ompleted

veueers into boards.

in tbe iudisiduai r-eneem befole

rssernbly

of t[e

(c) AII joiuted veneers sbali be approred individualll bv the Inspectcil before asserul)h.

td) -{.ll joins shall be squar.e cut. (e) -\.ll joins in cole veneers shall be edge glued. (r) All joins in flce teueers shall be either eclge gluerl or tapecl n irh prrper'. The tape shall be on thlt firce of the r-eneer l-hich ri'ill be an outel lace oi a board, al,ri t[e taue
"irtr.ll
be rerroved

froru the board befor.e deliter.r'.

. ..5.shrll be as .t1lctners. Lr,'nrds

shorvn in -tpperrdix

(n) f-uless orherl'ise specitied on the order, the thicknesses oI '

B.

the

t I

tbickness. (c) Tbe nonrinal thickness of the core of 3-ply shall be not less thau one-third anrl noi greater thau tive-trvelfths of the nourinal thicknlss of the board.
16) The trvo outer seneers in the linished board shall be of tire same norninal
an.\' other veneer

, I
r

(d) The thickness of any ven-eer in rnultilply shall not exceed trvice tlie thichness of in the same board.
No veneer sball exceeil 0.110 in. iu thickness.

(e) Each vener sha,lJ be of uaiform thickness.

(/)

6. tvp" or Glu.. The glues used in the rlanulacture of the plyrvood sball be of the hot press, therrnosetting, syathetic resin type. 7. Soer.r loin. in Bo.Fdr. Scarf joins throuqh the the thickness of the board shall permitted only' rvith the concurrence oi the desigriing firm.
4
be

,i

t;

{:'-I1 l', .

!;

.'ll

'

!'..:

Ftc, l. \laximum clore. either in one band. as in rhrs illustration, or distributed, rvhich ts permitted in panels for all plies oi Gracle .\ ior cores ol Grade Lt (tjirch or )Iaple) and the faces of .Beech
boards, in aol.rlrdth of

I ioot

rrreasurecl ilcross the grarn

of rhe veneer. (\atural size),

!J

il ,;

',le ";.

,jrg,'

iitr:

i .,'l

.iii;:"'.i. ,. :.i gi:

F:$,t

..., ,,-.... l.r .:.l

,..:{,

:il "i

l'

:.r

,:ti. ..: ':. ''J

.i' :|' r.
i,!
_

lI

I i, Ii 'rj 1L::

t:

pi
:tr
i.t
.1
1

t:
,'1

.
l.l

i,'

.d:

,.1

t .rl i,l
't

..'

1i-

Flc, J. llarinunr

degree ofdore perrnirted in \-eneer for Grade

B (IJirch

or.

llaple) face:-. {\iurrral

sizcl.

':;&:
il'.-Yir

.:;ilf.
;1;d :i i}" :! s

ia'!t...

.{F'

.i.

,'

-a

tir.!ii

.li i';.

''; i

llltrrtrtLittt short gtarrr l)ernlIteC in r'-,neer ior all plies of Grade A, for cores of Grade and ror ajl plies ,rf Orade lJ (ljeechr. (\atural size).

lj rllrrch or ltaple)
7

"..:

l\.
.F

I.t,;.5. \lasinrunrrlegreeofshorrgrainpenl)irtedinleneerforfacesofGra,leBtBirchorllaple'.

\rLtrrral size)

Ftc.

i. llarinrumdegreeofs5ortgrainpernrittedin'eneerforfacesofGradeB(Birchorllaplel. \atural

size)'

ut

.\

llarirnunr degree of short grain pernritted in r-eneer lor faces oi Grade B (Brrch or \lapler' \atrtrll size)'

..lit

.1

lit.t{r

i.i,

t:

il li;il :']
r i1
u^r

lir,,
'li
..

l' I '.i;..'
L

Flc.6.
10

-\n exarnple of the maximum degree ol

rr

rldJrat:.i"#tiil*

( llapl in .eneer ior faces of Grade U Uirch or

li.ll

il
i;.

(I)irch or llaple\' faces of Grade !t \\ ild grain permitted in venecr for Fl(1. ;. .\n example of the ma\imum degree of (Natural size) ll

--'

lr

lr
,li I
r

tE
F

I,;

\'

.\n e\an)ple oi rire nra\int)nr .lggree oi

tr.ilful:^i:;:i:,,

l2

rn

'eneer

ror iaces of ( irarle Li {lirrctr or \laple

't|t ': 't ..', i "1.1it.';-; .

'-,'

, tt .,'

'. I .t
.

. /:, ?
I

l..t,
tlL

J
i

^.i

\il

az
"i:.

- ,,

':.i

T/'

t.

'4,r'",

,.9..\nexampleofrrildgrainconsiderablvnroreseterelilanispelnirredforGrarlellface.,ljrlcirorll;t1rle). (\atural size l.

13

l:tc. It). lngrorln bar]i.

The actual bark srreirli is seen ro rhe riqhr and lhe burr <rreitk rr ri).

iel

\,rr,::.,

i=;

FIG,

ll. Burr. t\aturll

size).

;:-=1

-:=,1- a

14

FIC. ll.

llird peclis. r\atural

size).

FrC, 13. Naximum degree of rough cutrins permitted in all plies of Grade

Il

(Birch or lr{aple). (Natural size)'rU

:+:5:-.!--

..

Jl

'.c

'er*

Flr; l.l.

l'rorrr-rutrced birds ele no! l)enriued under Clause I lb) (\). To be dealt linots uutier Clarrse I (b) (ir). (Narural size).

l'ith indilitlulllt

as

rA

:.i{:',:i
\,: 5;

Ftc. 15.

Delinearion of a knot to indicate its size for purpose of nl*$urenlent. (Natural size)'

i t

Irl(;. !6.

DeliDeation of a hnot, rthich although surrounded by short grain as in the example illustrated in Fig. 15, is withour the s'ell deined core, .\s shown in the illustralion, nreasurement is to be taken from the point \vhere there is a rnarked change in the rvidth of the grorvth rings. In tbe absence of an! such indication there is no alternative but to assume a dimension appropriate lo the degree and extent of slrort grain. (Natural size).

16

Ll

.'0"" al?tpalurarur P": :l='l r"rnrri - suo.s'snrr t:i'1.1i*[::3]i',,," a ia sPrrq Jo aerBaP unur)il'lf eld"l\ (Ir g ii''9 'q s" .afe sprq r?uq lnq .,\rsualxa ".,"1i-:;;;;,
.(az,s
;,. i;,

1l

DIJ

'''i .'. l,

!:

t
f,fi';:a51

l*.i;ir .r,

i Yt::..'.:i !l' ''.,"3d.;io

:i,l

Fr(;. ls. \\'a\') Grain. (Natural

size).

18

i-,-

PD 936

Amendment No. 2
to

: tuly, 1949

British Standard 6 V.3

High strength plywood for atrcraft Page 19. Clause

Clause

l0 b).

Delete.
(b).

l0 (c) becomes Clause l0

6 V.3, Jul\'. lg{:i.

Tbe glue used for uaking the joius shall tourpll s-ith the requireueuts specitieC in
Clause 6.

Scarf joins rla5. be designing firm.

in aul positiol il the borlrd rtuless othenvise speciiied b.v tltc

The inclination of the scarf shall [,e not steeper tht]D onlr- to scarf joins made b1' plysoocl ruauuf;r,cturers] .

ir)

ll.

lThis provisiol opplies

PART 3. Genenal Pnovisions applyinEl to a'll Plywood. 8. M.nufaotuFing Dcrct3, )Ianufacturiug defects shall be Iimited 'n'ith the follorving table:Type of Defect

ir)

a('cordir,rlce

Gnde A

Gra(lc

ll

l-/
t

(i)

Blisters
Pleats and overlaps

Erclude

Erclude tbe Purchaser.

ordered as " standard " or " falling " sizes, subject to the consent of the purchaser. Boards containing these defects shall be marked to indicate their position.

ii)

Exclude, unless otherwise

agreed

bl

.\dmit in faces and

cores

in

boartls

iiii)

Gaps and open joins

.{dmit s'hen the maxinrum rvidth does not ericeed 0.01 inch.

.\dnrit s'hen the maximuru rvidth

not exceed 0'01 in.

does

ll'

? per cent.

f. itoi.tu. oontont. The moistule content, of the conditioned plyrvor-rd, deterurined the ruethod described in Appendix C rnust be not gl'eater than l.l per cent or less thul
10. Finirh, (a) The edges of tlle boftrds shall be t,rirnured square.

(l)
t.
r rallner.

Fach board shall be sanded on both feces, glue sbains shall be perrrritted.

urd shall be Ilalked in au approved

(r) Slight
ach board

11. Ma"kinll. (a) The folloling prutioulars shall be starnped clearll' oir one side oI
(i) The Manufacburer"s distinguishing urark. (ii) Tbe number of this Specification. (iii) The graale of plywood.

:-

tlue shall be identified in arr appro'recl lnlnlrer.

(iv) The veneer species, lvhen beech is used. (v) The }fanufacturer's batch nurnber (f<.,r definitiou t-rl " bateh " see Clnuse 12). (vi) The press load number (as a suffix to the batch number). (vii) The date of manufacture. (viii) The Inspector's stnmp. (ix) The thickness of the board. 1i.1 In addition, all boards rnade fronr each roll of filru glue or each miring of iiquid tg

G V.

3. Juh. 19{3.
PART 4.

Tating.

12. sotection of Tost ssmpler, Boards of the satle thrckness tutde iu &ll1' olte l)l.ess per daJ', flotrr the salrre roll of fi/ru glue ol the same ruixing of Iiquid glue. sbrrll bc regrinlt'rl as uue batcb, and oue board shall be selecled br the lnspector ft'olr ench batch lor'the tes[. specified in Clause 13. The board selected shrr,ll be that t'hich is nearest tu tlrr' plrlteu of the ptess for the longest tiue befole the press is closetl. in an.r'oue of the pless l,rrrds. 13. T3t.. Tbe following tests shall be calried out to tire satisfactiou of tLe Inspet.tot. on the board selected as speciiiecl in Olause 12.
(a) Adltesion of t-eneers. The boald shall be stu\\'n into suall pieccs, npploxir rrltel,v 4 in. square and none of t.he pieces shall shorr signs of separatiou of the verre.,r's. 'l'lre adhesion of the teneers shall be testcr'l b5' ftlrcibll: separating the lnlels of r rrrrrrrlrer of the snq,ll pieces, the rumber seiected beiug ai the discretion ol the Irrspector. 'l'lte leneels rntrst offer appreciable resisbance to sepnr.ation. (b) Ilesistance to IVatet. The resistance to l'ater shall be snch that l'lrtn tested br' the ruethod described in Appeudix D, the uraterial rnusb (i) show no signs of seprtrl,t ion ril the. edges of the veneers or fouualion of blisters, and (ii) the veneers rriust ofiel ir,pprer,iable lesistance to separation.

, (c) Moistzn'e Content. Clause 9.

14. tl-Te.te. If

'Ihe uroisture coutent shall be s'ithin the liurits spe<.ifierl iu

an5'test piece fails to fulfi.l the requirelxents specitierl iu C)|luse liJ: . - (, tbat s'hiclitwo boards slrall be selected b5' t.he Inspector frolr the saruc prt,ss t lurthel load as failetl and shall be tested as'.speciiied in Clnuse 13. If eit,her of these boards fails to ureet the specification reqnii.eruents, all ti-le boards in tllr press load leplesente<i therebr. shall be iejeoed. . the Inspec'tor, to (iy above, one boalcl shall be selected ns specified iu Clause 19, .{ii; irr addition b.y Iroru ear'b reruaining pless load of the batch ancl shnll be tesied ns specified in Clause 13. If ur;' ol the.se boards fails to ureet, tbe specitication requireurents, all the boar.ds in the sa.ure press Lrad as tbat rvhich failed shall be rejected,
APPENOIX A.

D6.cFiption of OhrF..otcr.i.tica.'
ma1'be open, closed or overlapping.
-

1. Sr/its.

Separations

of the 6bre along the grain

horvever caused and wherever situated. The edges

2t Dole. .{n earll'stage of decay characrerised by local discoloration of the wood, most frequently in the . form of streaks along the grain but someiimes as spots, deep cream in colour, wbich may be edged by dark brown or green.ltnes, this usualJy indrcating a later stage ;f the iniection. The appearance of'dote in-an eirll' form is typihed b1, Fig. I and a later stage by Frg. 2. 3. Streoh Di scolor rotiort. ln addition to dote a variety of streak discolouration may be encountered, mainly grey, bro$'n or green rn Brrch, black or greenrsh in Majle and black or brown in lJeech. In Beech discolourarion is frequent near the centre of the" log and also in'the vicrnity of ingrown bark aroun<l over grown
'Th's APf''ndrx
ro reneer rs included rn treN of tbe hecess,tv tor an rnterprcarion of th. rcrrhs wrlh refercncc ro the trmb..s in qu.sron lorm whrch Is nol Ptorided br rhe rnori t"r.i"r u'.JT.t-.""J Dc6n,rtons rpptrcablc to Hardwoods aod Suirwoods )3.S.565-t93b.

knots-

20

6 V. 3.

Juir.. tg{S.

L lrgrot;:rr Barh, Bark in a flute or pocket or arouod a kDot, io the stem of the tree is often completely iclosed by iubsequeqt grorsth. \\-heo such a log is peeled the bark appears as a black streali follorving tbe i,.",ton of tbe grain, u'tth a burr streak (g.o.) each side of it. Tbe black strea! dimioishes i! s'idth rrith uccessise Dceling cuts aod fnalll disappears, follo*ed in turD b-v tbe burr streli. This feature is illustrated n Fig. 10, which sho\\'s tbe actual bark suea! to the right aud the burr streak to the left. 5, Burr, This feature consists ol \'ery small koots set iu 6nely contortcd graio, and obtaiDs whe! the peeling cut passes tbrough a group of dormant buds. Burr is illustrated il Fig. l1'
shervr io Fig.

6. Bird Pechs. Bird pecks are small operings in tbe veneer with tbeir lengtb follo$'irg l?. The opeoings may or lnay Dot be filled \i'itb dark brown tissue. 7.
Pleats and

the grar1, as

tbe adjaceot pieces of vcnecr on citber side of a split or edge join aDd form tvo tbickosses locally, th defcct is koowt as al over-lap. override
locall-v the defect is known as a

Ow afs. \Ihere any veneer is lolded parallel to the grain to form

pleat, \\'here

threc thicknesses

Irregulor Grafu. The term " Irregular Grain " is a comprchensivc oDe, coveriDg all cases v/here the is oot parallel to the appropriate edgcs aud to tbe tacc of the venecr. (The quali6cation is tt""e"s"ry as perfectl!' straigbt grain is qon-cxistest). Io tbis counection it is irnportalt to Dote thar graiD direction refers to tbe djrection of the 6bres, to rvhich the so-called '6gure' in peeled lenecr resulting from the variations in colour or cell structure across each annual growth ring, is no guide whatcvcr. (See Fig. 18).

8,

graio, noticeabh',

The main forms of irregular graiD ale as follows

:-

shorrn iD Figs, 3 and 5, rcsults from crook in the log. It is also present in more acuta form surlousdiug or in close proximity to kDots, whcn ir is caused by tire kuife cutring across the rvood {'ith which the branch rras envelopcd in the growing tree; itl such instances the ioclination of tbe grain to the face of the veneer may approacb 90 dcgrees in the extreme case.

(a\ Short Grairr This, as

(bl Wavy Grain (See Fig. l8). The fibres are aavy, but the waviDess is in the planb of the veDeer. \\:heie waviless is present it is generally fairly uniform and cootiluous.
GJ Witd Gr.titt (Sce Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9). \Vild graiD occurs when the log has a corrugated exterior. l\'hen such a log is peeled the fibres run in and out of the surface of tbe veDeer in transrerse baDds, corresponding to the ridges on the log. The e\.enDess of the peeling cut mal' be disturbed, resulting in a ridged surface iD these bands, in addition to the inclined grain. In viev of the orieutation of these bands rvhich extend for manf inchcs at right aogles to the grain, this form of defect may result in rreakness in tbe plywood under mosi conditions of loading. lt is to be noted tbat tb'e Eriation in light reflectioo of the surface due to the changiug grain direction, wb]chlives tbe veDeer a distinctil'stliped appearance, generally regarded as "6gure", is not a true rneasure of rhe degree of grain disturbaoce and is therefore not a reliable iodex of the strengtb of thc vner.

In srudying the illustrations of irregular grain, Figs. 3-9, due allowance grust be made for the dificulty iD reproducing grain defects by means of pbotographs, accentuated io many cases by the false imprcssion created by the variation in light reflectiol in zones of wild grain, to vhich reference has been made. The illustrations cannot be expected, therefore, to provide definite criteria of acceptance or rejection for every example of rvild grain which may be encourtered, but so long as the'illusFatiols and descriptioDs are studied together, tbe margi! of error iD interpreiiDg tbe speciicatioD sbould be negligible.

L0.

Rough

Crttilg. This is shown in Fig. 13.

marking due to contorted grain, which appears on rotary cut

maple (See Figs. 14 and 17);

!1. Bids .Eye. A small, roughly circular

2t

6 V.3. Juiy,

1943.

APPE'{DII B.
Str,ndaFd 7lrlokn6a... ot
CodcNoTbicLDlss lEquiv.)cnl

Boiid..
Bo(o&
l-.rnit
iDchcs

incbe!

U/M

1o)crrlcc

\r.3/ 100

'793

i t

l0 per ccnt

.028

\t.3i 110

'047 I

%.

1.

190

l0 per cert

.M2

\,.3h20
v.3/130

.078

1.984 +

10 per

cert

v.3/140 v.3/150
v.3/160 v.31170 v.3/180 v.31190
v 3t20q

2'381
3.

t i

lO per ccot

175

per cent
.

.119

'156
. 187

3'968 .15 pcr ceat

s

164

. 148

Ya

+.762 15 pet ce\t

.178

.25 .3125 .375 .50

t6
91.o

t5
.t
5

per cent per cent per cent

) ,.

l5
12,70

v.3l2r0
v.31220

1.2tr per ccat

per ceDt per cent

1).d/5 lzt
.?5
%
Y.

v.31230

19'05 t2i

'731
.853

V .312+0

.87 5

22,225 X2L per cert

3/250

t'0

25.4

',t 2i pet ceol t.o25

.97 5

22

6 V. 3.

JuJy, 1913.

APPETIDIX C.

Mthod o? Dt.rrnlnlna

llol.tur Gont.nt.
at a

A small sample, about 2 iuches square shall be weigbed (Wt) and shall then be dried iD aD oven remperature ol 2L2'F. to 22lo F. (100o C. to 105'C.) ultil the wcight is coostant (\\'o)
Tbe perceatage of moistrre sball be calculated as follor*s
Perceotage

:x
1gg

of moisture = \=llo

first *'eighing, or betweeD removal from tbe

Care should be takeD to pleveDt anl'char:ge iu moisture colteDt between the cuttiDg of tbe sample aDd the oveD aDd the subsequeDt weigbiog.

APPENDIX D.

mcthod of D.toFmlnlnll thc nG.lat.,noa to lflat.r..

joiDs in the board (includiog a taped join
rr-ater for three hours.

A test piece approximatell'+ iDches square, cut from e3ch selected board and containiDg a join if tbere arc if such joius are in the board) shall be submcrged completely in boiling

The test piece shall tben be removed from the boiliug water and pluuged immediately into cold water. After coolirg to ordinary atmospheric temperature iD the wate!, the test piece shall be removed from the rrater and rvhiist still vater-soaked sha.ll be tested for complia:rce x'ith the requirements of Clause t3 (D).

on 5th July,

This Specification rras a,pproveal bv tbe Aircraft Inclustry Committee and endorsed b5: the Chairman of tie Engineering Divisional Coudcil, was publisbetl by the authority of the General CouuCil of the InstitutioD &s & British Standard
1943.

NOTE.
SugEestionsjor itn,rolrerte\ts, addressed to th. Bit;sh Startdolds Irrstit(l;ort,28 V ictot"ia Strcel, Lortdon, 5.W.1, will be aelcomed ot all tit,tes. Theg will be recotded a*d. itt dte co*rce brou{ht lo the ttotice oJ the Cornrnittees charged uith the revisiott ol the Slecifcatiotrs to \oh;ch the! refer,

Irt otder to heeb abrcdst of progress in the S?ec;fcations dre subt'ect.d to beliodicdl t.'rie@.

lrdustries concented, the British Stottdard

28